- Suresh Khanal

Computer
Networking
Short Questions and Answer

www.psexam.com
 Computer Networking
Short Questions and Answers

Suresh Khanal
Kalanki, Kathmandu
shkhanal@gmail.com
shkhanal@yahoo.com

Published By:

http://www.psexam.com
contact: info@psexam.com
Computer Networking: Short Questions and Answers
Published by
PS Exam
Kalanki, Kathmandu
Nepal
www.psexam.com

Copyright ©2009 author.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval

system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise except
for personal and non-commercial use without the prior written
permission of the author.
 About the Author

Suresh Khanal is a native of Kathmandu, Nepal, where he works as a

freelance developer, programmer and technical writer/editor. He has
been involved in teaching computers science since 1998 and over the
years has written several articles and tutorials on Office Applications
and Web Programming. Khanal holds a Master's of Science Degree in
Information Technology Science.

In his spare time, he enjoys travelling, posting in forums and play

online games.
Table of Contents
Transmission Media 1
What is transmission media? 1
What are the types of transmission media? 1
Describe bound transmission media. 1
Describe unbound transmission media. 1
Bound Transmission Media 1
Explain twisted pair cable. 1
Explain Co-axial cable. 4
Explain Fiber-Optics cable. 5
Match the following types of connectors with the cables to
which they are used. 7
Compare BNC with UTP Cables 8
Unbound Transmission Media 9
Explain Radio Wave. 9
What is Microwave? 10
List the Advantages of microwaves. 11
What are the Disadvantages of Microwaves? 11
Describe Infra Red. 11
Computer Network 12
What is a computer network? 12
What are the advantages of Networking? 12
Explain Network Services 13
 What are the five major network services? 13
What is Network Server? 13
What is a client? 13
What is a dedicated server? 14
What is workstation? 14
What are dumb terminals? 14
Types of Computer Network 15
What is a LAN? 15
What is MAN? 16
What is WAN? 16
Clarify Enterprise WANs. 16
Clarify Global WANs. 17
What are the two types of LAN? 17
Protocols 18
What is a protocol? 18
What are the three major network protocols? 18
Match the following protocols and their functions 19
LAN Topologies 20
What are the two network connection types? 20
Explain Point-to-Point connection type. 20
Explain multipoint connection. 21
What are the basic LAN topologies? 21
Explain Bus Topology. 21
What are the advantages of bus topology? 23
 What are the disadvantages of bus topology? 24
What is Ring Topology? 24
Point out the major advantages of Ring Topology. 25
Point out the disadvantages of Ring Topology. 25
Explain Star Topology. 25
What are the benefits of Star Topology? 26
What are the disadvantages of Star Topology? 26
What are the popular topologies other than basic Topologies? 27
Network Standards 27
What is a Networking Standard? 27
What are the four major industry standards? 27
What is an Ethernet? 28
How an Ethernet Worked? 28
What is Medium Access Control of Ethernet? 29
Explain Ethernet Frame. 29
List some advantages of Ethernet. 30
What are the disadvantages of Ethernet Cabling? 30
What is ARCNet? 31
List the advantages of ARCNet. 32
What are the disadvantages of ARCNet? 32
How does a Token-Passing Protocol works? 32
Explain Logical Ring Physical Star topology for Token-Passing
Standard. 32
List some most useful advantages of Token Ring. 33
 Point out the disadvantages of Token Ring. 34
What do you mean by Beaconing and Auto-Reconfiguration? 34
Network Architecture 34
What is Network Architecture? 34
What are the popular Network Architectures? 35
Explain ISO's OSI Architecture 35
Explain IBM's SNA Architecture 36
Networking Model 37
Explain Peer-to-Peer Networking Model. 37
Explain Client/Server Networking Model. 37
Network and Internet Terminologies 38
NICs 38
Hubs/Repeaters 39
Bridges 39
Router 40
Switches 41
Transceivers 42
Gateway 42
Proxy Serer 43
Firewall 43
Node 43
Wireless Network 43
Internet 45
WWW 45
IRC 46
CU-SeeMe 47
Telnet 48
Gopher 49
HTML 49
Browsers 50
Dialup Connection 53
IP Address 53
Domain Name 54
URL 54
Web Browsing or Surfing 54
Search Engine 55
Meta Search Engine 57
Internet Access 57
Extranet 58
Intranet 58
Web Index 58
Hypertext 59
Email 59
Email address 59
Inbox 60
Outbox 60
Trash 61
CC 61
BCC 62
Reply 62
Forward 62
Attachments 62
Bounced 62
Netiquette 62
Emoticons 62
Table of Figures
Figure 1: UTP Cable 2
Figure 2: UTP Cable Connector 2
Figure 3: STP Cable 3
Figure 4: STP Cable Structure 3
Figure 5: Co-Axial Cable 4
Figure 6: Co-Axial Cable Structure 4
Figure 7: Co-Axial Cable Connectors 5
Figure 8: Fibre Optics Cable Structure 6
Figure 9: Fiber Optics Cable 6
Figure 10: AUI Connector 7
Figure 11: BNC Connector 7
Figure 12: RJ45 Connector 8
Figure 13: SC Connector 8
Figure 14: Comparison between Twisted Pairs and Co-Axial Cable 9
Figure 15: Radio Wave Transmission 9
Figure 16: Microwave Transmission 10
Figure 17: Microwave Transmitter, Receiver and Repeater 10
Figure 18: Infrared Device Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 19: Computer Network 12
Figure 20: Workstation 14
Figure 21: Dumb Terminal 15
Figure 22: Wide Area Network 16
Figure 23: Enterprise WAN 17
Figure 24: TCP/IP Structure 18
Figure 25: IPX/SPX Structure 19
Figure 26: Different LAN Topologies 20
Figure 27: Bus Topology 21
Figure 28: Bus Topology Network connected with other network 22
Figure 29: T Connector 22
Figure 30: Different Cable Terminators 23
Figure 31: Ring Topology 24
Figure 32: Star Topology 25
Figure 33: Star Topology 26
Figure 34: Tre Topology Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 35: Mesh Topology Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 36: Ethernet Network 29
Figure 37: ARCNet Board and Card 31
Figure 38: Network with MSAU 33
Figure 39: ISO's OSI Architecture 35
Figure 40: OSI an SNA Comparision 36
Figure 41: LAN NIC Card 38
Figure 42: Hub 39
Figure 43: Bridge 40
Figure 44: Router 41
Figure 45: Switch 41
Figure 46: Transceiver 42
Figure 47: Gateway PC 43
Figure 48: Nework with Wireless Stations 44
Figure 49: Tim Berners Lee 45
Figure 50: Yahoo Chat 46
Figure 51: CU SeeMe 47
Figure 52: CU SeeMe Conferencing 48
Figure 53: Telnet Screen 48
Figure 54: Different Browsers Logo 50
Figure 55: Mozilla Firefox 51
Figure 56: Netscape Navigator 51
Figure 57: Internet Explorer 52
Figure 58: Google Chrome 52
Figure 59: IP Address Structure 53
Figure 60: IP Address and Subnet Mask 53
Figure 61: Yahoo, Ask, MSN, Google Search Engines 55
Figure 62: Alta Vista Search Engine 56
Figure 63: Lycos 56
Figure 64: Meta Search Engine 57
Figure 65: Web Index 58
Figure 66: Hypertext and Hyper Link 59
Figure 67: Email Client Interface 60
Figure 68: New Email Message 61
Figure 69: Emoticons 63
 Computer Networking
Short Questions and Answers

Suresh Khanal
Kalanki, Kathmandu
shkhanal@yahoo.com
shkhanal@hotmail.com

Published By:

http://www.psexam.com
contact: admin@psexam.com
Computer Networking
Short Questions
and
Answers
 Contribution of Suresh Khanal for PS Exam

Transmission Media
What is transmission media?
Transmission media is a pathway through which data are transmitted
in network. We use different types of cables or waves to transmit
data.

What are the types of transmission media?

There are two types of transmission media namely: bound
transmission media and unbound transmission media.

Describe bound transmission media.

Bound transmission media are the cables that are tangible or have
physical existence and are limited by the physical geography. Popular
bound transmission media in use are twisted pair cable, co-axial cable
and fiber optical cable.

Describe unbound transmission media.

Unbound transmission media are the ways of transmitting data
without using any cables. These media are not bounded by physical
geography. Microwave, Radio wave, Infra red are some of popular
unbound transmission media.

Bound Transmission Media

Explain twisted pair cable.
A pair of wires twisted with each other is known as twisted pair cable.
A set of four pairs of twisted wires are bundled to form cable. These
are the most common medium for LAN. Wires are twisted with each
other so as to reduce the interference.

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Figure 1: UTP Cable

Figure 2: UTP Cable Connector

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We can find two types of twisted pair cables, namely: Unshielded
Twisted Pair Cable (UTP) and Shielded Twisted Pair Cable (STP). The
twisted pair cable that is protected against electro-magnetic
interference (EMI) is known as STP and the one which is not shielded
against EMI is called Unshielded Twisted Pair.

Figure 3: STP Cable

1–Jacket
2–Shield-braid
3–Shield-foil
4–Solid twisted pair
5–Drain wire

Figure 4: STP Cable Structure

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Explain Co-axial cable.

A solid central conductor surrounded by insulating material and then
by a cylindrical shield woven from fine wires is known as co-axial
cable. The shield is usually connected to electrical ground to reduce
electrical interference. Co-axial cables have broader bandwidth and
thus suitable for audio, video data transmission.

Figure 5: Co-Axial Cable

Figure 6: Co-Axial Cable Structure

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Figure 7: Co-Axial Cable Connectors

Explain Fiber-Optics cable.

A cable with central glass tube covered with protective shield which
transmit data using photons is fiber optics cable. These cables
transmit data via concentrated bursts of laser beams which are
carried through bundles of hair thin glass fibers. They have
advantages over electronic cables in transmission speed and volume.
This technology has revolutionized telecommunication applications
which used electronic cables. Fiber optics cables as free from electro-
magnetic interference as well as wire tapping.

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Figure 8: Fibre Optics Cable Structure

Figure 9: Fiber Optics Cable

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Match the following types of connectors with the cables to
which they are used.
Cable: (a) Thick Coax (100 Base 5), (b) UTP (10 Base-T), (c) Fiber
Optics (10 Base-FL) (d) Thin Coax (100 Base 5)

Connectors: (1) AUI, (2) BNC, (3) RJ45, (4) SC or ST Type

Answer:- a -> 1, b -> 3, c -> 4, d -> 2

Figure 10: AUI Connector

Figure 11: BNC Connector

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Figure 12: RJ45 Connector

Figure 13: SC Connector

Compare BNC with UTP Cables

BNC UTP
Derived from the thick Ethernet Derived from telephone cable
Coaxial Cable
Flexibility of adding nodes Decided by Hub ports
Lower price and no need of Hub Needs Hubs
Difficult to locate faults Introduction of Hub makes fault
finding much easier
Terminators needed Terminators not needed
The cabling is comparatively less Inherently much reliable
reliable
Single segment length (node to Single segment length up to 200
node) up to 180 meters meters

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Figure 14: Comparison between Twisted Pairs and Co-Axial Cable

Unbound Transmission Media

Unbound transmission media extend beyond the limiting confines of
cabling. They provide an excellent communication alternative for
WANS. The lack of physical restrictions provides larger bandwidth as
well as wide area capabilities. Unbound media typically operate at
very high frequencies. The three types of unbound transmission
media are: Radio wave, Micro wave, Infrared

Explain Radio Wave.

Although Radio waves are prevalent and well understood, we are just
beginning to realize their enormous potential as a networking
medium. Radio waves can operate on a single or multiple frequency
bands.

Figure 15: Radio Wave Transmission

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What is Microwave?
Microwaves have been used in data communications for a long time.
They have a higher frequency than radio waves and therefore can
handle larger amounts of data.

Microwave transmission is line of sight transmission. The transmit

station must be in visible contact with the receive station. This sets a
limit on the distance between stations depending on the local
geography. Typically the line of sight due to the Earth's curvature is
only 50 km to the horizon! Repeater stations must be placed so the
data signal can hop, skip and jump across the country.

Figure 16: Microwave Transmission

Figure 17: Microwave Transmitter, Receiver and Repeater

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Microwaves operate at high operating frequencies of 3 to 10 GHz.
This allows them to carry large quantities of data due to their large
bandwidth.

List the Advantages of microwaves.

a. They require no right of way acquisition between towers.

b. They can carry high quantities of information due to their high

operating frequencies.

c. Low cost land purchase: each tower occupies only a small area.

d. High frequency/short wavelength signals require small antennae.

What are the Disadvantages of Microwaves?

a. Attenuation by solid objects: birds, rain, snow and fog.

b. Reflected from flat surfaces like water and metal.

c. Diffracted (split) around solid objects.

d. Refracted by atmosphere, thus causing beam to be projected

away from receiver.

Describe Infra Red.

Infrared offers a great unbound photonic solution. Like fiber-optic
cabling, infrared communications use light, so they are not bound by
the limitations of electricity.

Figure 18: Infrared Device

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Computer Network

What is a computer network?

Computer Network is a collection of distributed intelligent machines
that are connected with each other with transmission media for the
purpose of data sharing, communication and sharing of computer
resources.

Figure 19: Computer Network

What are the advantages of Networking?

The following are the distinct notes in favor of computer networking.

a. The computers, staff and information can be well managed

b. A network provides the means to exchange data among the
computers and to make programs and data available to
people
c. It permits the sharing of the resources of the machine
d. Networking also provides the function of back-up.
e. Networking provides a flexible networking environment.
Employees can work at home by using through networks ties
through networks into the computer at office.

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Explain Network Services
Network services are the thing that a network can do. The major
networking services are

 File Services: This includes file transfer, storage, data

migration, file update, synchronization and achieving.
 Printing Services: This service produces shared access to
valuable printing devices.
 Message Services: This service facilitates email, voice mails
and coordinate object oriented applications.
 Application Services: This services allows to centralize high
profile applications to increase performance and scalability
 Database Services: This involves coordination of distributed
data and replication.

What are the five major network services?

Major Network Services are:

a. File Services
b. Print Services
c. Message Services
d. Application Services
e. Database Services

What is Network Server?

Network Server is a computer in Network that is designated to
provide one or more network service. For example file server,
database server etc.

What is a client?
A computer in network that connects to the server and uses the
network services to perform user's tasks is a client.

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What is a dedicated server?

A network server designated to provide one particular service is
known as dedicated server. For example if a computer is assigned for
database service only then that computer is known as dedicated
database server.

What is workstation?
A workstation is a node in network that is more powerful and can
handle local information processing or graphics processing. A
workstation usually has an inexpensive, small hard disk to carry out
local tasks.

Figure 20: Workstation

Some workstations that have no disk drive of their own is known as

diskless-workstation or dumb terminals. They terminals completely
rely on LAN for their access. Network operating system lets the node
work as if all the resources at the server belong to the node itself.

What are dumb terminals?

Those Workstations that have no disk drive of their own and rely
completely on LAN for their access are called dumb terminals. The
network operating system lets these terminals work as if all the
resources at the server belong to the workstation itself.

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Figure 21: Dumb Terminal

Types of Computer Network

Computer networks fall into three classes regarding the size, distance
and the structure namely: LAN (Local Area Network), MAN
(Metropolitan Area Network), WAN (Wide Area Network). A LAN links
a small group of functionally similar workstations within a local
geographic area such as a series of adjacent cubicles or offices on the
same floor. Once the network expands to include other floors or
divers office within a metropolitan area, it becomes a MAN. Finally, a
WAN is simply a LAN of LANs. WANs expand the boundaries of
networking to a global or even galactic scale.

What is a LAN?
A LAN is a Local Area Network, within a single building or a specific
confined space. LANs typically comprise only one transmission media
type such as coaxial cable or twisted pair. LANs are characterized by
comparatively high-speed communications. These high speeds are
possible because LANs use one kind of cable which generally is
limited to 5 km or less.

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What is MAN?
MAN stands for Metropolitan Area Networks. MAN is larger than a
LAN and as its name implies, covers the area of a single city. MANs
rarely extend beyond 100 KM and frequently comprise a combination
of different hardware and transmission media.

The two most important components of MANs are security and

standardization. Security is important because information is being
shared between dissimilar systems. Standardization is necessary to
ensure reliable data communication.

What is WAN?
A wide area network is simply a LAN of LANs. WANs connect LANs
that may be on opposite sides of a building, across the country or
around the world. WANS are characterized by the slowest data
communication rates and the largest distances. WANs can be of two
types: an enterprise WAN and Global WAN.

Figure 22: Wide Area Network

Clarify Enterprise WANs.

An enterprise WAN connects an entire organization including all LANs
at various sites. This term is used for large, widespread organizations
such as corporations, universities and governments.

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Figure 23: Enterprise WAN

Clarify Global WANs.

Global WANs also span the world but they do not have to connect
LANS within a single organization. The Internet is an example of a
global WAN. It connects diverse locations, organizations and
institutions throughout the world. Global WANS can be public or
private. Private WANs are called Intranet which belongs to an
organization. Public WANs are open to everybody so that anybody
can connect and use the resources and services available.

What are the two types of LAN?

There are basically two types of Local Area Networks namely: Arcnet
and Ethernet.

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Protocols
What is a protocol?
The term protocol refers to a set of rules and procedures that govern
the transmission of messages over a physical networking medium.
The most common network protocols are: (a) TCP/IP, (b) IPX/SPX and
(c) NetBEUE

What are the three major network protocols?

The three major network protocols are:

1. TCP/IP
2. IPX/SPX (Used in Novell Netware)
3. NetBEUE (Product of Microsoft Co.)

Figure 24: TCP/IP Structure

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Figure 25: IPX/SPX Structure

Match the following protocols and their functions

(a) http, (b) pop, (c) ftp, (d) smtp, (e) MIME,

1. Send email messages

2. Transfer multimedia information
3. Send email attachment
4. Transfer files in servers and clients computers
5. Receive email messages

Answer: (a) -> 2, (b) -> 5, (c) -> 4, (d) -> 1, (e) -> 3

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LAN Topologies
The term topology defines the geographic arrangement of
networking devices. It describes the actual layout of the network
hardware. Given the location of workstations and peripherals, the
goal of topology is to find the most economical and efficient way to
connect all the users to the network resources while providing
adequate capacity to handle user demands, maintain system
reliability and minimize delay.

Figure 26: Different LAN Topologies

The selection of a topology for a network can not be done in isolation

as it affects the choice of media and the access method used.
Because it determines the strategy used in wiring a building for a
network and deserves some careful study.

What are the two network connection types?

The two different network connection types are (a) point-to-point
connection and (b) multipoint connection.

Explain Point-to-Point connection type.

A point-to-point connection is a direct link between two devices such
as a computer and a printer. Most of today's point-to-point
connections are associated with modems and PSTN (Public Switched
Telephone Network) communications.

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Explain multipoint connection.
A multipoint connection is a link between three or more devices.
Historically, multipoint connections were used to attach central CPs
to distributed dumb terminals. In today's LAN environments,
multipoint connections link many network devices in various
configurations.

What are the basic LAN topologies?

The three simple LAN topologies that are combined to form any
practical topology are known as basic LAN topologies. They are, Bus
Topology, Ring Topology and Star Topology.

Explain Bus Topology.

The physical Bus topology is the simplest and most widely used of the
network designs. It consists of one continuous length of cable (trunk)
and a terminating resistor (terminator) at each end. Data
communication message travels along the bus in both directions until
it is picked up by a workstation or server NIC. If the message is missed
or not recognized, it reaches the end of the cabling and dissipates at
the terminator.

Figure 27: Bus Topology

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All nodes on the bus topology have equal access to the trunk. This is
accomplished using short drop cables or direct T-connectors. The
number of devices and the length of the trunk can be easily
expanded.

Figure 28: Bus Topology Network connected with other network

Figure 29: T Connector

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Figure 30: Different Cable Terminators

What are the advantages of bus topology?

The advantages of physical bus topology are:

a. It uses established standards and it is relatively easy to install.

b. It requires less media than other topologies.

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What are the disadvantages of bus topology?

The disadvantages of bus topology are:

a. The bus networks are difficult to reconfigure, especially when

the acceptable number of connections or maximum distances
have been reached.
b. They are also difficult to troubleshoot because everything
happens on a single media segment. This can have dangerous
consequences because any break in the cabling brings the
network to its knee.

What is Ring Topology?

The physical ring topology is a circular loop of point-to-point links.
Each device connects directly to the ring or indirectly through and
interface device or drop cable. Message travel around the ring from
node to node in a very organized manner. Each workstation checks
the message for a matching destination address. If the address
doesn't match the node simply regenerates the message and sends it
on its way. If the address matches, the node accepts the message and
sends a reply to the originating sender.

Figure 31: Ring Topology

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Point out the major advantages of Ring Topology.
The advantages of ring topologies are:

a. They are very easy to troubleshoot because each device

incorporates a repeater.
b. A special internal feature called beaconing allows troubled
workstations to identify themselves quickly.

Point out the disadvantages of Ring Topology.

The disadvantages of ring topologies are:

a. It is considerably difficult to install and reconfigure ring

topology
b. Media failure on unidirectional or single loop causes
complete network failure.

Explain Star Topology.

The physical star topology uses a central controlling hub with
dedicated legs pointing in all directions – like points of a star. Each
network device has a dedicated point-to-point link to the central hub.
This strategy prevents troublesome collisions and keeps the lines of
communications open and free of traffic.

Figure 32: Star Topology

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This topology, obviously, require a great deal of cabling. This design

provides an excellent platform for reconfiguration and trouble-
shooting. Changes to the network are as simple as plugging another
segment into the hub and a break in the LAN is easy to isolate and
doesn't affect the rest of the network.

Figure 33: Star Topology

What are the benefits of Star Topology?

The benefits of star topology are:

a. Relatively easy to configure.

b. Easy to troubleshoot
c. Media faults are automatically isolated to the failed segment.

What are the disadvantages of Star Topology?

The disadvantages are considered as follows:

a. Requires more cable than most topologies.

b. Moderately difficult to install.

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What are the popular topologies other than basic
Topologies?
Apart from basic topologies some other topologies worth considering
are: mesh topology (every device connected to all other devices),
Cellular Topology (wireless point to pint and multipoint design), Tree
Topology (Hierarchical connections of devices), Hybrid topology
(combination of two or more basic topologies).

Figure 34: Tre Topology

Figure 35: Mesh Topology

Network Standards

What is a Networking Standard?

Protocol (the logical component) and Topology (the physical
component) is combined together to create a networking standard.
These standards are developed and controlled by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).

What are the four major industry standards?

The four major industry standards are (a) Ethernet, Token Ring,
ARCNet and FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface).

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What is an Ethernet?
The Ethernet topology was developed at the University of Hawaii to
connect computers on the various Islands. It was radio based design.
Later, Robert Metacalfe went to Xeros's Palo Alto Research Center
(PARC) laboratories and eliminated the radio portion and changed to
co-axial cabling. Ethernet is one of the most popular LAN
technologies in use today covering more than 85% of the networks.
Ethernet system consists of three basic elements:

4. The physical medium use to carry Ethernet signals

between computers on the network
5. A set of rules (protocols) embedded in each Ethernet
interface that will decide how multiple computers on the
network will have access to the data on the medium.
6. An Ethernet frame that consists of a standardized set of
bits used to carry data over the system.

How an Ethernet Worked?

The operation of Ethernet can be described in simple terms as
follows:

Each computer on the Ethernet Network, also known as a node,

operates independently of all other nodes. All nodes attached to an
Ethernet are connected to a shared medium over which the Ethernet
signals travel serially, one data bit at a time.

To send data a station first listens to the channel and when the
channel is idle the station transmits its information in the form of an
Ethernet frame, or packet. The Ethernet rules (protocol) are defined
in such a way that every node gets a fair amount of frame
transmission opportunity.

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Figure 36: Ethernet Network

As each Ethernet frame is sent out on the shared medium, the

Ethernet interfaces inside the node look at the destination address.
The interfaces compare the destination address of the frame with
their own address. The Ethernet interface with the same address as
the destination address in the frame will read the entire frame and all
other network interfaces will ignore the information.

What is Medium Access Control of Ethernet?

The set of rules which ensures that every node in an Ethernet gets a
fair amount of frame transmission opportunity, are called the
"Medium Access Control" mechanism. The Medium Access Control
mechanism is based on a system called Carrier Sense Multiple Access
with Collision Detection (CSMD/CD).

Explain Ethernet Frame.

The heart of Ethernet system is the Ethernet Frame, which is used to
deliver information between the computers. The frame consists of a
set of bits organized into several fields. These fields include address
fields, a data field and an error checking field that checks the integrity
of the bits in the frame to make sure that the frame has arrived
intact.

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List some advantages of Ethernet.

Ethernet's major advantages are:

1. It is an inexpensive way to achieve high speed LAN

transmissions (10 to 100 MB/s)
2. It is a proven technology that supports various writing
configurations.
3. It works well with a large number of LAN and micro-to-
mainframe applications.
4. It is easy to install.

What are the disadvantages of Ethernet Cabling?

The Ethernet cabling ahs the following disadvantages:

1. Ethernet is not a high-level performer in high-load

environments. This protocol (CSMA/CD: Carrier Sense
Multiple Access/Collision Detection) can slow down
dramatically if hundreds of workstations are competing for
the same cabling trunk
2. Its linear bus cabling system can sometimes make it difficult
to isolate problems.

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What is ARCNet?
The Attached Resource Computer Network (ARCNet) standard was
created in 1977 at the Data Point Corporation by a scientist – John
Murphy. ARCNet uses the token-passing protocol over a star and bus
topology. The star and bus topology combines the flexibility of a star
with the simplicity and throughput of a bus. Thus, ARCNet standard
has a unique protocol/topology combination: token-passing protocol
and Distributed star/bus topology.

Figure 37: ARCNet Board and Card

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List the advantages of ARCNet.

Here are some of the ARCNet's advantages:

1. It is extremely reliable.
2. ARCNet is easy to install and troubleshoot.
3. It has an excellent track record of interoperability for those
using ARCNet components from various manufacturers.
4. ARCNet supports a variety of cable types including coaxial,
UTP and Fiber Optics.
5. It is inexpensive and built to stay that way.

What are the disadvantages of ARCNet?

Here are some disadvantages of ARCNet:

1. Standard ARCNet is very slow (2.5 Mb/s). It is almost seven

times slower than Token Ring.
2. ARCNet was not designed with interconnectivity in mind. For
many installations, it's difficult to go beyond the confines of
single LAN.

How does a Token-Passing Protocol works?

The token-passing protocol relies on a control signal called the token.
A token is a 24-bit packet that circulates throughout the network
from NIC to NIC in an orderly fashion. If a workstation wants to
transmit a message, first it must seize the token. At that point, the
workstation has complete control over the communications channel.
The existence of only one token eliminates the possibility of signal
collisions. This means that only one station can speak at a time.

Explain Logical Ring Physical Star topology for

Token-Passing Standard.
It is sure that any break in the ring at any point will interrupt
communications for all machines. To solve this problem, IBM
developed a modified ring topology, which they called the logical ring

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physical star. The central point of the physical star configuration is
Token Ring hub called the multi-station access unit (MSAU,
pronounced as masow). Workstations and servers attached to the
MSAU through special STP adapter cables. IBM converted stars into a
logical ring by connecting all MSAU hubs together through special
ring-in (RI) and ring-out (RO) ports.

Figure 38: Network with MSAU

List some most useful advantages of Token Ring.

Here are Token ring's most useful advantages:

a. It offers excellent throughput under high-load conditions.

b. Token Ring facilitates LAN-to-LAN mainframe connections
especially for interfacing with IBM's broader connectivity
strategies.
c. It has built-in troubleshooting mechanisms such as beaconing
and auto-reconfiguration and may now be used with UTP
cabling.

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d. It has the most reliable protocol (token-passing), the most

trouble-free configuration (physical star) and the fastest
connectivity scheme (r or 16 mb/s).

Point out the disadvantages of Token Ring.

Few of the disadvantages of Token Ring are:

a. Token Ring is very expensive. All topology components cost

much more than other more popular standards.
b. It is relatively proprietary. Token Ring's complexity is built
into the hardware components. This means hat you need to
choose a manufacturer and stick with it.
c. Engineers must have considerable expertise to manage and
troubleshoot token ring components.

What do you mean by Beaconing and Auto-

Reconfiguration?
When a station does not receive a message from its nearest active
upstream neighbor, it sends out a warning, otherwise known as a
beacon. This beacon alerts everyone that something is wrong and
helps to isolate the failure domain. When beacon occurs, the ring will
attempt to fix the problem without your intervention. This process of
self-healing is called auto-reconfiguration.

Network Architecture

What is Network Architecture?

When two or more computer are connected with one another for the
purpose of communicating data electronically, besides physical
connection of computers, communication devices and system
servers, a well defined standard known as architecture is required to
establish cohesive communication between devices in Network.

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What are the popular Network Architectures?
The most popular architectures are:
a. ISO Open System Architecture (OSI)
b. IBM's System Network Architecture (SNA)

Explain ISO's OSI Architecture

The Open System Interconnection (OSI) is a standard reference model
for communication between two end users in a network. It is used in
developing products and understanding networks which means
commonly used Internet product and services fit within the model.
The OSI model describes seven layers of related functions that
needed at each end, when a message is sent from one party to
another party in a network. Each layer has its own set of special
related function as follows:

Figure 39: ISO's OSI Architecture

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Layer 7 – Application Layer: Application programs that use the

network.

Layer 6 – Presentation Layer: Standardize data presented to the

application.

Layer 5 – Session Layer: Manages sessions between applications

Layer 4 – Transport Layer: Provides error detection and correction

Layer 3 – Network Layer: Provides data delivery across the physical

connection

Layer 2 – Data Link Layer: Provides data delivery across the physical
connection

Layer 1 – Physical Layer: Defines the physical network media.

Explain IBM's SNA Architecture

SNA is a computer networking architecture that was developed by
IBM to provide a network structure for IBM mainframe, midrange,
and personal computer systems. SNA defines a set of proprietary
communication protocols and message formats for the exchange and
management of data on IBM host networks.

Figure 40: OSI an SNA Comparision

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SNA can be used for the following types of tasks:

 Terminal access to mainframe and midrange computer

applications.

 File transfer of data between computer systems.

 Printing of mainframe and midrange data on SNA printers.

 Program-to-program communications that allow applications

to exchange data over the network.

SNA can be implemented in a networking infrastructure that uses

either a hierarchical or peer-to-peer model.

Networking Model

Explain Peer-to-Peer Networking Model.

A networking model where each workstation has equivalent
capabilities and responsibilities is known as peer-to-peer model.
There is no central server in this network and computers join hands
to share files, printers and Internet access. It is practical for
workgroups of a dozen or less computers making it common
environments, where each PC acts as an independent workstation
that stores data on its own disk but which can share it with all other
PCs on the network. Software for peer-to-peer network is included
with most modern desktop operating systems such as Windows and
Mac OS.

Explain Client/Server Networking Model.

A networking model where one or more powerful computers
(servers) provide the different network services and all other user's
computers (clients) access those services to perform user's tasks is
known as client/server networking model. Client-server networking
model became popular in the late 1980s and early 1990s as many

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applications were migrated from centralized minicomputers and

mainframes to networks of persona computers. The design of
applications for a distributed computing environment required that
they effetely be divided into two parts: client (front end) and server
(back end). The network model on which they were implemented
mirrored this client-server model with a user's PC (the client) typically
acting as the requesting machine and a more powerful server
machine to which it was connected via either a LAN or a WAN acting
as the supplying machine. It requires special networking operating
system. It provides user level security and it is more expensive.

Network and Internet Terminologies

NICs
Network interface cards, commonly referred to as NICs are used to
connect a PC to a network. The NIC provides a physical connection
between the networking medium and the computers' internal bus,
and is responsible for facilitating an "access method" to the network.
Most NICs are designed for a particular type of network, protocol and
media, although some can serve multiple networks.

Figure 41: LAN NIC Card

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Hubs/Repeaters
Hubs/Repeaters are used to connect together two or more network
segments of any media type. In larger design, signal quality begins to
deteriorate as segment exceeds their maximum length. A hub
provides the signal amplification required to allow a segment to be
extended a greater distance. Passive hub simply forwards any data
packets they receive over one port from one workstation to all their
remaining ports. Active hubs, also sometimes referred to as
"multiport repeaters", regenerate the data bits in order to maintain a
strong signal.

Figure 42: Hub

Bridges
The bridge function is to connect separate homogeneous networks.
Bridges map the Ethernet address of the nodes residing on each
network segment and allow only necessary traffic to pass through the
bridge. When a packet is received by the bridge, the bridge
determines the destination and source segments. If the segments are
different, then the packet is "forwarded" to the correct segment.
Bridges are also called "store-and-forward" device because they look
at the whole Ethernet packet before making filtering or forwarding
decisions.

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Figure 43: Bridge

Router
Routing achieved commercially popularity in the mid – 1980s – at a
time when large-scale Internetworking began to replace the fairly
simple, homogeneous environments. Routing is the act of moving
information across an Internetwork from a source to a destination. It
is often contrasted with bridging, which perform a similar function.
Routers use information within each packet to route it from one LAN
to another, and communicate with each other and share information
that allows them to determine the best route through a complex
network of many LANs.

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Figure 44: Router

Switches
LAN switches are an expansion of the concept in LAN bridging, which
controls data flow, handles transmission errors, provides physical
addressing, and manages access to the physical medium. Switches
provide these functions by using various link-layer protocols. LAN
switches can link four, six, ten or more networks together. A store-
and-forward switch, on the other hand, accepts and analyses the
entire packet before forwarding it to its destination.

Figure 45: Switch

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Transceivers
Transceivers are used to connect nodes to the various Ethernet
media. Most computers and network interface cards contain a built-
in 10BaseT or 10Base2 transceiver, allowing them to be connected
directly to Ethernet without requiring an external transceiver. Many
Ethernet devices provide an AUI connector to allow the user to
connect to any media type via an external transceiver.

Figure 46: Transceiver

Gateway
A Gateway is a device such as a mini or microcomputer capable of
operating on a stand alone basis but which also provides connection
for communication with the other computers and access to shared
resources.

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Figure 47: Gateway PC

Proxy Serer
Also called a proxy or application level gateway. It is an application
that breaks the connection between sender and receiver. Thus, it
helps us to prevent hacker from obtaining Internet address and detail
of a private network.

Firewall
Firewall is a method for keeping a network secure. It is mostly used in
giving users access to the Internet in a secure fashion as well as to
separate a company's public web server from its internal network.

Node
A node is a hardware device or group of devices or station in a
network that link one or more other unit to the network.

Wireless Network
The most and latest wireless LANs use electromagnetic airwaves
either infrared or radio frequency to communicate information from
one point to another without relaying on a physical connection. Radio
waves are often referred to as radio carriers because they simply
perform the function of delivering energy to a remote receiver. The

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data being transmitted is superimposed on the radio carrier so that it

can be accurately extracted at the receiving end. Multiple radio
carriers can exist in the same space at the same time without
interfering with each other if the radio waves are transmitted on
different radio frequencies.

Figure 48: Nework with Wireless Stations

In a typical WLAN configuration, a transmitter/receiver (transceiver)

device, called an Access Point (AP), connects to the wired network
from a fixed location using standard Ethernet cable. The Access Point
receives, buffers, and transmits data between the WLAN and the

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wired network infrastructures. A single Access Point can support a
small group of users and can function within a range of less than one
hundred to several hundred feet. The Access Point (or the antenna
attached to the Access Point) is usually mounted high but may be
mounted essentially anywhere that is practical as long as the desired
radio coverage is obtained. The wireless network, printers or other
peripherals can be shared through a connected PC. The devices then
communicate using a set of reserved high-frequency radio waves. An
Access Point device connects to a DSL or cable modem and enables
high-rate (broadband) Internet access for the entire network.

Internet
Internet is the large worldwide network of computes that facilitates
data communication services, file transfer, electronic mail, World
Wide Web and newsgroup with common protocols.

WWW

Figure 49: Tim Berners Lee

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The WWW is the brainchild of Tim Berners Lee a CERN who had the
idea of creating an electronic web of research information. The web is
currently the fastest growing Internet information system, with new
resources being added regularly. The web relies on a set of protocols,
conventions and software to operate. The web is a distributed system
of delivering linked documents over the Internet. It is called a
distributed system because information can reside on different
computers around the world. Yet be easily linked together using
hypertext. The web uses hypertext to create links from together using
hypertext. The web uses hyperte3xt to create links from one resource
to another. A hypertext link is usually displayed by highlighted and
underlined text on the page. A hypertext link or hyperlink can also be
graphic that acts as a button linking to another resource.

IRC
Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is a system for sending public and private
message to other users in "real time" – that is, your message appears
on the recipient's screen as soon as you type it.

Figure 50: Yahoo Chat

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CU-SeeMe
CU-SeeMe is a video conferencing system that allows users to send
and receive sound and pictures simultaneously over the Internet.

Figure 51: CU SeeMe

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Figure 52: CU SeeMe Conferencing

Telnet
It is a protocol or set of rules that enables a computer to connect
another computer in network. It is also known as a remote login. The
telnet operates on client-server principle.

Figure 53: Telnet Screen

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Gopher
The ghoper is a protocol designed to search, retrieve and display
documents from remote sites on the Internet. The Ghoper was
created as a piece of software to utilize some of the services that
were becoming available on the Internet.

HTML
HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. It is a standard coding
language used to create all web documents (pages).

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Browsers

Figure 54: Different Browsers Logo

A browser is the Internet Client software that acts as an interface

between the user and the inner-workings of the Internet, specifically
the WWW. We can find graphical web browser that displays
multimedia content of text, graphics, audio and video, and text web

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browser that displays only text. Internet Explorer, Netscape, Firefox
are graphical web browser and Lynx is a well known text browser.

Figure 55: Mozilla Firefox

Figure 56: Netscape Navigator

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Figure 57: Internet Explorer

Figure 58: Google Chrome

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Dialup Connection
Dialup connection is a means of connecting user to another computer
(ISP) or a network such as the Internet with a modem equipped
computer.

IP Address
IP Address is an identifier for particular machine on a particular
network. It is part of scheme to identify computers on the Internet. IP
addresses are a set of numbers separated with periods.

Figure 59: IP Address Structure

Figure 60: IP Address and Subnet Mask

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Domain Name
A domain name is a way to identify and locate computers connected
to the Internet. This is a text name of a computer in network or
Internet. Domain names are converted to IP Addresses to locate
computers and resources.

URL
URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator that identifies a particular
Internet resource. URL help the user to locate web page, gopher
service, library catalog and image or text file locations. URLs are the
standard addressing system of the www. A complete URL provides
the web client with all the information it needs to contact a server
and make a request for information. URLs are divided into three basic
parts:

Example: http://www.psexam.com/download.htm

a. Protocol (http://) – The information appearing before the

colon in any URL indicates the type of information server or
protocol. For example http:// indicates that the server to be
connected is a www server.
b. Domain name (www.psexam.com) – The second piece of
information is the address of the server. In this example
psexam.com is the name of the machine at PS Exam in world
wide web.
c. Resource name (download.htm) – The third piece of
information is the path to the actual document requested. In
this example the URL indicates that the document in the
system directory and is named download.htm.

Web Browsing or Surfing

Browsing or Surfing is the process of visiting different web sites on
the Internet hosted by various organizations.

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Search Engine
The search engine is an interactive tool to help people locate
information via the www and it is interface between the user and
underlying database. The most popular search engines are Alta Vista
Exite, Lycos, Yahoo!, Google, Ask etc.

Figure 61: Yahoo, Ask, MSN, Google Search Engines

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Figure 62: Alta Vista Search Engine

Figure 63: Lycos

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Meta Search Engine
A web meta searcher is a tool that helps users to locate information
available via the World Wide Web. Web meta-serchers provide a
single interface that enables users to search many different search
engines, indexes and databases simultaneously. Some meta search
engines are Albany.net, Clnet (search.com), Cyberland, Eureaka!,
Savvysearch and so on.

Figure 64: Meta Search Engine

Internet Access
We can access to the Internet in one of two basic ways, dialing into
an Internet Service Provider's (ISP) computer or with a direct
connection to an ISP. Connecting to ISP by dialing their hunting
number (phone number) is called Dial-up connection. We require a
username, password and ISP's hunting number to configure Dial up
Connection.

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Extranet
An Extranet is a type of Intranet (Internal TCP/IP Network) that has
been selectively opened to a firm's suppliers, customers.

Intranet
An intranet can be defined as a network connecting an affiliated set
of clients using standard internet protocols, esp. TCP/IP and HTTP or
as an IP-based network of nodes behind a firewall, or behind several
firewall connected by secure, possibly virtual, networks.

Web Index
A web index is designed to assist users in locating information on the
World Wide Web. Web indexes are also referred to as catalogs or
directories. A web index collects and organizes resources available via
the www. Some of the web indexes are Yahoo!, Megallan, Apollo etc.

Figure 65: Web Index

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Hypertext
The hypertext allows for the integration of text, graphics, audio and
video on a web pate. This can make it very easy to browse and very
exciting to view. A web page may have colorful graphics integrated
with textual information. Links on a web page may take you to other
web pages, recorded sonds, or digital video clips. A single click on any
hyperlink allows you to follow the link to the specified resource.

Figure 66: Hypertext and Hyper Link

Email
Electronic Mail (Email) is one of the most popular & powerful
communication tools on the Internet. It is an efficient and effective
means of network communication. Email allows you to communicate
with people across the globe via electronic media (computer).

Email address
An Email Address identifies a person and the computer for the
purpose of exchanging electronic mail message.

Example: admin@psexam.com

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The email address contains three parts:

a. Username – The admin in example.

b. Domain name of organization – The psexam in example
c. Top Level Domain – The com in example

Signature

Figure 67: Email Client Interface

Inbox
It is an element of Email Application which collects all incoming mails.

Outbox
It is an element of Email Application which collects all outgoing mails,
if it is created and sent in offline.

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Trash
This is an element of Email Application that holds all the deleted
emails.

Figure 68: New Email Message

CC
CC stands for Courtesy copy or Carbon Copy. It is an element of Email
used to specify the additional recipients when the mail sent needs to
be acknowledged to them.

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BCC
BCC stands for Blank Carbon Copy. It is similar to CC but the address
of other receivers will not be shown to the receiver.

Reply
A reply is the response of an email you receive. After you read a mail
and need to reply it you can use this feature.

Forward
A mail received can be sent to be other recipients known as
forwarding.

Attachments
The documents created in other applications such as word, excel can
be sent along with the email message. These documents that are sent
with email is known as attachment. Documents, audio/video files, Zip
files etc. can be sent as attachment along with email message.

Bounced
When a mail sent can't reach to destination and returns back, this is
known as bounced. This happens often when the recipient's address
is wrong or the server at the recipient's end is down or recipient's
inbox is full.

Netiquette
It is essential for all users on the internet to recognize that they are
responsible for their own individual actions while using the net.
Netiquette is simply the use of common courtesy and polite behavior
while using the net.

Emoticons
The convention of expressing feeling or a joke in symbolic form by
user in Email or Chatting for example :-) for smiling ;-) for winking :-(
for frowning etc are emoticons.

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Figure 69: Emoticons

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Wish you best of luck!

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