Optimal Capacitor Placement in Distribution Networks Using Genetic Algorithm
Optimal Capacitor Placement in Distribution Networks Using Genetic Algorithm
Optimal Capacitor Placement in Distribution Networks Using Genetic Algorithm
Indian Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 5 No.7 (July 2012) ISSN: 0974- 6846
Abstract
One of the on-going studies in the power distribution system is optimal placement of capacitors to which designers pay
attention since many years ago. The most important benefit of capacitor placement is loss reduction, voltage profile
improvement, increment of power factor and freeing up the power system capacity. This paper presents a new
approach for capacitor allocation in a sample distribution system. The problem formulation considers most of effective
parameters in the capacitor installation. One of the distinguished characteristics of the implementation of the Genetic
Algorithm for optimal capacitor placement in distribution system is its multifunction capability. The proposed method on
capacitor placement and detecting optimum capacitance has been implemented and tested in a 9-bus IEEE sample
network in DIGSILENT and MATLAB environments.
Fig. 1. Flowchart of finding the optimum points considering problem limitation. Fitness function in genetic
algorithm is given by (1):
( , ) ( )
[ ( , + 1)] ≥ . ( , ) 1− . (1 − ) (1)
̅( ) −1
Where:
number of instances of schema s in population at
time t
: average fitness of population at time t
: average fitness of instances of schema s at time t
:probability of single point crossover operator
:probability of mutation operator
: length of individual bit strings
: number of defined (non “*”) bits in s
: distance between rightmost, leftmost defined bits in s
Genetic operators:
Perform evolution and optimization on genes in each
generation by genetic operators. This operator can lead
to production of new generation from the old one. The
new generation produced by these operators is better
than the old ones. Genetic operators include:
1. Selection: generation of the first population in
confinement problem by selecting genes quite
randomly, then selection of the genes that are
effective in producing new generation.
2. Crossover: this operator can lead to change in gene
bits. For example interchange of specific bits in one
gene with similar bits in other gene.
Children
Parents
including TABU search, Steel plating, Particle crow
theory, Fuzzy network theory, Body immune algorithm,
Artificial networks and Genetic algorithm can be used for
capacitor placement problem (Salama et al., 2000).
3. Mutation: this operator changes one or more bits in
This study implements genetic algorithm for detection
one gene randomly to improve its condition, for
and placement of capacitors considering most of the
example in one bit change 1 to 0 or 0 to 1.
influencing factors in the multi-objective target function.
Children
The advantage of the proposed method compare to the
current intelligent methods such as Fuzzy method used
by Prasad et al. (2007) and PSO (particle swarm Parents
optimization) used in (Xin-mei Yu et al., 2004) is that it
converges faster.
Genetic algorithm optimization uses effectively the The Proposed Method
result of capacitor placement study on fresh life style and In this study to compute the capacitance and location of
evolution process. Optimization process in GA include capacitor in the distribution system, the genetic algorithm
several steps: in the first step includes selecting the first has been used. The target function of the genetic
population of the solution considering problem algorithm is a cost function that includes most of the
qualification and data amplitude. The first population known parameters such as cost of decreasing losses,
includes small components called gene or chromosome. cost of voltage profile enhancement, cost of capacitor
The second step includes the production of new installation that include fix and variable cost that is based
population in each repetition using genetic operators. on capacitor capacitance and has following equation:
$
Production of new population continues until achieving ( ) = + + + + ( )(2)
optimum solution for the capacitor placement problem
Table1. The 9-bus IEEE network line data set is discussed in the next sections. The Limitations faced
Sen.bus Res.bus X(ohm) R(ohm) while running the algorithm are as follows:
0 1 0.4127 0.1233 1. Limitation of the buses voltage: < < ,
1 2 0.605 0.014 the buses voltage after capacitor
2 3 1.205 0.7463
installations have not to be more than detected
3 4 0.6084 0.6984
boundaries.
4 5 1.7276 1.9831
5 6 0.7886 0.9053
2. Limitation of the capacitor bank: used capacitor bank
6 7 1.164 2.0552 has a fixed capacitance and can't be varied.
7 8 2.716 4.7953 In this study a sample network was selected to
8 9 3.0264 5.3434 implement the optimal capacitor placement and
capacitance detection by the proposed algorithm
Table 2. The 9-bus IEEE network buses data set considering the most of the known influencing factors
No.bus P(Kw) Q(Kvar) (Majid davoodi et al., 2012).
1 1840 460 Table 3. Destination function coefficients
2 980 340 Coefficient applied to
3 1790 446 Coefficient Parameter each parameter in the
4 1598 1840 destination function
5 1610 600 K1 Loss reduction 25%
6 780 110 K2 Voltage profile 15%
7 1150 60 Capacitor
K3 25%
8 980 130 installation cost
9 1640 200 Capacitor
K4 20%
where: capacitance cost
System over
Fcost(x) : target function K5 15%
capacitance cost
: cost of losses in the network
: cost of voltage profile enhancement Fig. 3. A general form of genes bits used in the genetic
: cost of each capacitor installment algorithm
: cost of capacitor (based on it's capacitance) 1 2 3 4 ................... n
: cost of generators capacity, lines and distribution utilities The simulated distribution network
development, In this study to compare the results achieved from the
: coefficient of transferring losses to cost capacitor placement in the distribution system a standard
: coefficient of transferring voltage profile enhancement 9-bus IEEE power network is selected (its single line
to cost diagram is shown in Fig. 2.This network has one voltage
source and a data set about its lines and buses shown in
: coefficient of transferring each capacitor installation
Tables 1 and 2.
to cost The genes (chromozóm) used in the genetic
:coefficient of transferring capacitor capacitance to cost algorithm for solving the capacitor placement problem in
: coefficient of transferring capacity of system an this study has n member. Each member represents one
th
apparatus development to cost bus in the network. Values of these buses in the i
As an example for calculating the cost of losses in the position show the capacitance of the installable
th
network, the differences of losses in each bus before and capacitors in the I bus. A general form of genes is
after capacitor installation is computed in DIGSILENT. shown in Fig.3. The first generation of the genes is
This difference is used as K1 coefficient multiplied in the initialized randomly in the start of the genetic algorithm.
voltage profile enhancement cost. The other influencing Simulation results
cost parameters are calculated as like for this one. The Ki In this study, the optimal placement and capacitance
are the coefficients of the target function given to detection of the capacitors using the genetic algorithm
DIGSILENT as a matrix called coefficients matrix, which including the most of the influencing parameters in its
target function has been implemented in a 9-bus IEEE
Fig. 2. The 9-bus IEEE single line diagram network.
Input matrix of target function including coefficients
such as cost of losses reduction, voltage profile
increment, transferring capacitor installment to cost,
transferring capacitor capacitance to cost and transferring
over capacitance of systems and apparatus to cost that
called K1, K2, K3, K4, K5 respectively in the target function.
The parameters consider environmental, economical
Research article “Power system capacitor” M.Davoodi et al.
Indian Society for Education and Environment (iSee) http://www.indjst.org Indian J.Sci.Technol.
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Indian Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 5 No.7 (July 2012) ISSN: 0974- 6846