Lec Notes - Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides
Lec Notes - Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides
Lec Notes - Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides
NOTES
–
CARBOHYDRATES
Monosaccharides
§ Fischer
Projection
formula
–
open
and
linear
structural
formula
of
monosaccharides
§ C5
(the
carbon
atom
next
to
a
primary
alcohol)
is
the
basis
in
determining
whether
the
monosaccharide
is
in
the
D
or
L
configuration
§ D
isomer
–
OH
on
the
right
L
isomer
-‐
OH
on
the
left
§ a
“free
carbonyl
group”
gives
sugars
their
reducing
property,
i.e.,
these
sugars
are
“reducing
sugars”
and
therefore
will
give
positive
results
in
all
oxidizing
tests
(e.g.
silver
mirror
for
Tollen’s,
brick-‐red
precipitte
for
Fehling’s
and
Benedict’s,
yellow
precipitate
for
Phenylhydrazine
test)
§ open
structure
of
sugars
gives
a
“free
carbonyl”
group
and
is
only
obtained
if
the
sugar
is
in
aqueous
solution
Aldohexose
Ketohexose
§ Haworth
formula
–
closed
ring
structure
of
monosaccharides
§ for
an
aldohexose,
it
is
the
hemiacetal
formation
between
C1
(aldehyde
functional
group)
and
C5
(alcohol
functional
group)
to
give
the
hexagon
ring
structure
§ for
a
ketohexose,
it
is
the
hemiketal
formation
between
C2
(ketone
functional
group)
and
C5
(alcohol
functional
group)
to
give
the
pentagon
ring
structure
§ closed-‐ring
structures
of
sugars
DO
NOT
give
a
“free
carbonyl”
group
since
there
is
a
C1-‐C5
oxide
linkage
for
aldohexoses
and
a
C2-‐C5
oxide
linkage
for
ketohexoses,
therefore,
NO
REDUCING
PROPERTY
§
in
aqueous
solutions,
water
hydrolyzes
these
oxide
linkages,
liberates
the
carbonyl
group
and
thus,
these
sugars
become
REDUCING
SUGARS
Disaccharides
§ a
glycosidic
linkage
is
the
bond
that
links
two
monosaccharide
units
§ for
maltose
(glucose-‐glucose),
it
is
the
acetal
formation
between
C1
of
the
1st
glucose
molecule
and
C4
of
the
2nd
glucose
molecule
therefore
maltose
has
a
1,4-‐glycosidic
bond
§ maltose
is
a
REDUCING
SUGAR
because
even
though
C1
(from
the
1st
glucose
mol)
is
bound
by
both
oxide
and
glycosidic
bonds,
C4
(from
the
the
2nd
glu
mol)
is
bound
ONLY
by
an
oxide
linkage
thus,
in
an
aqueous
solution,
water
can
still
hydrolyze
this
oxide
linkage
and
yield
a
free
carbonyl
group
§ for
lactose
(galactose-‐glucose),
it
is
the
acetal
formation
between
C1
of
the
1st
galactose
molecule
and
C4
of
the
2nd
glucose
molecule
therefore
lactose
has
a
1,4-‐glycosidic
bond
§ lactose
is
a
REDUCING
SUGAR
because
even
though
C1
(from
the
1st
gal
mol)
is
bound
by
both
oxide
and
glycosidic
bonds,
C4
(from
the
the
2nd
glu
mol)
is
bound
ONLY
by
an
oxide
linkage
thus,
in
an
aqueous
solution,
water
can
still
hydrolyze
this
oxide
linkage
and
yield
a
free
carbonyl
group
§ for
sucrose
(glucose-‐fructose),
it
is
the
ketal
formation
between
C1
of
the
1st
glucose
molecule
and
C2
of
the
2nd
fructose
molecule
therefore
sucrose
has
a
1,2-‐glycosidic
bond
§ sucrose
is
the
only
NON
REDUCING
SUGAR
because
C1
(from
the
1st
glu
mol)
and
C2
(from
the
the
2nd
fru
mol)
are
BOTH
bound
by
oxide
and
glycosidic
linkages,
therefore,
NO
FREE
CARBONYL
GROUP
§ sucrose
can
give
a
false-‐positive
result
in
an
oxidation
test
if
the
1,2-‐glycosidic
bond
undergoes
hydrolysis
due
to
prolong
heating
Polysaccharides
§ starch
–
a
polymer
of
glucose
§ a
starch
granule
has
a
hard,
outer
covering
known
as
amylopectin
(the
branched
1,6-‐
glycosidic
structure)
and
a
soft
inner
layer,
amylose
(the
linear
1,4-‐glycosidic
structure)
§ uncooked,
aqueous
solution
of
starch
gives
a
violet
solution
w/
I2
test
(amylopectin)
and
cooked
or
heated
starch,
gives
a
blue
solution
(amylose)
§ I2
Test
(General
Test
for
Starch)
Principle
Involved:
formation
of
starch-‐iodo
complex
1) starch,
being
a
polymer,
traps
the
I2
in
its
helical
structure
giving
a
blue-‐colored
complex
2) on
heating,
the
helical
structure
opens
up,
becomes
linear
and
releases
the
iodine,
thus,
solution
turns
colorless
3) on
cooling,
starch
assumes
the
same
helical
structure
and
traps
again
the
I2
molecule
(blue
solution)
Problem
Set
1
–
CARBOHYDRATES
1)
a.
Given
the
monosaccharide
hemiacetal,
identify
the
anomeric
carbon
(C1
–
C6)
and
identify
it
as
α
or
β
anomer.
CH2OH
OH
O
OH
CH2OH
OH
B
Segment
1
Segment
2