SQL Syntax, Data Types, SQL Operators, Literals, Types of SQL Commands, SQL Keywords, Wildcard Characters Lab 1

Lab 1 SQL syntax, data types, SQL operators, Literals, Types of SQL
commands, SQL keywords, wildcard characters
Objective:
 To get introduce with SQL
 To get introduce with SQL syntax, data types, SQL operators ,Literals, Types of SQL
commands, SQL keywords , wildcard characters.
Theory:
Structured Query Language (SQL) is a programming language that is typically used in
relational database or data stream management systems.It was developed by IBM in the early
1970s and is now an official standard recognized by the American National Standards
Institute (ANSI) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
Selection from the "Customers" table:
CustomerID CustomerNam Address City PostalCode Country

e
1 Ram Sitapaila Kathmandu 44884 Nepal
2 Sita Ekantkuna Lalitpur 44400 Nepal
3 Goma Chapagoaun Lalitpur 44400 Nepal
The table above contains five records (one for each customer) and seven columns (CustomerID,
CustomerName, Address, City, PostalCode, and Country).
Most of the actions you need to perform on a database are done with SQL statements.
The following SQL statement selects all the records in the "Customers" table:
SELECT * from Customers;
SQL keywords are NOT case sensitive: select is the same as SELECT
Some database systems require a semicolon at the end of each SQL statement.
Semicolon is the standard way to separate each SQL statement in database systems that allow
more than one SQL statement to be executed in the same call to the server.
SQL Data Types

SQL data types can be broadly divided into following categories.
 Numeric data types such as int, tinyint, bigint, float, real etc.
 Date and Time data types such as Date, Time, Datetime etc.
 Character and String data types such as char, varchar, text etc.
 Unicode character string data types, for example nchar, nvarchar, ntext etc.
 Binary data types such as binary, varbinary etc.
 Miscellaneous data types – clob, blob, xml, cursor, table etc.
SQL Operator
An operator is a reserved word or a character used primarily in an SQL statement's WHERE
clause to perform operation(s), such as comparisons and arithmetic operations. These
Operators are used to specify conditions in an SQL statement and to serve as conjunctions for
multiple conditions in a statement.
 Arithmetic operators
(+,-,*,/,%)
 Comparison operators
(<,>,=,!=!<,!>,<>)
 Logical operators
(ALL, AND, ANY ,BETWEEN, EXIST ,IN, LIKE ,NOT ,OR ,UNIQUE ,ISNULL)
Example:
SELECT Country from Customers where Country = ‘ Nepal’ ; //using comparsion

operator
SQL Literals
There are four kinds of literal values supported in SQL. They are : Character string, Bit
string, Exact numeric, and Approximate numeric. These are explained as following below.
Character string :
Character strings are written as a sequence of characters enveloped in single quotes. the
only quote character is delineate at intervals a personality string by 2 single quotes. Some
example of character strings are :
 ‘My String’
 ‘I love DBMS’
 ‘6378’
Bit string :
A bit string is written either as a sequence of 0s and 1s enveloped in single quotes and
preceded by the letter ‘B’ or as a sequence of positional representation system digits
enveloped in single quotes and preceded by the letter X’ some examples are given below :
 B’10001011′
 B’1′
 B’0′
 X’C 5′
 X’0′
Exact numeric :
These literals ar written as a signed or unsigned decimal variety probably with
mathematical notation. Samples of actual numeric literals are given below :
 8
 80
 80.00
 0.8
 +88.88
 -88.88
Approximate numeric :
Approximate numeric literals are written as actual numeric literals followed by the letter
‘E’, followed by a signed or unsigned number. Some example are :
 6E6
 66.6E6
 +66E-6
 0.66E
 -6.66E-8
Types of SQL commands

SQL commands are instructions. It is used to communicate with the database. It is also used to
perform specific tasks, functions, and queries of data.
1. Data Definition Language (DDL)
DDL changes the structure of the table like creating a table, deleting a table, altering a table,
etc.All the command of DDL are auto-committed that means it permanently save all the
changes in the database.Here are some commands that come under DDL:
 CREATE
 ALTER
 DROP
 TRUNCATE
a. CREATE: It is used to create a new table in the database.
Syntax:
CREATE TABLE TABLE_NAME (COLUMN_NAME DATATYPES[,....]);
Example:
CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(Name VARCHAR2(20), Email VARCHAR2(100), DOB
DATE);
b. DROP: It is used to delete both the structure and record stored in the table.
Syntax
DROP TABLE ;
Example
DROP TABLE EMPLOYEE;
c. ALTER: It is used to alter the structure of the database. This change could be either to
modify the characteristics of an existing attribute or probably to add a new attribute.
Syntax:
To add a new column in the table
ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name COLUMN-definition;
To modify existing column in the table:
ALTER TABLE MODIFY(COLUMN DEFINITION....);
Example
ALTER TABLE STU_DETAILS ADD(ADDRESS VARCHAR2(20));
ALTER TABLE STU_DETAILS MODIFY (NAME VARCHAR2(20));
d. TRUNCATE: It is used to delete all the rows from the table and free the space containing
the table.
Syntax:
TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;
Example:
TRUNCATE TABLE EMPLOYEE;
2. Data Manipulation Language
DML commands are used to modify the database. It is responsible for all form of changes in
the database.The command of DML is not auto-committed that means it can't permanently
save all the changes in the database. They can be rollback.
Here are some commands that come under DML:
 INSERT
 UPDATE
 DELETE
a. INSERT: The INSERT statement is a SQL query. It is used to insert data into the row of a
table.
Syntax:
INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME (col1, col2, col3,.... col N) VALUES (value1, value2,
value3, .... valueN); Or INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME VALUES (value1, value2, value3,
.... valueN);
For example:
INSERT INTO javatpoint (Author, Subject) VALUES ("Sonoo", "DBMS");
b. UPDATE: This command is used to update or modify the value of a column in the table.
Syntax:
UPDATE table_name SET [column_name1= value1,...column_nameN = valueN] [WHERE
CONDITION]
For example:
UPDATE students
SET User_Name = 'Sonoo'
WHERE Student_Id = '3'
c. DELETE: It is used to remove one or more row from a table.
Syntax:
DELETE FROM table_name [WHERE condition];
For example:
DELETE FROM javatpoint WHERE Author="Sonoo";
3. Data Control Language
DCL commands are used to grant and take back authority from any database user.
Here are some commands that come under DCL:
 Grant
 Revoke
a. Grant: It is used to give user access privileges to a database.
Example
GRANT SELECT, UPDATE ON MY_TABLE TO SOME_USER, ANOTHER_USER;
b. Revoke: It is used to take back permissions from the user.
Example
REVOKE SELECT, UPDATE ON MY_TABLE FROM USER1, USER2;
4. Transaction Control Language
TCL commands can only use with DML commands like INSERT, DELETE and UPDATE
only.These operations are automatically committed in the database that's why they cannot be
used while creating tables or dropping them.
Here are some commands that come under TCL:
 COMMIT
 ROLLBACK
 SAVEPOINT
a. Commit: Commit command is used to save all the transactions to the database.
Syntax:
COMMIT;
Example:
DELETE FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE AGE = 25;
COMMIT;
b. Rollback: Rollback command is used to undo transactions that have not already been saved
to the database.
Syntax:
ROLLBACK;
Example:
DELETE FROM CUSTOMERS
WHERE AGE = 25;
ROLLBACK;
c. SAVEPOINT: It is used to roll the transaction back to a certain point without rolling back
the entire transaction.
Syntax:
SAVEPOINT SAVEPOINT_NAME;
5. Data Query Language
DQL is used to fetch the data from the database.
It uses only one command:
SELECT
a. SELECT: This is the same as the projection operation of relational algebra. It is used to
select the attribute based on the condition described by WHERE clause.
Syntax:
SELECT expressions
FROM TABLES WHERE conditions;
For example:
SELECT emp_name FROM employee WHERE age > 20;
SQL keyword
SQL keywords reference contains the reserved words in SQL.
Some of the examples are :
Keywords Description
ADD Adds a column in an existing table
ALTER Adds, deletes, or modifies columns in a table,
or changes the data type of a column in a table
BETWEEN Selects values within a given range
DROP DATABASE Deletes an existing SQL database
IN Allows you to specify multiple values in a
WHERE clause
INSERT INTO Inserts new rows in a table
SELECT Selects data from a database
SQL Wildcard Characters
A wildcard character is used to substitute one or more characters in a string.Wildcard characters
are used with the SQL LIKE operator. The LIKE operator is used in a WHERE clause to search
for a specified pattern in a column.
Symbol Description Example
% Represents zero or more bl% finds bl, black, blue, and
characters blob
_ Represents a single character h_t finds hot, hat, and hit
[] Represents any single h[oa]t finds hot and hat, but

character within the brackets not hit
^ Represents any character not h[^oa]t finds hit, but not hot
in the brackets and hat
- Represents a range of c[a-b]t finds cat and cbt
characters
Conclusion :
We get introduced with mysql and its syntax , data types , operators, literals, commands, keywords,
wildcard characters and know the use case of it.

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Lab 1 SQL syntax, data types, SQL operators, Literals, Types of SQL

commands, SQL keywords, wildcard characters

Selection from the "Customers" table:

CustomerID CustomerNam Address City PostalCode Country

1 Ram Sitapaila Kathmandu 44884 Nepal

2 Sita Ekantkuna Lalitpur 44400 Nepal

3 Goma Chapagoaun Lalitpur 44400 Nepal

SQL Data Types

SELECT Country from Customers where Country = ‘ Nepal’ ; //using comparsion

Types of SQL commands

[] Represents any single h[oa]t finds hot and hat, but

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