Verbs (Part 2)

Definition
1. Modal verbs are used with

other verbs to express one of
the modalities: possibility,
ability, likelihood, certainty,
obligation, etc., of the action.
2. Modals (modal auxiliaries)

Modals
Distinctive characteristics of modals:

1. Act as an auxiliary verb in VPs;
2. Do not take inflections to show agreement or
tense;
Features 3. Precede the negative particle in not negation;
4. Precede the subject in Y-N questions;
5. Take a bare infinitive verb as the main verb in
the VP;
6. Express stance meanings, related to possibility,
necessity, obligation, etc.
Modals
Modal verb Use Example

CAN
COULD
MAY
MIGHT
SHALL
SHOULD
…..
Priscian’s views
Gender
Mood Person
Voice Categories Number
Aspect Case
Tense
Tenses
1. Tense is the form of the verb

which indicates the time of the
action or state.
2. Three primary tenses: past,
present, future.
3. The tense is used to express the
relation between the happening
of an action or state and the time
at which the action or state
happens.
Definition & Features
1. Aspect is the grammatical

category which marks the
duration or type of temporal
activity denoted by the verb.
2. Aspect relates to the meaning
and form of the verb.
3. The aspect is used to denote the
different characteristics of an
action or state.
Types of aspects
Indefinite
Progressive Aspects Progressive

Perfect
Perfect
Tenses & Aspects
A Indefinite Cont. Perfect Perfect

T Cont.
Past x x x x
Present x x x x
Future x x x x Near
future
Definition
Mood is the form of the verb which

shows in what relation to reality the
speaker places the action or state
expressed by the predicate verb.
Mood is the grammatical expression

of the speaker‟s purported attitude
toward what he or she is doing.
Mood - Example
1. Take me home now! 2.Do you mind driving

me home?
3. Would you be able to
drive me home?
4. Is there an extra seat
in your car for me?
5. Hey, I‟m looking

for a ride home.
I‟ll be willing to
pay gas money if
you are willing to
do it!
Mood - Classification
1. Indicative mood
2. Interrogative mood
3. Imperative mood
4. Exclamatory mood
5. Subjunctive mood: Important in older English, not in modern Eng.

2 types:
- Present subjunctive mood
- Past subjunctive mood
Subjunctive mood
Present subjunctive mood Past subjunctive mood
(Subjunctive 1) (Subjunctive 2)
1. We be friends forever! 5. If I were King, I would make

2. Long live the Queen! you Queen.
6. If she had had time, she
would have visited me.
3. We request that he take the
witness stand.
4. My manager insists that I be
on time.
Subjunctive mood in that-clause
1. It is necessary for him to finish the report.
2. It is necessary that he should finish the report.
3. It is necessary that he finish the report.

“I took her home last
night”, said he.
 He said he had taken

her home the previous
night.
Direct speech & Indirect speech
Direct speech:
1. is the use of an actual utterance without any
grammatical modification as part of a narrative;
2. the words quoted are introduced by one of the
words say or think.
Features
Indirect speech:
1. words of speaker are subordinated to a verb in
the main clause, and several grammatical changes
are introduced;
2. is to report or retell what happened in the past.
Rules of changing D.S into I.D.S
1. Change of time/ place expressions

2. Changes of pronouns
3. Changes of tenses
4. Changes of types of sentences
Change of Time/ Place expressions
1. now
2. ago
3. next year
4. here
5. overhere
Change of Pronouns
1. “I am a teacher”, I said.
2. “I am a teacher”, she said.

Change of Tenses
“I have proposed to Daisy”, said Peter. “I will marry him”, said Daisy.
Change of types of sentences
1. Declarative sentence
2. Interrogative sentence
3. Imperative sentence
4. Exclamatory sentence
“Come in, please!”, he said to me.
“They are lovers, aren’t they?”, I asked him.
Exclamatory sentences
“How beautiful she is!”, he said.
“How well you did the job, Tom!”, the boss said.
Conditional sentences
1. A conditional sentence is a sentence in
which there is a conditional clause (if-
clause).
Definition If I were you, I wouldn’t marry her.
&  2 clauses:
Functions If-clause
Main clause
2. 4 functions of a conditional sentence
Classification of conditional sentences
Semantic criterion Structural criterion
1. Factual conditionals 1. Real conditionals (Type 1)

2. Future (predictive) 2. Unreal conditionals (Type 2)
conditionals 3. Unreal conditionals (Type 3)
3. Imaginative conditionals
Structural criterion
Real/ Open/ Fut. Con.

Unreal/ Closed Con.
(Type 1)
„If‟ Present Con. Past Con.

clause Main
clause (Type 2) (Type 3)
(Present
Simple) (will + V)
„If‟ Main Main
„If‟ clause clause
clause clause
(Past (would
Past (would perfect)
Simple + V) have +
P2)
Voice
1. Voice is the form of the verb which

shows the relation between the
subject and the predicate verb in the
sentence.
2. 2 types:
a. Active voice
b. Passive voice
Voice
1. My sweetheart bought a new car yesterday.
2. A new car was bought yesterday by my sweetheart.

Change of the sentence structure
Active: S + V. (t) + O
Passive: S + BE + P2 + (by O)
1. Usage (7)
2. Types (4)
Agentless passive
Rice was grown inVietnam. He was arrested last night.

Stative passive
1. The statue was located on the top of the

mountain.
2. The statue was located by them.

The sequence of tenses
1. The adjustment of the verb tense in

the subordinate clause (mainly
object clause) to the verb tense in
the principal clause (main clause) is
called the sequence of tenses.
2. Object clause is the clause standing

after a transitive verb.
The sequence of tenses
She said she was a dancer.

Verbs (Part 2)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Verbs (Part 2)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Verbs (Part 2)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Definition

1. Modal verbs are used with

2. Modals (modal auxiliaries)

Distinctive characteristics of modals:

Modal verb Use Example

Voice Categories Number

1. Tense is the form of the verb

1. Aspect is the grammatical

Progressive Aspects Progressive

A Indefinite Cont. Perfect Perfect

Mood is the form of the verb which

Mood is the grammatical expression

1. Take me home now! 2.Do you mind driving

5. Hey, I‟m looking

5. Subjunctive mood: Important in older English, not in modern Eng.

1. We be friends forever! 5. If I were King, I would make

3. It is necessary that he finish the report.

 He said he had taken

1. Change of time/ place expressions

2. “I am a teacher”, she said.

“How beautiful she is!”, he said.

1. Factual conditionals 1. Real conditionals (Type 1)

Real/ Open/ Fut. Con.

„If‟ Present Con. Past Con.

1. Voice is the form of the verb which

1. My sweetheart bought a new car yesterday.

2. A new car was bought yesterday by my sweetheart.

Rice was grown inVietnam. He was arrested last night.

1. The statue was located on the top of the

2. The statue was located by them.

1. The adjustment of the verb tense in

2. Object clause is the clause standing

She said she was a dancer.

You might also like