The document discusses different TLC modes used for estimating lipophilicity, including reversed phase TLC, micellar liquid chromatography, normal phase TLC, and salting-out TLC. Each mode is described in terms of the mechanism of retention, typical stationary and mobile phases used, and examples of compounds studied by each technique.
The document discusses different TLC modes used for estimating lipophilicity, including reversed phase TLC, micellar liquid chromatography, normal phase TLC, and salting-out TLC. Each mode is described in terms of the mechanism of retention, typical stationary and mobile phases used, and examples of compounds studied by each technique.
The document discusses different TLC modes used for estimating lipophilicity, including reversed phase TLC, micellar liquid chromatography, normal phase TLC, and salting-out TLC. Each mode is described in terms of the mechanism of retention, typical stationary and mobile phases used, and examples of compounds studied by each technique.
The document discusses different TLC modes used for estimating lipophilicity, including reversed phase TLC, micellar liquid chromatography, normal phase TLC, and salting-out TLC. Each mode is described in terms of the mechanism of retention, typical stationary and mobile phases used, and examples of compounds studied by each technique.
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TLC modes used for lipophilicity estimation
4.1. Reversed phase thin layer chromatography
The mechanism of the retention in RP-TLC is based on partitioning of the substance between hydrophobic stationary phase and hydrophilic mobile phase, so the retention is generally strictly correlated with the lipophilicity of the solutes Polar stationary phases, such as silica gel, aluminum oxide and cellulose, impregnated with oil substance or coated with polymers, can be used for RP-TLC Therefore, the commercial chemically bonded stationary phases, which do not require any sophisticated initial preparation, are generally preferred. RP-TLC great benefits is a wider range of applicable solvents as compared to RP-HPLC like: acetone (since a high ultraviolet absorbance is avoided in HPLC), propan-2-ol, ethanol and dioxane (application of these viscous solvents results in high back-pressure in HPLC) as well as methanol and acetonitrile (often used in both TLC and HPLC). Hypotensive activity (determined as a measure of central alphaadrenergic activity and expressed as pC25) of some -adrenergic and imidazoline receptor ligands was also correlated with retention of these substances in RP-TLC
4.2. Micellar liquid chromatography
Micellar liquid chromatography (MLC) is a mode of reversedphase liquid chromatographic (RPLC) where the mobile phase contains surfactant above its critical micellar concentration (CMC). It is worth to emphasize that surfactants in MLC not only affects the properties of mobile phase but also adsorb on the stationary phase influencing its characteristics like reduction of silanophilic interactions. In the ideal situation, the mobile phase should be free of organic solvent. However, the addition of small amounts of organic solvent to micellar, aqueous solution provides some advantages like shorter time of analysis, improved peak shape and efficiency as well as resolution The MLC have unique advantages, since in this chromatographic system, solutes retention is governed by three different equilibriums. Those are solutes distribution between the micelles and the bulk phase, partition between the stationary phase and the bulk phase and direct transfer between surfactant-modified bed surface to the micelles. The micelles have amphiphilic character, so both nonpolar and polar interactions between micelles and analytes take place.
4.3. Normal phase thin layer chromatography (NP-TLC)
NP-TLC is a less frequently applied technique for lipophilicity estimation. In contrary to above discussed techniques, NP-TLC is related to adsorption chromatography, so different molecular mechanism of retention is involved. Usually, the mobile phase contains two organic solvents, polar and non-polar. The non-polar solvents, such as benzene, cyclohexane, carbon tetrachloride or toluene, are highly toxic and should be eliminated from analytical protocols. Silica gel, Florisil® or polyamide are exemplary stationary phases used in NP-TLC Reports concerning NP-TLC parameters of bile acids and their oxo-derivatives were presented. Correlation between molecular parameters (total polar surface area, molecular weight) and chromatographic data of bile acids derivatives with in silico determined human intestinal absorption, PPB, skin permeability and log BB [60]. Furthermore, in silico-determined bioactivity (protein coupled receptor ligand, ion channel modulator, nuclear receptor inhibitor, protease inhibitor) depended strongly on the same descriptors The RP-TLC and NP-TLC approaches were compared as potential tools for lipophilicity estimation for compounds with a phenanthrene skeleton.
The inorganic salts are quite common ingredients of mobile phase in liquid chromatography. In most cases, they are added as a buffer components to adjust the pH value of the solution. The inorganic salt at low concentration can act similarly to ion-pairing reagents, increasing the retention time of ionized compounds. On the other hand, aqueous solution of inorganic salts at high concentrations are used as mobile phases in SOTLC. The commonly accepted theory assumes that under these conditions, non-specific hydrophobic interactions govern the chromatographic mechanism it can be expected that the retention of solutes is associated with its lipophilicity. However, several inorganic salts can be applied as modifiers of mobile phase among which ammonium sulfate is the most widely used addition in SOTLC (because of its strong salting-out properties). Highly polar sorbents such as silica gel, cellulose, or aluminum oxide, are commonly utilized as stationary phases Several SOTLC systems, containing different inorganic salts and three types of stationary phases: silica gel, cellulose plates and basic aluminum oxide, were compared as potential tools for lipophilicity estimation of macrolide antibiotics. Correlations between SOTLC retention constants and intestinal absorption of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors were described by Odovic´ and co-workers. Topological polar surface area (TPSA) and RM0 parameters were used for construction of QSAR models which were proposed as an alternative way for prediction of intestinal absorption for angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors Mode TLC digunakan untuk estimasi lipofilikitas 4.1. Kromatografi lapisan tipis fase terbalik Mekanisme retensi dalam RP-TLC didasarkan pada partisi zat antara fase stasioner hidrofobik dan fase seluler hidrofilik, sehingga retensi umumnya berkorelasi ketat dengan lipofilikitas solute Fase stasioner kutub, seperti gel silika, aluminium oksida dan selulosa, diresapi dengan zat minyak atau dilapisi dengan polimer, dapat digunakan untuk RP-TLC Oleh karena itu, fase stasioner terikat kimia komersial, yang tidak memerlukan persiapan awal yang canggih, umumnya lebih disukai. RP-TLC manfaat besar adalah berbagai pelarut yang berlaku dibandingkan dengan RP-HPLC seperti: aseton (karena penyerapan ultraviolet tinggi dihindari di HPLC), propan-2-ol, etanol dan dioksan (aplikasi pelarut kental ini menghasilkan tekanan punggung tinggi di HPLC) serta metanol dan acetonitrile (sering digunakan dalam TLC dan HPLC). Aktivitas hipotensif (ditentukan sebagai ukuran aktivitas alfaadrenerik pusat dan dinyatakan sebagai pC25) dari beberapa ligan reseptor adrenerrgik dan imidazoline juga berkorelasi dengan retensi zat-zat ini dalam RP-TLC
4.2. Kromatografi cair micellar
Micellar liquid chromatography (MLC) adalah mode reversedphase liquid chromatographic (RPLC) di mana fase mobile mengandung surfaktan di atas konsentrasi micellar kritis (CMC). Perlu ditekankan bahwa surfaktan di MLC tidak hanya mempengaruhi sifat fase seluler tetapi juga adsorb pada fase stasioner yang mempengaruhi karakteristiknya seperti pengurangan interaksi silanofilik. Dalam situasi ideal, fase seluler harus bebas dari pelarut organik. Namun, penambahan sejumlah kecil pelarut organik untuk micellar, larutan berdasi memberikan beberapa keuntungan seperti waktu analisis yang lebih singkat, peningkatan bentuk puncak dan efisiensi serta resolusi MLC memiliki keunggulan unik, karena dalam sistem kromatografi ini, retensi solute diatur oleh tiga keseimbangan yang berbeda. Itu adalah distribusi solute antara micelles dan fase massal, partisi antara fase stasioner dan fase massal dan transfer langsung antara permukaan tempat tidur yang dimodifikasi surfaktan ke micelles. Micelles memiliki karakter amfifilik, sehingga interaksi nonpolar dan kutub antara micelles dan analytes terjadi. 4.3. Kromatografi lapisan tipis fase normal (NP-TLC) NP-TLC adalah teknik yang kurang sering diterapkan untuk estimasi lipofilikitas. Berbeda dengan teknik yang dibahas di atas, NP-TLC terkait dengan kromatografi adsorpsi, sehingga berbeda molekuler mekanisme retensi terlibat. Biasanya, fase seluler mengandung dua pelarut organik, kutub dan non-kutub. Pelarut non-kutub, seperti benzena, cyclohexane, karbon tetrachloride atau toluena, sangat beracun dan harus dihilangkan dari protokol analitis. Silica gel, Florisil® atau poliamida adalah fase stasioner teladan yang digunakan dalam NP-TLC Laporan mengenai parameter NP-TLC asam empedu dan turunan oxo-nya disajikan. Korelasi antara parameter molekul (total luas permukaan kutub, berat molekul) dan data kromatografi turunan asam empedu dengan penyerapan usus manusia yang ditentukan siliko, PPB, permeabilitas kulit dan log BB [60]. Selanjutnya, dalam bioaktivitas yang ditentukan silico (protein coupled receptor ligand, modulator saluran ion, inhibitor reseptor nuklir, protease inhibitor) sangat tergantung pada deskriptor yang sama Pendekatan RP-TLC dan NP-TLC dibandingkan sebagai alat potensial untuk estimasi lipofilikitas untuk senyawa dengan kerangka phenanthrene.
Garam anorganik adalah bahan yang cukup umum dari fase mobile dalam kromatografi cair. Dalam kebanyakan kasus, mereka ditambahkan sebagai komponen penyangga untuk menyesuaikan nilai pH solusi. Tje garam anorganik pada konsentrasi rendah dapat bertindak mirip dengan reagen pasangan ion, meningkatkan waktu retensi senyawa terionisasi. Di sisi lain, larutan garam anorganik berair pada konsentrasi tinggi digunakan sebagai fase seluler di SOTLC. Teori yang umum diterima mengasumsikan bahwa dalam kondisi ini, interaksi hidrofobik non- spesifik mengatur mekanisme kromatografi dapat diharapkan bahwa retensi solute dikaitkan dengan lipofilikitasnya. Namun, beberapa garam anorganik dapat diterapkan sebagai pengubah fase seluler di antaranya amonium sulfat adalah tambahan yang paling banyak digunakan di SOTLC (karena sifat pengasinnya yang kuat). Sorben yang sangat kutub seperti gel silika, selulosa, atau aluminium oksida, umumnya digunakan sebagai fase stasioner Beberapa sistem SOTLC, yang mengandung garam anorganik yang berbeda dan tiga jenis fase stasioner: gel silika, pelat selulosa dan aluminium oksida dasar, dibandingkan sebagai alat potensial untuk estimasi lipofilikitas antibiotik makrolida. Korelasi antara konstanta retensi SOTLC dan penyerapan usus inhibitor angiotensin converting enzim (ACE) dijelaskan oleh Odovic dan rekan kerja. Parameter area permukaan kutub topologis (TPSA) dan RM0 digunakan untuk Model QSAR yang diusulkan sebagai cara alternatif untuk prediksi penyerapan usus untuk inhibitor enzim konversi angiotensin