UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PERLIS, KAMPUS ARAU

FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES

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BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONS.) APPLIED CHEMISTRY

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CMT 659

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COLLOID AND CATALYST LABORATORY
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LAB REPORT
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Experiment: Determination of Adsorption Isotherm of Acetic

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Acid on Activated Charcoal

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Group Member:
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1. Nurul Farhatin Najwa Binti Rozalli (2018645294)

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2. Noorafina Binti Mohd Khalim (2018207204)

3. Nor Ku Nazatul Husna Binti Mohd Jackariya (2018224504)
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Group: RAS2456B
Lecturer Name: Dr. Zaidi Abdul Ghani
Date of Submission: 27 November 2020

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 Theory
Adsorption is a process that takes place on the surface of a solid or a liquid (adsorbent)
when a gas or liquid solution accumulates to form a molecular or atomic film (adsorbate). It
is distinct from absorption, where a substance diffuses into a liquid or solid to form a
solution. The word sorption involves both processes, while desorption is the inverse process.
In most natural physical, biological and chemical processes, adsorption is active and is
commonly used in industrial applications such as activated charcoal, synthetic resins and
purification of water.
Adsorption, analogous to surface tension, is a result of surface energy. All the bonding
requirements (be they ionic, covalent or metallic) of the material's constituent atoms are
fulfilled in a bulk material. But a bond deficiency is experienced by atoms on the (clean
surface, because they are entirely encircled by other atoms. It is therefore energetically
beneficial for them to bond with what is always available. The exact nature of the bonding
depends on the details of the species involved, but physisorption or chemisorption is
generally classified as exhibiting the adsorbed material.

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Physisorption is a form of adsorption in which the adsorbate only adheres to the surface

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through Van der Waals (weak intermolecular) interactions, which are also responsive to the

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surface. Chemisorption is a form of adsorption by which, as opposed to the Van der Waals

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forces which cause physisorption, a molecule adheres to a surface through the formation of
a chemical bond.

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Adsorption is typically described by isotherms of adsorption, i.e. functions that link the
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amount of adsorbent to its pressure (if gas) or concentration (if liquid). Several models
describing the adsorption process can be found in the literature, namely Freundlich isotherm,
Langmuir Isotherm, Isotherm BET, etc. The detail of Langmuir Isotherm is as followed:
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Langmuir Isotherm
Irving Langmuir published an isotherm, which retained its name, for gases adsorbed on
solids in 1916. It is an empirical isotherm derived from a kinetic mechanism proposed. It is
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based on four assumptions:

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1 The adsorbent surface is uniform, that is, all the sites of adsorption are equal.
2 Molecules that are adsorbed do not interact.
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3 All adsorption by the same mechanism occurs.

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4 Only a monolayer is formed at maximum adsorption: adsorbate molecules do not deposit

on other adsorbate molecules already adsorbed, only on the free surface of the adsorbent.
The Langmuir isotherm (Figure 1) for liquids (adsorbate) adsorbed on solids (adsorbent) can
be expressed by:
Amax kc
m=
1+kc
Where: m is the quantity of adsorbed material per gram (or kg of the adsorbent, the unit is
mol g-1, resp. mol.kg-1
Amax-is the full quantity of adsorbate per gramme (or kg of the adsorbent, mol g -1, resp.
Mol.kg-1

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 k -is the constant of adsorption (mol-1 dm3)
c -is the liquid adsorbate concentration (mol dm-3)
In nature, activated carbon is used as an adsorbent along with certain larger molecular
compounds for the adsorption of primarily organic compounds.

A general term that includes carbon content mainly derived from charcoal is activated

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carbon, also called activated charcoal or activated coal. “activated” is often replaced by

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“active.” In all three variants of the term. By either name, it is a substance with an extremely

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large surface area. A surface area of approximately 500 m2 (for reference, a tennis court is

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about 260 m2) is only one gram of activated carbon. Granular, powder and e are the three
key physical carbon forms. Granular, powder and extruded (pellet) are the three key physical

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carbon forms. All three activated carbon forms may have application-tailored properties. In
daily life, activated carbon is used regularly in industry, food processing, medicine,
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pharmacy, military, etc.
In the pharmacy, activated charcoal is known to be the most effective single agent available
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in the gastrointestinal tract as an emergency decontaminant. It is used after almost every

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toxic drug or chemical is ingested or consumed by a human.

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Equipment and chemicals

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 6 boiling flasks (250 ml), 6 erlenmeyer’s flasks (250 ml), 6 funnels, 3 burettes
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(50ml) ,10 titrimetric flasks, 3 pipettes, holder for funnel, holders for burettes, filtering
paper, wessels for weighing coal, spoon, rubber stoppers, solution of acetic acid (c =
1 mol dm-3), solution of NaOH (c = 0.2 mol dm-3), activated charcoal, phenolphthalein
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Procedure:
1. The aqueous solution of acetic acid has been prepared by the lab instructor.

2. 150 ml of acetic acid were added into each flask which contained 5g of activated
charcoal in which they were weighed out using practical balance and wessels for
weighing coal.

3. The activated charcoal was put into numbered flasks with stoppers (1 portion per
flask).

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 4. Then, the flask was plugged on and it was shaken. The process of adsorption was
occurred after 20 minutes of waiting. The mixtures were mixed for several times by
shaking the flasks within the period.

5. The mixtures were filtered into cleaned and dried flasks. The first portion of filtration
which was approximately 5 ml was removed to avoid disturbing effect of adsorption
of acetic acid into filtered paper.

6. Used flasks pipette and etc. was used after experiments had been done.

Table of results

No. Co Ce RE qe Ce /qe
1 50 5.5777 88.84% 1.33 0.00418
2 75 10.4130 86.12% 1.94 0.00537
3 100 16.6615 83.34% 2.50 0.00666

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4 125 29.9163 76.07% 2.85 0.01049

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5 150 43.8152 70.79% 3.19 0.01374

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(C o−C e) V

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RE= × 100 qe = ( Co−Ce ) ×
Co M
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Where
RE = removal efficiency
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qe = adsorption quantity of AA at equilibrium (mg/g)

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Co = initial equilibrium liquid phase concentrations respectively (mg/L)

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Ce = equilibrium liquid phase concentrations respectively (mg/L)

V = volume of the solution (150 mL= 0.15 L)
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M= mass of activated carbon used in grams (5.00g)

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Calculations
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(50−5.5777) 0.15
× 100 = 88.84%, qe = ( 50−5.5777 ) ×
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1. RE = =
50 5
1.33mg/g
Ce /qe = 5.5777 mg/L / 1.33mg/g = 4.18g/L = 0.00418 mg/L

(75−10.4130) 0.15
2. RE = × 100 = 86.12%, qe = ( 75−10.4130 ) × =
75 5
1.94 mg/g
Ce /qe = 10.4130 mg/L / 1.94 mg/g = 5.37g/L = 0.00537 mg/L

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 (100−16.6615)
3. RE = × 100 = 83.34%, qe = ( 100−16.6615 ) ×
100
0.15
= 2.50 mg/g
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Ce /qe = 16.6615mg/L / 2.5 mg/g = 6.66g/L = 0.00666 mg/L

(125−29.9163)
4. RE = × 100 = 76.07%, qe = ( 125−29.9163 ) ×
125
0.15
= 2.85 mg/g
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Ce /qe = 29.9163 mg/L / 2.85 mg/g = 10.49g/L = 0.01049 mg/L

(150−43.8152)
5. RE = × 100 = 70.79%, qe = ( 150−43.8152 ) ×
150
0.15
= 3.19mg/g
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Ce /qe = 43.8152 mg/L / 3.19 mg/g = 13.74 g/L = 0.01374 mg/L

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Graph of Removal efficiency vs Concentration

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Removal Efficiency vs Concentration

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100

90
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80
% Removal

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70

60

50
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40
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50 75 100 125 150

Concentration (ppm)

Graph of Ce/qe vs Ce

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 Ce/qe vs Ce
0.02
0.01
f(x) = 0 x + 0
0.01 R² = 1
0.01
Ce/qe

0.01
0.01
0
0
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Ce

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Ce 1 1

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= + Ce

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qe qmax kL qmax

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Ce is the equilibrium concentration (mg/L) and qe is the amount of adsorbed species per
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specified amount of adsorbent (mg/g), kL is the Langmuir affinity constant and qmax is the
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amount of adsorbate required to form an adsorbed monolayer. Hence, a plot of Ce/qe versus
Ce should be a straight line with a slope (1/qmax) and an intercept (1/qmax.kL) as shown in
the graph given. Determine:
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a) qmax
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1
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From graph, = 0.0003

qmax
1
Therefore, qmax = = 3333.33
0.0003
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b) kL (L/mg)
1
From graph, = 0.0027
qmax kL
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1 = qmax kL (0.0027)
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1/0.0027= 3333.33 kL
370.37/ 3333.33= kL
kL = 0.11

c) R2
From graph, R2 = 0.9981

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