Admmodule s11 12ps Iiib 12

What I Know
Write the word true if the statement is correct and if false, underline the word/s
that make/s it wrong.
1. The atomic number of any element is the same as the number of electron
the element has.
2. An Alpha particle contains two protons and two electrons
3. When an element undergoes beta decay, one neutron from its nucleus is
converted into a proton thus increasing its atomic number.
4. It was Dmitri Mendeleev during the mid-1800s who arranged elements
into increasing atomic weight.
5. Transuranium elements are man-made synthetic elements with atomic
numbers 90 and above.
a.
Lesson
Nuclear Reactions in the
10 Synthesis of New Elements
In the Early 1940s physicists started to synthesized transuranium elements
using particle accelerator that bombards nuclei with sub-atomic particles (e.g.
alpha particles, deuterons, neutons)
What’s In
Prior to gold foil experiment that led to the nuclear model of atom, Ernest Rutherford made
some scientific discoveries related to the atomic structure. His discoveries of the three different
types of radiation enable other physicists to synthesized new elements.
Notes to the Teacher

Possible flow of discussion
1. Review the atomic structure, atomic number, number
of protons, electrons, neutrons.
2. Arrange the learners into their groupings; give each
group a picture of either an alpha, beta, or a gamma decay
using different radioactive elements undergoing those decays.
Use a picture of atomic nuclei with nuclear reaction indicated.
3. Let them figure out what is happening in the nucleus
during those nuclear reactions.
4. Give them guide questions.
4. Have the leader present their findings.
What’s New
Radioactivity
1. Radioactivity was characterized by Ernest Rutherford during the

late 1800. Rutherford and other physicists discover that radioactivity was
the result of nuclear instability; many nuclei especially in heavy elements,
are unstable and decay to attain stability, releasing parts of their nucleus in
the process and changing them into new element. The energetic nucleus-
parts can be classified into three, the alpha, and beta and gamma radiation.
Alpha emission
2. When a nuclear reaction is initiated by alpha emission, a helium

nucleus is emitted by the decaying atomic nucleus thus the nuclide is
changed into an element with an atomic number and mass number lower
than 2 and 4 respectively. Using the notation developed in lesson 10, we
represent an alpha particle with a symbol:
He
4
2
Example:
Beta emission
3. In some elements the ratio of neutron to proton is too high that the
element becomes unstable. To attain stability the element undergoes beta
emission, it does so by converting its neutron into a proton emitting an
electron in the process. The nucleus of the radioactive element undergoing
the decay via beta emission changes into different element with an atomic
number greater than one but with the same mass. We take the symbol
β e
0 0
-1 or -1 for Beta decay
The following equation shows the conversion of Iodine to Xenon via beta
decay.
Gamma Emission
4. Gamma ray is an energetic photon emitted by an atomic nucleus
and represented by the symbol
γ
0
0
Gamma rays are fundamentally different from alpha and beta because they
are electromagnetic, not matter. Gamma rays emission itself does not result
to changes in the nucleus however, its emission is usually accompanied by a
an alpha or a beta decay. Consider the following nuclear equation
Ignoring the alpha decay event, Gamma ray emission looks like this.
5. Types of emission during nuclear decay/reaction

Type of change Change in proton Change in Change in mass
neutron number
Alpha emission -2 -2 4
Beta emission +1 -1 0
Gamma emission 0 0 0
What is It
1. What are the three types of nuclear decay/reaction?

2. What composed an alpha particle?
3. What will happen to an element if an alpha particle is emitted?
4. How does the nucleus change when a beta particle is emitted?
5. How do alpha and beta decay change an element?
6. Can a gamma decay change a nucleus of an element?
What’s More
Activity 1.1 Writing Nuclear Equation

1. Write the nuclear reaction to represent the alpha decay of Pa-231
2. Write an equation to represent the radioactive decay of Pb-214 via beta emission.
What I Have Learned
1. There are three types of nuclear reaction, the alpha, beta and gamma decay.
2. During the alpha decay, two protons and two neutrons are emitted from a heavy
unstable nucleus thus changing the elements identity.
3. The resulting new element after alpha emission has a nucleus with less two
protons and less two neutrons compare to the parent nucleus.
4. During beta decay, one neutron is converted into a proton, emitting one electron
in the process.
5. The resulting new element after beta emission has a nucleus with one extra
proton and one less neutron compare to the parent nucleus.
6. Both Alpha and beta decay change the element’s identity by changing the
number of protons in the nucleus of an element.
7. Gamma decay releases electromagnetic radiation and has no way of altering
The number of subatomic particles inside an atom.

What I Can Do
Writing nuclear equations

1. What element is formed by beta emission of Gold-198?
2. What element is formed by alpha emission of polonium-210
Assessment
Tell what type of nuclear decay/emission are the following then write
their complete nuclear reaction.
1. Which of the following quantities remain the same after beta decay?
a. Atomic mass c. Atomic number
b. Number of protons d. Number of electrons
2. The following are true about beta decay except
a. Atomic number decrease by two
b. Number of neutron decreases by two
c. Atomic mass remains the same
d. Number of protons decreases by two.
3. The following reactions changes the nucleus of an element except;
a. Gamma ray emission
b. Neutron capture process
c. Beta decay
d. Alpha emission
4. Heavy elements tend to emit radiation in the forms of alpha, beta and gamma
rays to
a. Form new elements
b. to attain nuclei stability
c. to increases their atomic masses
d. to decreases their atomic masses
5. Which of the following is composed of electromagnetic radiation.
a. Gamma rays
b. Beta particles
c. Alpha particles
d. Positron emission
Additional Activities
A. Write the nuclear equations for the following

1. Alpha emission by plutionium-239
2. Beta emission by Sodium-24
B. After writing the equation for part A, research on and study the uses of
the radioisotopes in different fields including medicine, industry, food
technology etc.. Share the result of you research on class.
What I Know What's More Assessment
A 1. 23191Pa ---22789Ac + 42He A
B C
D 2. 21482Pb-- 21483Bi + 0-1e A
C B
A A
Answer Key
References
1. Conceptual science and beyond: Physical science by R. Bulataran, R. Olipane, J.

Santos 2016.
2. Chemistry in Focus, a molecular view of our world by N. Tro 2003
3. Teaching Guide for Senior High School Physical Science by Commission on
Higher Education 2016
4. Online articles
a. https://www.chemteam.info/AtomicStructure/AtNum-moseley.html
Moseley and atomic Number
b. https://freedomtoteach.collins.co.uk/chemistry-in-1913-part-1-henry-
moseley-and-atomic-number/
Chemistry in 1913: Part 1 – Henry Moseley and atomic number

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What I Know

Notes to the Teacher

1. Radioactivity was characterized by Ernest Rutherford during the

2. When a nuclear reaction is initiated by alpha emission, a helium

5. Types of emission during nuclear decay/reaction

1. What are the three types of nuclear decay/reaction?

Activity 1.1 Writing Nuclear Equation

What I Have Learned

unstable nucleus thus changing the elements identity.

protons and less two neutrons compare to the parent nucleus.

proton and one less neutron compare to the parent nucleus.

number of protons in the nucleus of an element.

7. Gamma decay releases electromagnetic radiation and has no way of altering

The number of subatomic particles inside an atom.

Writing nuclear equations

A. Write the nuclear equations for the following

1. Conceptual science and beyond: Physical science by R. Bulataran, R. Olipane, J.

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