BS en 438-2-2005

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EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 438-2

NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM January 2005
Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Wed Oct 25 07:39:41 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
ICS 83.140.20 Supersedes EN 438-2:1991
English version
High-pressure decorative laminates (HPL) - Sheets based on

thermosetting resins (usually called Laminates) - Part 2:
Determination of properties
Stratifiés décoratifs haute pression (HPL) - Plaques à base Dekorative Hochdruck-Schichtpressstoffplatten (HPL) -
de résines thermodurcissables (communément appelées Platten auf Basis härtbarer Harze (Schichtpressstoffe) -
stratifiés) - Partie 2 : Détermination des caractéristiques Teil 2: Bestimmung der Eigenschaften
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 10 December 2004.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official
versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
© 2005 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 438-2:2005: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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EN 438-2:2005 (E)
Contents
Page
Foreword......................................................................................................................................................................3
1 Scope ..............................................................................................................................................................4
2 Normative references ....................................................................................................................................4
3 Terms and definitions ...................................................................................................................................5
4 Assessment of appearance ..........................................................................................................................5
5 Determination of thickness...........................................................................................................................6
6 Determination of length and width ..............................................................................................................6
7 Determination of edge straightness ............................................................................................................7
8 Determination of edge squareness..............................................................................................................8
9 Determination of flatness............................................................................................................................10
10 Resistance to surface wear ........................................................................................................................11
11 Resistance to abrasion (flooring grade laminates) ..................................................................................13
12 Resistance to immersion in boiling water.................................................................................................16
13 Substrate protection against water vapour ..............................................................................................18
14 Resistance to water vapour ........................................................................................................................19
15 Resistance to wet conditions (Exterior grade laminates) .......................................................................21
16 Resistance to dry heat ................................................................................................................................23
17 Dimensional stability at elevated temperature .........................................................................................25
18 Dimensional stability at ambient temperature..........................................................................................26
19 Resistance to climatic shock (exterior grade laminates) ........................................................................27
20 Resistance to impact by small-diameter ball............................................................................................29
21 Resistance to impact by large diameter ball.............................................................................................33
22 Resistance to impact by large diameter ball (flooring grade laminates) ...............................................37
23 Resistance to cracking under stress (laminates ≤ 2 mm thick)..............................................................39
24 Resistance to crazing (Compact laminates) .............................................................................................43
25 Resistance to scratching ............................................................................................................................44
26 Resistance to staining.................................................................................................................................50
27 Lightfastness (xenon arc) ...........................................................................................................................53
28 Resistance to UV light (Exterior grade laminates) ...................................................................................55
29 Resistance to artificial weathering (Exterior grade laminates)...............................................................56
30 Resistance to cigarette burns ....................................................................................................................59
31 Formability (Method A)................................................................................................................................60
32 Formability (Method B)................................................................................................................................63
33 Resistance to blistering (Method A) ..........................................................................................................67
34 Resistance to blistering (Method B) ..........................................................................................................68
Bibliography ..............................................................................................................................................................70

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
Foreword
This document (EN 438-2:2005) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN /TC 249, "Plastics", the
secretariat of which is held by IBN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by July 2005, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at
the latest by July 2005.
This document supersedes EN 438-1:1991 and EN 438-2:1991.
This document is a revision of EN 438:1991 “High-pressure decorative laminates (HPL) - Sheets based on
thermosetting resins (Usually called Laminates)” and consists of seven parts:
Part 1: Introduction and general information
Part 2: Determination of properties
Part 3: Classification and specifications for laminates less than 2 mm thick intended for bonding to
supporting substrates
Part 4: Classification and specifications for Compact laminates of thickness 2 mm and greater
Part 5: Classification and specifications for flooring grade laminates less than 2 mm thick intended for
bonding to supporting substrates
Part 6: Classification and specifications for Exterior-grade Compact laminates of thickness 2 mm and
greater
Part 7: Compact laminate and HPL composite panels for internal and external wall and ceiling finishes
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland and United Kingdom.

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
1 Scope
This part of EN 438 specifies the methods of test for determination of the properties of high-pressure
decorative laminates as defined in Clause 3. These methods are primarily intended for testing the sheets
specified in EN 438-3, 4, 5 and 6.
The precision of the test methods specified in Clauses 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 17, 18, 32 and 33 of this part of
EN 438 is not known because inter-laboratory data are not available. When inter-laboratory data are
obtained, precision statements will be added to the test methods at the following revision. As all the other
test methods have an end point determination based on subjective judgement, it is not meaningful to make
a statement of precision in these cases.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 312, Particleboards — Specifications
EN 316, Wood fibreboards — Definition, classification and symbols
EN 20105-A02, Textiles — Tests for colour fastness — Part A02: Grey scale for assessing change in colour
(ISO 105-A02:1993)
EN ISO 62, Plastics — Determination of water absorption (ISO 62:1999)
EN ISO 105-B02, Textiles — Tests for colour fastness — Part B02: Colour fastness to artificial light: Xenon
arc fading lamp test (ISO 105-B02:1994, including amendment 1:1998)
EN ISO 178, Plastics - Determination of flexural properties (ISO 178:2001)
EN ISO 291, Plastics — Standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing (ISO 291:1995)
EN ISO 4892-1, Plastics - Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources - Part 1: General guidance (ISO
4892-1:1999).
EN ISO 4892-2:1999, Plastics - Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources - Part 2: Xenon-arc sources
(ISO 4892-2:1994).
EN ISO 4892-3, Plastics - Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources - Part 3: Fluorescent UV lamps
(ISO 4892-3:1994).
EN ISO 6506-1, Metallic materials — Brinell hardness test - Part 1: Test method (ISO 6506-1:1999)
ISO 9352, Plastics — Determination of resistance to wear by abrasive wheels
ISO 9370, Plastics — Instrumental determination of radiant exposure in weathering tests —

General guidance and basic test method

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the following term and definition applies:
3.1
high-pressure decorative laminate(s) (HPL)
sheet(s) consisting of layers of cellulosic fibrous material (normally paper) impregnated with thermosetting
resins and bonded together by the high pressure process described below
The high pressure process is defined as the simultaneous application of heat (temperature ≥ 120 °C) and
high specific pressure (≥ 5 MPa), to provide flowing and subsequent curing of the thermosetting resins to
obtain a homogeneous non-porous material with increased density (≥ 1,35 g/cm³), and with the required
surface finish.
4 Assessment of appearance
4.1 Principle
Laminates shall be inspected for surface appearance under standardised conditions of lighting and viewing.
4.2 Apparatus
4.2.1 Horizontal inspection table, of height approximately 700 mm and large enough to accommodate
the largest sheets to be inspected.
4.2.2 Overhead white fluorescent lights, of colour temperature approximately 5000 K and giving an
intensity of 800 to 1000 lux over the whole area of the largest sheets to be inspected. A convenient distance
of the lights from the inspection table is approximately 1,5 m.
4.3 Test specimen

The specimen shall be the laminate under test, as supplied by the manufacturer.
4.4 Procedure
Place the laminate, decorative face uppermost, on the inspection table. Wipe it free of any loose
contamination with a soft cloth, using a suitable cleaning agent if necessary. Inspect it from the distance
required by the relevant part of EN 438 for defects such as smudges, smears, fingerprints, scratches,
foreign particles, damage or any other form of blemish evident within the decorative surface.
The inspector shall use normal vision, corrected if necessary.
4.5 Test report
The test report shall include the following information:
a) reference to this part of EN 438;
b) name, type and nominal thickness of the product;
c) size of the laminate under test;
d) viewing distance;
e) total area of spot-type defects in square millimetres;
f) total length of hair-like defects in millimetres;
g) any deviation from the specified test method;

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
h) date of the test.
5 Determination of thickness
5.1 Principle
The thickness of a laminate is measured using a micrometer or a dial gauge indicator.

5.2 Apparatus
Thickness gauge, (ratchet-type micrometer or dial gauge indicator), having two flat parallel measuring
surfaces of diameter 6 mm and capable of being read to 0,01 mm. When the thickness of a decorative
laminate is being measured, the two surfaces shall exert a pressure of 10 to 100 kPa upon each other.
5.3 Test specimen
5.4 Procedure
Check the gauge for accuracy and then determine the thickness of the laminate to the nearest 0,01 mm.
The thickness shall be measured at the centre of each edge, at a distance of at least 20 mm from the edge
of the sheet.
5.5 Test report

c) all values measured;
d) any deviation from the specified test method;
e) date of the test.
6 Determination of length and width
6.1 Principle
Measuring the length and width of the laminate using a metal tape or rule.
6.2 Apparatus
Steel tape or rule, of sufficient length to measure the greatest dimension of the laminate, and graduated to
allow a reading accuracy of 1 mm.
6.3 Test specimen
6.4 Procedure
Apply the steel tape or rule (see 6.2) to each edge of the laminate in turn, on a line approximately 25 mm
from and parallel to the edge. Measure the length on each edge to the nearest 1 mm.

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
6.5 Expression of results
The arithmetical means of the pairs of length and width measurements shall be calculated and expressed to
the nearest 1 mm as the length and width of the laminate.
6.6 Test report

c) length and width values;
7 Determination of edge straightness
7.1 Principle
Applying a metal straightedge to the edge of the laminate and measuring the deviation of the sheet edge
from the metal straightedge using a steel rule.
7.2 Apparatus
7.2.1 Metal straightedge, of 1000 mm length.
7.2.2 Steel rule, graduated in 0,5 mm divisions.
7.3 Test specimen
7.4 Procedure
Apply the metal straightedge (see 7.2.1) to each edge of the laminate in turn, and use the steel rule (see
7.2.2) to measure the maximum deviation of the edge of the laminate from the metal straightedge
(x in Figure 1) to the nearest 0,5 mm.

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
Key
1 Metal straightedge
2 Laminate
Figure 1 — Edge straightness measurement
The maximum deviation from the metal straightedge shall be recorded for each of the four edges. Results
shall be designated (+) if the edge is convex, and (-) if the edge is concave.
7.6 Test report

c) test result for each of the four edges;
8 Determination of edge squareness
8.1 Principle
Applying a right-angled square to the corner of the laminate and measuring the deviation of the edge from
the square using a steel rule.
8.2 Apparatus
8.2.1 Right-angled square, with two arms of at least 1000 mm long (see Figure 2).

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
8.2.2 Steel rule, graduated in 0,5 mm divisions.
8.3 Test specimen

The specimen shall be the laminate under test as supplied by the manufacturer.
8.4 Procedure
Apply the right-angled square (see 8.2.1) to one corner of the laminate and measure the deviation of the
edge of the laminate from the arm of the square at a distance of 1 metre from the corner. Record the results
to the nearest 0,5 mm. Repeat the procedure with the square applied to the diagonally opposite corner of
the laminate.
Dimensions in millimetres
1 000
1
x
90
º
Key
1 Right-angled square
2 Laminate
Figure 2 — Edge squareness measurement
The maximum deviation from the square shall be recorded for the two diagonally opposite corners (x in
Figure 2).
8.6 Test report

c) test result;

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
9 Determination of flatness
9.1 Principle
Measuring the bow (flatness deviation) of the laminate using a bow gauge placed at the position of greatest
deformation.
9.2 Apparatus
Bow gauge, of length 1000 mm graduated to permit a reading accuracy of 0,1 mm (see Figure 3).
A
1 000
A - A
Figure 3 — Bow gauge for measuring flatness
9.3 Test specimens
The specimen shall be the laminate as supplied by the manufacturer. In cases of dispute the laminate must
be pre-conditioned in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations until equilibrium is reached.
9.4 Procedure
Place the laminate concave side up without restraint on a flat horizontal surface.
10

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
Place the bow gauge (see 6.2) so that the three feet (two fixed and one movable) are lightly touching the
surface of the laminate in the area of greatest deformation, and measure the flatness deviation (shown on
the dial gauge) to the nearest 0,1 mm.
The maximum flatness deviation measured using the bow gauge shall be recorded.
9.6 Test report

c) maximum flatness deviation;
10 Resistance to surface wear
10.1 Principle
The test measures the ability of the decorative surface of the laminate under test to resist abrasive wear-
through to the sub-layer. Abrasion is achieved by rotating a specimen in contact with a pair of loaded
cylindrical wheels covered with abrasive paper. The wheels are positioned so that their cylindrical faces are
equidistant from the specimen's axis of rotation but not tangential to it. As they are turned by the rotating
specimen they abrade an annular track on the specimen's surface. The numbers of revolutions of the
specimen required to cause defined degrees of abrasion are used as measures of resistance to surface
wear. This test is not applicable to flooring grade laminates.
10.2 Materials
10.2.1 Calibration plates of rolled zinc sheet, (Taber S-34 or equivalent), having a thickness of (0,8 ±
0,1) mm and a Brinell hardness of (48 ± 2) when tested in accordance with ISO 6506, except that the ball
diameter shall be 5 mm and the load 360 N.
10.2.2 Abrasive paper strips, (Taber S-42 or equivalent), of width 12,7 mm and length about 160 mm,
having the following composition:
2 2
a) paper of grammage 70 g/m to 100 g/m ;
b) open coated 180 grit powdered aluminium oxide (Al2O3) having a particle size such that it will pass
through a sieve of aperture 100 µm and remain on a sieve having an aperture of 63 µm;
c) adhesive backing (optional).
10.2.3 Double-sided adhesive tape, required only if the abrasive paper has no adhesive backing.
10.3 Apparatus
10.3.1 Test machine, as specified in ISO 9352.
NOTE A suitable machine is available from Taber Acquisition Corp., Taber Industries, 455 Bryant St, P.O. Box
164, North Tonawanda, NY 14120, USA. (This test machine is an example of a suitable machine available
11

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
commercially. This information is given for the convenience of users of this part of EN 438 and does not constitute an
endorsement by CEN of the machine.)
10.3.2 Conditioning chamber, in accordance with EN ISO 291, with a standard atmosphere of (23 ± 2) °C,
relative humidity (50 ± 5) %.
10.4 Test specimens

Each specimen shall be a piece of the laminate under test, shaped to fit the type of clamping device used. It
will usually be a disc of diameter about 130 mm, or a square of about 100 mm with its corners rounded to
give a diagonal of about 130 mm, and it will usually have a hole of diameter 6 mm in its centre. Three
specimens shall be prepared.
10.5 Preparation of specimens and abrasive paper
Clean the surface of the specimens with a non-hazardous organic solvent which is immiscible with water.
Using a suitable marker pen, mark the surface of each specimen with two lines mutually at right angles so
that the surface area is divided into quadrants.
Precondition the specimens and the abrasive strips for at least 72 h in the conditioning atmosphere (see
10.3.2) before testing. After preconditioning seal the paper strips in suitable polythene bags (maximum 10
strips per bag) until required for immediate use.
10.6 Procedure
10.6.1 Preparation of abrasive wheels
Bond a strip of preconditioned unused abrasive paper (see 10.2.2) to each of the rubber covered wheels,
using either the adhesive backing, if present, or the double-sided adhesive tape (see 10.2.3). Ensure that
the cylindrical surface is completely covered, but without any overlapping of the abrasive paper.
10.6.2 Calibration of abrasive paper
Prepare two abrasive wheels with preconditioned unused strips of abrasive paper from the batch to be used
for testing (see 10.6.1).
Clamp a zinc plate (see 10.2.1) in the specimen holder, start the suction device, set the revolution-counter
to zero, lower the wheels and abrade the zinc plate for 500 revolutions. Wipe the zinc plate clean and weigh
to the nearest 1 mg. Replace the abrasive paper on the wheels with preconditioned unused strips from the
same batch, clamp the same zinc plate in the specimen holder, lower the abrasive wheels and operate the
suction device. Abrade the zinc plate for an additional 500 revolutions, then wipe it clean and reweigh it to
the nearest 1 mg. Its loss in mass shall be (130 ± 20) mg.
Any batch of abrasive paper which causes a loss in mass of the zinc plate outside this permitted range shall
not be used for testing.
10.6.3 Abrasion of specimen
Perform the test immediately after removal of the specimen and calibrated abrasive paper from the
preconditioning atmosphere.
Prepare two wheels with preconditioned unused abrasive paper from the same batch previously approved
by calibration. Fit the wheels to the machine and set the revolution counter to zero.
Clamp the specimen in the holder, ensuring that the surface of the specimen is flat. Lower the abrasive
wheels on to the specimen, start the suction device and begin abrading the specimen.
Examine the specimen for wear after each 25 revolutions and examine the abrasive paper for clogging with
abraded particles. Replace the abrasive paper if it becomes clogged, or after 500 revolutions, whichever
happens first.
Continue the test in this way until the initial wear point (IP) is reached. Record the number of revolutions
and resume the test until the final wear point (FP) is reached. Record the number of revolutions again.
12

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
The initial wear point (IP) is that point at which the first clearly recognisable wear-through of the print,
pattern or plain colour appears and the sub-layer becomes exposed in three quadrants. The initial wear
2
point is reached when there are areas of at least 0,60 mm wear-through in two quadrants and an area of
2
0,60 mm wear-through becomes visible in a third quadrant.
The sub-layer for printed patterns is the background on which the pattern is printed; for plain colours it is the
first sub-layer of different colour 1) 2).
The final wear point (FP) occurs in the case of a patterned laminate when about 95 % of the pattern is
removed in the abraded area, and in the case of a plain-colour laminate when an underlayer of a different
colour is exposed over about 95 % of the abraded area.

Calculate the wear resistance, expressed as a number of revolutions, for each specimen using the following
equation:
IP + FP
Wear resistance =
2
The initial wear point (IP) for the sample under test shall be the average of the IP values obtained on the
three specimens.
The resistance to surface wear of the laminate under test shall be the average of the wear resistance values
obtained on the three specimens, rounded to the nearest 50 revolutions.
10.8 Test report

c) initial wear point (IP) for the sample under test, in revolutions;
d) resistance to surface wear of the sample under test, in revolutions;
e) any deviation from the specified test method;
f) date of the test.
11 Resistance to abrasion (flooring grade laminates)
11.1 Principle
The test measures the ability of the decorative surface of the laminate under test to resist abrasive wear-
through to the sub-layer. Abrasion is achieved by rotating a specimen in contact with a pair of loaded
cylindrical wheels covered with abrasive paper. The wheels are positioned so that their cylindrical faces are
equidistant from the specimen's axis of rotation but not tangential to it. As they are turned by the rotating
specimen they abrade an annular track on the specimen's surface. The number of revolutions of the
1) IP-poster. This is a full-colour photographic visual aid with text in the three CEN languages, to assist correct
interpretation, and increase repeatability and reproducibility in the determination of the initial wear point (IP). The poster
has been developed by CEN/TC134/SC2, and is available from SIS Förlag AB, Box 6455, SE-113 82 STOCKHOLM,
Sweden; Tel. 00 46 8 610 30 60, Fax 00 46 8 30 18 50 (order reference 21824 IP-poster).
2
2) Dirt size estimation chart. The use of this chart is recommended to precisely determine the size in mm of the
wear-through area. It is available from TAPPI, Technology Park/Atlanta, P.O. Box 105 113, Atlanta, GA 30348-5113,
USA; Tel. 00 1 770 446 1400, Fax. 00 1 770 446 6947 (order reference TAPPI - Dirt size estimation chart).
13

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
specimen required to cause a defined degree of abrasion is used as measures of resistance to abrasion.
This test is applicable only to flooring grade laminates.
11.2 Materials
11.2.1 Calibration plates of rolled zinc sheet, (Taber S-34 or equivalent), having a thickness of (0,8 ±
0,1) mm and a Brinell hardness of (48 ± 2) when tested in accordance with EN ISO 6506-1, except that the
ball diameter shall be 5 mm and the load 360 N.
11.2.2 Abrasive paper strips, (Taber S-42 or equivalent) of width 12,7 mm and length about 160 mm,
having the following composition:
2 2
a) paper of grammage 70 g/m to 100 g/m ;
b) open coated 180 grit powdered aluminium oxide (Al2O3) having a particle size such that it will pass
through a sieve of aperture 100 µm and remain on a sieve having an aperture of 63 µm;
c) adhesive backing (optional).
11.2.3 Double-sided adhesive tape, required only if the abrasive paper has no adhesive backing.
11.3 Apparatus
11.3.1 Test machine, as specified in ISO 9352.
NOTE A suitable machine3 is available from Taber Acquisition Corp., Taber Industries, 455 Bryant St, P.O. Box
164, North Tonawanda, NY 14120, USA.
11.3.2 Conditioning chamber, in accordance with EN ISO 291, with a standard atmosphere of (23 ± 2) °C,
relative humidity (50 ± 5) %.
11.4 Test specimens
Each specimen shall be a piece of the laminate under test, shaped to fit the type of clamping device used. It
will usually be a disc of diameter about 130 mm, or a square of about 100 mm with its corners rounded to
give a diagonal of about 130 mm, and it will usually have a hole of diameter 6 mm in its centre. Three
specimens shall be prepared.
11.5 Preparation of specimens and abrasive paper

Clean the surface of the specimens with a non-hazardous organic solvent which is immiscible with water.
Using a suitable marker pen, mark the surface of each specimen with two lines mutually at right angles so
that the surface area is divided into quadrants.
Precondition the specimens and the abrasive strips for at least 72 h in the conditioning atmosphere (see
11.3.2) before testing. After preconditioning seal the paper strips in suitable polythene bags (maximum 10
strips per bag) until required for immediate use.
3 This test machine is an example of a suitable machine available commercially. This information is given for the
convenience of users of this part of EN 438 and does not constitute an endorsement by CEN of the machine.
14

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
11.6 Procedure
11.6.1 Preparation of abrasive wheels

Bond a strip of preconditioned unused abrasive paper (see 11.2.2) to each of the rubber covered wheels,
using either the adhesive backing, if present, or the double-sided adhesive tape (see 11.2.3). Ensure that
the cylindrical surface is completely covered, but without any overlapping of the abrasive paper.
11.6.2 Calibration of abrasive paper
Prepare two abrasive wheels with preconditioned unused strips of abrasive paper from the batch to be used
for testing (see 11.6.1).
Clamp a zinc plate (see 11.2.1) in the specimen holder, start the suction device, set the revolution-counter
to zero, lower the wheels and abrade the zinc plate for 500 revolutions. Wipe the zinc plate clean and weigh
to the nearest 1 mg. Replace the abrasive paper on the wheels with preconditioned unused strips from the
same batch, clamp the same zinc plate in the specimen holder, lower the abrasive wheels and operate the
suction device. Abrade the zinc plate for an additional 500 revolutions, then wipe it clean and reweigh it to
the nearest 1 mg. Its loss in mass shall be (130 ± 20) mg.
Any batch of abrasive paper which causes a loss in mass of the zinc plate outside this permitted range shall
not be used for testing.
11.6.3 Abrasion of specimen
Perform the test immediately after removal of the specimen and calibrated abrasive paper from the
preconditioning atmosphere.
Prepare two wheels with preconditioned unused abrasive paper from the same batch previously approved
by calibration. Fit the wheels to the machine and set the revolution counter to zero.
Clamp the specimen in the holder, ensuring that the surface of the specimen is flat. Lower the abrasive
wheels on to the specimen, start the suction device and begin abrading the specimen. Examine the
specimen for abrasion after each 100 revolutions and renew the abrasive papers after every 200
revolutions.
Continue the test in this way until the initial wear point (IP) is reached.
The initial wear point (IP) is that point at which the first clearly recognisable wear-through of the print,
pattern or plain colour appears and the sub-layer becomes exposed in three quadrants. The initial wear
2
point is reached when there are areas of at least 0,60 mm wear-through in two quadrants and an area of
2
0,60 mm wear-through becomes visible in a third quadrant. The sub-layer for printed patterns is the
background on which the pattern is printed; for plain colours it is the first sub-layer of different colour (see
Footnotes 1 and 2).
Record the number of revolutions as the IP-value. Repeat the test immediately using the two remaining test
specimens.

The resistance to abrasion of the laminate under test shall be the average of the initial wear-point (IP)
values obtained on the three specimens, rounded to the nearest 100 revolutions.
11.8 Test report

c) resistance to abrasion for the sample under test, in revolutions;
15

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
12 Resistance to immersion in boiling water

12.1 Principle
The effect of immersion in boiling water for 2 h is determined by the increase in mass and thickness of test
specimens and by noting any change in appearance.
The test is generally in accordance with EN ISO 62, except for a longer period of immersion in the boiling
water and the requirement for thickness measurements.
12.2 Apparatus
12.2.1 Balance, accurate to 1 mg.
12.2.2 Conditioning chamber, in accordance with EN ISO 291, with a standard atmosphere of (23 ± 2) °C
and relative humidity (50 ± 5) %.
12.2.3 Vessel, containing boiling distilled water.
12.2.4 Vessel, containing distilled water at (23 ± 2) °C.
12.2.5 Micrometer thickness gauge, as described in 5.2. If curvature of the specimen prevents accurate
thickness measurement, then a suitable ball-ended micrometer thickness gauge shall be used.
12.2.6 Suitable heating apparatus, (for example an electric hotplate).
12.2.7 Specimen holder, to hold specimens vertically during immersion and prevent contact with other
specimens or the vessel.
12.3 Test specimens
Three specimens shall be taken from the same laminate, cut from positions greater than 50 mm from the
edge of the sheet. Each specimen shall be (50 ± 1) mm square, and of the thickness of the laminate under
test; and cut in such a way that no appreciable heat is generated and the edges are free from cracks. Cut
edges shall be smooth.
12.4 Procedure
Place the three specimens for at least 72 h in the conditioning chamber (see 12.2.2).
Weigh each specimen to the nearest 1 mg (mass m1).
Measure the thickness of each specimen as specified in Clause 5, but at the middle of each of the four cut
edges (t1, t2, t3, t4) and with the external edge of the micrometer anvil positioned approximately 5 mm from
each edge. Mark the measuring points so that subsequent measurements can be made in the same places.
Place the specimens in the vessel of boiling distilled water (see 12.2.3). Take care to prevent the specimens
from making contact over any substantial area with one another or with the vessel.
After (120 ± 5) min, remove the specimens from the boiling water and allow to cool for (15 ± 5) min in the
vessel of distilled water maintained at (23 ± 2) °C (see 12.2.4). Take them from the water and remove all
surface water with a clean dry cloth or with filter paper. Weigh the specimens again to the nearest 1 mg
(mass m2) within 1 min of taking them from the water.
Determine the thickness of each specimen to the nearest 0,01 mm at the same points as before (t5, t6, t7, t8).
Examine each specimen visually for change in appearance.
16

EN 438-2:2005 (E)

The boiling water absorbed by each specimen is given, as a percentage by mass, by the formula
m2 − m1
× 100
m1
where
m1 is the mass of the specimen before immersion;
m2 is the mass of the specimen after immersion.
The percentage increase in thickness at the measuring points of each specimen is given by the formulae:
t5 − t1
× 100
t1
t6 − t 2
×100, etc.
t2
where
t1, t2, t3 and t4 are the thicknesses measured before immersion;
t5, t6, t7 and t8 are the thicknesses measured after immersion.
The percentage by mass of boiling water absorbed by the laminate under test shall be the average of the
values obtained on the three specimens.
The percentage increase in thickness of the laminate under test shall be the average of the twelve values
obtained at the four measuring points on all three specimens.
The result of the examination for change in appearance shall be the lowest rating of the three specimens
assessed in accordance with the following rating scale:
Rating 5: No visible change.
Rating 4: Slight change of gloss and/or colour, only visible at certain viewing angles.
Rating 3: Moderate change of gloss and/or colour.
Rating 2: Marked change of gloss and/or colour.
Rating 1: Blistering and/or delamination.
12.6 Test report

c) average percentage increase in mass;
d) average percentage increase in thickness;
e) result of the examination for change in appearance;
f) any deviation from the specified test method;
g) date of the test.
17

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
13 Substrate protection against water vapour
13.1 Principle
Measuring the increase in thickness of the specimen resulting from exposure of the surface, which has
been cut (vandalism for example), to water vapour for a prescribed duration.
13.2 Apparatus
13.2.1 Milling tool, capable of producing a circular groove having an inside diameter of
(35,7 ± 0,1) mm and an outside diameter of (42,0 ± 0,1) mm.
13.2.2 Thickness gauge, as specified in 5.2.
13.2.3 Wide-necked Erlenmeyer flask, of capacity 250 ml and mouth diameter 50 mm.
13.2.4 Electric hot-plate, or other suitable heat source.
13.3 Test specimens

Each specimen shall be a square of side approximately 100 mm, cut from the laminate under test. Two
specimens shall be tested.
13.4 Procedure
Using the milling tool (see 13.2.1) cut a circular groove in the centre of the specimen as shown in Figure 4,
to a depth which is just sufficient to expose the first sub-layer (i.e. the layer immediately beneath the
decorative surface).
Using the thickness gauge (see 13.2.2) measure the thickness in a position adjacent to the inner edge of
the groove to the nearest 0,1 mm and record it as value t1.
Place approximately 200 ml of water in the flask (see 13.2.3) and bring it to the boil on the hot-plate (see
13.2.4). Place the specimen, with the cut decorative surface face down, centrally over the mouth of the
flask.
After 1 h, remove the specimen and remove excess water from the surfaces and edges using absorbent
paper.
Re-measure the thickness in the same position as measurement t1, and record it as value t2.
Repeat the procedure using the second specimen.

The substrate protection against water vapour shall be expressed as the difference between the final
thickness and the corresponding initial thickness (t2 - t1).
18

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
Key
1 Circular groove
2 Test specimen
Figure 4 — Specimen for substrate protection test
13.6 Test report

c) higher of the two test values;
d) any deviations from the specified test method;
14 Resistance to water vapour
14.1 Principle
A specimen from the laminate under test is held in place over the neck of a flask containing boiling water, so
that the decorative surface of the specimen is exposed to the water vapour. After 1 h, the specimen is
removed and allowed to recover for 24 h in normal ambient conditions before examination for any change in
appearance.
19

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
14.2 Apparatus
14.2.1 Wide-necked Erlenmeyer flask, of capacity 250 ml and mouth diameter 50 mm (or equivalent
apparatus).
14.2.2 Specimen holder, and heat screen, (see Figure 5).
14.2.3 Filter paper, or tissue.
14.2.4 Electric hotplate, or other suitable heat source.
14.3 Test specimen

The specimen shall be a square of side approximately 100 mm, cut from the laminate under test. One
specimen shall be tested.
14.4 Procedure
Place approximately 200 ml of water in the flask (see 14.2.1) and bring it to the boil on the electric hotplate
(see 14.2.4). Place the heat screen (see 14.2.2) in position around the neck of the flask. Place the
specimen, decorative face down, centrally over the mouth of the flask and fix it in position with the wire
specimen holder (see 14.2.2 and Figure 5).
The specimen holder shall be heavy enough to prevent the specimen from curling away from the mouth of
the flask.
After the decorative face has been exposed for 1 h to the vapour from the boiling water, remove the
specimen and use the filter paper or tissue (see 14.2.3) to remove excess water from the surface of the
specimen.
Allow the specimen to recover for 24 h in normal ambient conditions and then examine the central area of
the specimen with the naked eye, corrected if necessary, for any change in appearance.

The result of the examination for change in appearance shall be expressed in accordance with the following
rating scale:
14.6 Test report

c) effect on the surface of the specimen, expressed in accordance with the rating scale:
20

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
1
2
3
Key
1 Test specimen
2 Wire specimen holder.
3 Heat-resistant screen.
4 Aluminium ring.
5 Erlenmeyer flask, wide necked 250 ml
6 Test specimen
7 Wire Specimen holder
Figure 5 — Apparatus for resistance to water vapour
15 Resistance to wet conditions (Exterior grade laminates)
15.1 Principle
The effect of immersion in water at 65 °C for 48 h is determined by the increase in mass of the test
specimens and by noting any change in appearance. This is an accelerated test to determine the longterm
influence of exposure to moisture.
21

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
15.2 Apparatus
15.2.1 Water bath, capable of being maintained at (65 ± 2) °C.
15.2.2 Specimen holder, to prevent specimens from touching one another during immersion.
15.2.3 Vessel, containing distilled water at (23 ± 2) °C.
15.2.5 Balance, accurate to 1 mg.
15.3 Test specimens

The specimens shall be (150 ± 1) mm square and be of the thickness of the laminate under test. The cut
edges shall be smooth and free from cracks.
Three specimens shall be used, cut from positions greater than 50 mm from the edge of the sheet.
15.4 Procedure
Place the three specimens for at least 72 h in the conditioning chamber (see 15.2.4).
Weigh each specimen to the nearest 1 mg (mass m1).
Place the specimens in the specimen holder (see 15.2.2) and place the specimen holder in the water bath
(see 15.2.1) so that all specimens are totally immersed in water at (65 ± 2) °C.
After 48 h, remove the specimens from the water bath and immerse for (15 ± 5) min in the vessel (see
15.2.3) containing distilled water at (23 ± 2) °C.
Remove the specimens from the water and use a clean dry cloth or filter paper to remove all surface water.
Weigh the specimens again to the nearest 1 mg (mass m2) within 1 min of taking them from the water.
Immediately examine each specimen visually with the naked eye, corrected if necessary, for any change in
appearance, blistering or delamination.

The moisture absorbed by each specimen is given, as a percentage by mass, by the formula
m2 − m1
x 100
m1
where
m1 is the mass of the specimen before immersion;
m2 is the mass of the specimen after immersion.
The percentage by mass of moisture absorbed by the laminate under test shall be the average of the values
obtained on the three specimens.
The result of the examination for change in appearance shall be the lowest rating of the three specimens
assessed in accordance with the following rating scale:
Rating 4: Slight change of gloss/colour, only visible at certain viewing angles.
Rating 3: Moderate change of gloss/colour.
Rating 2: Marked change of gloss/colour.
22

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
15.6 Test report
The test report shall contain the following information:

c) average percentage increase in mass;
d) result of the examination for change in appearance;
16 Resistance to dry heat
16.1 Principle
A specimen taken from the laminate under test, bonded to wood chipboard to simulate service conditions, is
subjected to dry heat by contact with a vessel of defined heat capacity, initially at 180 °C but cooling during
the 20 min of contact. Resistance to the test conditions is assessed by visual examination.
The test is intended to determine the suitability of decorative laminates for use in kitchens where contact
with moderately hot cooking utensils is to be expected.
16.2 Materials
16.2.1 Glycerol tristearate, or any other material of similar specific heat which will produce the same
result. To minimise health and safety risks, metal blocks can be used if it can be shown that similar results
will be obtained. Laboratory trials have shown that when using the metal block specified in EN 12722, a
temperature of 160 °C produces equivalent results to those obtained using the glycerol tristearate filled
vessel at a temperature of 180 °C.
The same glycerol tristearate or other material may normally be used for at least twenty tests, but if it has
been heated to a temperature above 200 °C, or in case of dispute, fresh material shall be used.
16.2.2 Fine-faced wood particleboard, complying with EN 312 (for interior fitments), (230 ± 5) mm
3
square, with a nominal thickness of 18 to 20 mm (± 0,3 mm), a density of (680 ± 20) kg/m , and moisture
content (10 ± 3) %.
16.2.3 Urea-formaldehyde adhesive, containing approximately 15 % filler, or an equivalent adhesive.
16.3 Apparatus
16.3.1 Cast cylindrical aluminium or aluminium alloy vessel, without a lid, the bottom of which has
been machined flat. It shall have an external diameter of (100 ± 1,5) mm and an overall height of (70 ± 1,5)
+0.5
mm. The wall thickness shall be (2,5 ± 0,5) mm and the base thickness (2,5 − 0 ) mm.
16.3.2 Heat source, for heating the vessel (see 16.3.1) uniformly.
16.3.3 Suitable inorganic heat-insulating board, of thickness about 2,5 mm and approximately 150 mm
square.
16.3.4 Thermometer, range –5 °C to +250 °C with an accuracy of 1°C.
16.3.5 Fixed frame, to hold the specimen flat.
23

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
16.3.6 Stirrer.
16.4 Test specimen

The specimen shall be prepared by uniformly bonding a piece of the laminate under test to the wood
2 2
chipboard (see 16.2.2), using the specified adhesive (see 16.2.3) evenly spread at 80 g/m to 120 g/m . One
specimen (230 ± 5) mm square shall be used. The bonded specimen shall be preconditioned for at least 72
h at (23 ± 2) °C and (50 ± 5) % relative humidity before being used for the test.
For materials of thickness greater than 2 mm, the effect of bonding the specimen is insignificant and the test
may be conducted with the specimen resting in close contact with the chipboard. This technique is also
acceptable for routine quality control testing of laminates less than 2 mm thick. However, in cases of
dispute, laminates less than 2 mm thick shall be bonded to chipboard.
16.5 Procedure
Fill the vessel (see 16.3.1) with sufficient glycerol tristearate (see 16.2.1) so that at 180 °C the level is about
15 mm from the top. Fix the thermometer (see 16.3.5) centrally in the vessel with its bulb about 6 mm from
the bottom. Raise the temperature of the glycerol tristearate to approximately 185 °C, stirring from time to
time. Transfer the vessel to the heat-insulating board (see 16.3.4) and allow the temperature to fall to (180 ±
1) °C, stirring continuously.
Immediately place the vessel on the surface of the specimen and allow to stand for 20 min without further
stirring.
At the end of this period, remove the vessel and allow the specimen to cool for a period of 45 min. Examine
the specimen for surface disturbance, for example blistering, crazing, discolouration or loss in gloss, visible
to the naked eye, corrected if necessary, allowing the light to fall on the specimen at various angles of
incidence.

The result of the examination for surface disturbance shall be expressed in accordance with the following
rating scale:
Rating 1: Surface damage and/or blistering.
16.7 Test report

c) effect on the surface of the specimen expressed in accordance with the rating scale:
24

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
17 Dimensional stability at elevated temperature

17.1 Principle
The test measures the lateral dimensional changes of specimens from the laminate under test over an
extreme range of relative humidities at elevated temperatures.
17.2 Apparatus
17.2.1 Oven, capable of being maintained at (70 ± 2) °C.
17.2.2 Conditioning chamber, with an atmosphere of relative humidity within the range 90 to 95 % and at
a temperature of (40 ± 2) °C.
17.2.4 Means for measuring lengths, of 200 mm to the nearest 0,02 mm.
17.2.5 Desiccator, of suitable size.
17.3 Test specimens
Each specimen shall be (250 ± 2) mm long, (50 ± 1) mm wide and of the thickness of the laminate under
test. The edges shall be smooth and free from cracks. Measuring marks shall be made on the decorative
face of the specimens approximately 200 mm apart and 25 mm from each end.
Eight specimens shall be tested, four of them with their major axes parallel to the machine direction of the
fibrous sheet material (for example paper) from which the sheet has been made, and four with their major
axes at right angles to the machine direction. Two specimens from each direction shall be used for the dry-
heat test and two for the high-humidity test.
If the machine direction is not known, carry out flexural strength tests at various angles. The highest value
will usually be given by the specimen cut parallel to the machine direction.
Before making the first measurements, all specimens shall be kept for at least 72 h in a standard
atmosphere of (23 ± 2) °C and (50 ± 5) % relative humidity.
17.4 Procedure
17.4.1 All measurements of length shall be made to the nearest 0,02 mm. Measurements shall be made
within 5 min after removal of the specimens from the conditioning atmosphere or the desiccator (see
17.2.5).
17.4.2 Dry-heat test
Taking two specimens in each direction, measure the distance between the marks on each specimen with
the specimens laid flat, and then place them in the oven (see 17.2.1) maintained at (70 ± 2) °C. At the end
of 24 h, remove them and allow them to cool to ambient temperature in the desiccator (see 17.2.5) for 1 h,
and then re-measure the distance between the marks.
17.4.3 High-humidity test
Taking the remaining two specimens in each direction, measure the distance between the marks and then
place them in the conditioning chamber (see 17.2.2) at (40 ± 2) °C and relative humidity within the range 90
25

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
to 95 %. After (96 ± 4) h, remove each specimen, wipe it free of surface water with a cloth, and immediately
re-measure the distance between the marks.
Calculate the change in measured length of each specimen as a percentage of the initial measured length.
Calculate the mean percentage change in measured length for each of the four pairs of specimens, to the
nearest 0,05 %.
Calculate the cumulative dimensional change for each direction of the sheet. This change is the sum of the
mean absolute percentage changes in each of the dry-heat and high-humidity tests. The absolute figure
shall be reported.
17.6 Test report

c) cumulative dimensional change for the machine direction;
d) cumulative dimensional change for the cross-machine direction;
18 Dimensional stability at ambient temperature
18.1 Principle
The test measures the lateral dimensional changes of specimens from the sheet under test due to changes
in humidity at ambient temperature.
18.2 Apparatus
18.2.1 Conditioning chambers, maintaining the following three atmospheres:
(23 ± 1) °C, relative humidity (32 ± 3) %

18.2.2 Means for measuring lengths, of 200 mm to the nearest 0,02 mm.
18.3 Test specimens
Each specimen shall be (250 ± 2) mm long, (50 ± 1) mm wide and of the thickness of the laminate under
test. The edges shall be smooth and free from cracks. Measuring marks shall be made on the decorative
face of the specimens approximately 200 mm apart and 25 mm from each end.
Eight specimens shall be tested, four of them with their major axes parallel to the machine direction of the
fibrous sheet material (for example paper) from which the sheet has been made, and four with their major
axes at right angles to the machine direction. Two specimens from each direction shall be used for the low
humidity test and two for the high-humidity test.
If the machine direction is not known, carry out flexural strength tests at various angles. The highest value
will usually be given by the specimen cut parallel to the machine direction.
26

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
Before making the first measurements, all specimens shall be kept for at least 72 h in a standard
atmosphere of (23 ± 2) °C and (50 ± 5) % relative humidity.
18.4 Procedure
Measure the distance between the marks on all eight specimens to the nearest 0,02 mm with the
specimens laid flat.
Keep four specimens, two cut in the lengthwise and two in the crosswise direction, for 7 days at (23 ± 1) °C
and (32 ± 3) % relative humidity.
Keep the remaining four specimens for 7 days at (23 ± 2) °C and (90 ± 3) % relative humidity.
Re-measure the distance between the marks as before within 5 min after removal from the conditioning
atmosphere.

Calculate the change in measured length of each specimen as a percentage of the initial measured length.
Calculate the mean percentage change in measured length for each of the four pairs of specimens, to the
nearest 0,05 %.
Calculate the cumulative dimensional change for each direction of the sheet. This change is the sum of the
mean absolute percentage changes in each of the low-humidity and high-humidity tests. The absolute
figure shall be reported.
18.6 Test report

c) cumulative dimensional change for the machine direction;
d) cumulative dimensional change for the cross-machine direction;
19 Resistance to climatic shock (exterior grade laminates)
19.1 Principle
Specimens taken from the laminate under test are subjected to a cycle of rapid changes in temperature and
relative humidity, after which they are visually inspected, and tested to determine any changes in
mechanical properties.
19.2 Apparatus
19.2.1 Refrigeration chamber, maintained at (−20 ± 2) °C.
19.2.3 Conditioning chamber, maintained at (80 ± 2) °C, relative humidity (90 ± 5) %.
19.2.4 Oven, capable of being maintained at (80 ± 2) °C.
27

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
19.3 Test specimens
8 specimens of the size specified in EN ISO 178 shall be cut in the transverse direction of the laminate
under test, i.e. at right angles to the machine direction of the fibrous sheet material from which the laminate
has been made.
19.4 Procedure
On day one of the 5 day test cycle shown in Table 1, place 4 specimens in the hot-wet conditioning
chamber (see 19.2.3) for 8 hours, then follow the procedure described in Table 1.
Table 1 — 5 day test cycle
Climate conditions
Duration Temperature Relative Condition
humidity
First day 8h +80 °C 90 % Hot-wet (see 19.2.3)
16 h +80 °C Hot-dry (see 19.2.4)
Second day 8h +80 °C 90 % Hot-wet (see 19.2.3)

1)
16 h -20 °C Cold-dry (see 19.2.1)
Third day 8h +80 °C 90 % Hot-wet (see 19.2.3)

16 h +80 °C Hot-dry (see 19.2.4)
1)
Fourth day 8h -20 °C Cold-dry (see 19.2.1)
16 h +80 °C Hot-dry (see 19.2.4)
Fifth day 8h +80 °C 90 % Hot-wet (see 19.2.3)

1)
16 h -20 °C Cold-dry (see 19.2.1)
1)
Longer durations in cold-dry conditions are permitted to accommodate non-working days.
Continue the transfer of the 4 specimens between climates in this way through four full 5 day cycles, after
which the specimens are placed in a standard atmosphere of (23 ± 2) °C and relative humidity (50 ± 5) %
(see 19.2.2) for 24 h before inspecting and testing.
The transfer shall be made as quickly as possible so that the specimens experience a rapid change in
climatic conditions, and are not allowed to acclimatise slowly.
Throughout the above four week conditioning period, the remaining 4 control specimens shall be kept in the
standard atmosphere (see 19.2.2).
Immediately after removal from the standard atmosphere carry out the following inspection and test
programme:
a) The surfaces of the 4 specimens which have been subjected to the climatic cycle shall be inspected in
accordance with test Method 29.
b) The four cycled specimens plus the four control specimens shall be tested for flexural strength and
modulus of elasticity in flexure in accordance with EN ISO 178.
The appearance shall be expressed as the lowest rating of the four cycled specimens assessed in
accordance with the rating scale specified in 29.5.2.
28

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
The change in flexural strength (Ds), shall be expressed as the arithmetical mean of the flexural strength
values obtained from the four cycled specimens divided by the mean of the values from the four control
specimens.
The change in modulus of elasticity in flexure (Dm), shall be expressed as the arithmetical mean of the
modulus of elasticity values obtained from the four cycled specimens divided by the mean of the values
from the four control specimens.
19.6 Test report

The test report shall contain the following information:
c) appearance expressed as the lowest rating of the four cycled specimens;
d) change in flexural strength (Ds);
e) change in modulus of elasticity in flexure (Dm);
20 Resistance to impact by small-diameter ball
20.1 Principle
A specimen from the laminate under test is bonded to wood chipboard to simulate service conditions and its
decorative surface is subjected to the impact of a 5 mm steel ball mounted at one end of a spring-loaded
bolt. The maximum spring force for which no visible damage occurs is used as a measure of resistance to
impact.
20.2 Materials
3
square, with a nominal thickness of 18 mm to 20 mm (± 0,3 mm), a density of (680 ± 20) kg/m , and
moisture content (10 ± 3) %.
Where the specimen is bonded to chipboard, the test actually measures the impact resistance of the whole
composite material, i.e. laminate, adhesive and substrate. (The correct choice of chipboard quality is very
important in achieving good reproducibility with this test).
20.2.3 Contrast medium, e.g. graphite, talcum, or solution of dye in alcohol, to contrast with the colour of
the sheet under test.
20.3 Apparatus
20.3.1 Impact tester, consisting of an impact bolt with a 5 mm steel ball mounted at one end, which is
projected once against the surface under test by the release of a compression spring. The spring
compression force before release can be adjusted continuously from 0 to 90 N by means of a force-setting
barrel (see Figure 6).
The Newton metre (Nm) scale also provided on the tester is only to be used for orientation, as the
introduction of a non-linear scale involves relatively great inaccuracies.
29

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
The compression spring is 100 mm long when released and has a constant of (1962 ± 50) N/m. It is
compressed by drawing back the impact bolt and is held in the loaded position by a retainer which engages
in the bolt. It is released to deliver the impact blow by a release unit which withdraws the retainer.
20.3.2 Force-producing arrangement, (for example a scale-pan and weights), capable of being
suspended from the impact bolt to exert a compressive force on the spring.
20.3.3 Support fixture, which clamps to the shaft of the impact tester and provides a convenient mounting
of sufficient mass for the tester to be held at right angles to the surface of the specimen and to avoid recoil
following the release of the impact bolt (see Figure 7).
20.3.4 Steel plate, having dimensions of approximately 300 mm x 300 mm x 50 mm.
4
3 5 25 6
1
5
2 7
R2
245
Key
1 Compression spring
2 Steelball
3 Impact bolt
4 Retainer
5 Release lever
6 Knob
7 Force-setting barrel (housing)
Figure 6 — Impact tester (shown with spring compressed) (see 20.3.1)
20.4 Test specimens
Specimens shall be prepared by uniformly bonding a piece of the sheet under test to the wood chipboard
2 2
(see 20.2.1), using the specified adhesive (see 20.2.2) evenly spread at 80 g/m to 120 g/m . Sufficient
specimens, each (230 ± 5) mm square, shall be prepared to obtain a final result (about three is usually
sufficient). The bonded specimens shall be preconditioned for at least 72 h at (23 ± 2) °C and (50 ± 5) %
relative humidity before being used for the test.
30

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
3 x
12˚0
6
10
13,6
14 20
116
4
2 3
14,5
3 000g 36,4
3,5
6,5
1 5
Key
1 Steel ball
2 Clamp screw
3 Pressure bolt
4 Shaft of impact tester
5 Foot
6 Observation Slot
Figure 7 — Support fixture for impact tester (see 20.3.3)
20.5 Calibration of the impact tester
Suspend the tester (see 20.3.1) with the impact bolt pointing upwards so that its longitudinal axis is free to
hang vertically under gravity.
Set the force-setting barrel, which serves to vary the impact force, to zero on the scale. Compress the
spring by a force Fe (calibration force) using a suitable arrangement (for example weights in a scale-pan)
(see 20.3.2) suspended from the knob used to draw back the impact bolt, ensuring that the bolt is clear of
the retainer of the release unit.
Turn the force-setting barrel until the retainer of the release unit is just in contact with the impact bolt. This
position can be determined by increasing or decreasing the compressing force very slightly to observe
whether the retainer is just in contact. Record the indicated force Fx on the scale of the instrument
corresponding to the calibration force Fe.
31

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
Repeat this calibration procedure for various values of Fx in the range required, and draw a graph relating
values of the scale reading Fx to values of the calibration force Fe (see Figure 8 for an example).
The graph will be an approximately straight line which will not pass through the origin, because a constant
but undetermined force is exerted during the calibration procedure by the mass of the impact bolt and any
suspension arrangement (for example, a scale-pan). Draw a second line passing through the origin and
parallel to the first line. This second line is the calibration graph of the instrument and shall be used to
correct every indicated force Fx employed in testing.
Prepare a new calibration graph after every 500 tests.
80
70
60
50
2
40
30
20
10
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
1
Key
1 x–axis: Calibration force Fe (N)
2 y-axis: Scale reading on instrument Fx (N)
Figure 8 — Example of calibration graph relating actual force to scale value (see 20.5)
20.6 Procedure
The test shall be carried out in the laboratory atmosphere.

Place the steel plate (see 20.3.4) on a convenient rigid horizontal surface and locate the specimen on it with
its decorative surface uppermost. Fix the impact tester in its support fixture (see 20.3.3), load the tester,
place the assembly on the specimen and release the impact bolt. Start preliminary test with a spring force of
10 N and increase by 5 N on each occasion to determine the minimum spring force at which the surface of
the specimen shows damage due to impact stress.
Test further specimens for the final determination of the maximum force at which no damage occurs. For
this purpose, start with the spring force determined in the preliminary test and reduce it in suitable stages,
for example 1 N, after every five strikes.
To make any damage more easily visible, the surface of the specimen shall be rubbed with a contrast
medium (see 20.2.3) after the test.
The distance between points of impact shall be at least 20 mm and between points of impact and the edge
of the specimen at least 30 mm.
Examine the surface tested for damage at the points of impact. For the purpose of this test, damage is
defined by the presence of fine hairline cracks (which are frequently concentric), continuous cracks or
flaking of the decorative surface. Indentations without cracks do not count as damage.
If the test is conducted only to determine whether the impact strength of a material exceeds a limiting value,
the specimen shall sustain no damage after five successive individual impact strikes with the prescribed
spring force.
32

EN 438-2:2005 (E)

The impact resistance of the laminate under test is the maximum value of the spring force, in Newtons, for
which no damage occurs in a series of five strikes.
To prove compliance with a specified limit value it is only necessary to carry out the test at the specified
force.
20.8 Test report

c) impact resistance, in Newtons;
21 Resistance to impact by large diameter ball
21.1 Principle
A specimen from the laminate under test (bonded to wood chipboard if specified) is covered with a sheet of
carbon paper and subjected to the impact of a steel ball which is allowed to fall from a known height. Impact
resistance is expressed as the maximum drop height which can be achieved without incurring visible
surface cracking or producing an imprint greater than a specified maximum diameter.
21.2 Materials
3
square, with a nominal thickness of 18 mm to 20 mm (± 0,3 mm), a density of (680 ± 20) kg/m , and
moisture content (10 ± 3) %.
Where the specimen is bonded to chipboard, the test actually measures the impact resistance of the whole
composite material, i.e. laminate, adhesive and substrate. (The correct choice of chipboard quality is very
important in achieving good reproducibility with this test).
21.3 Apparatus
21.3.1 Free-fall test apparatus, of the type shown in Figure 9, or an equivalent which will produce the
same results.
21.3.2 Polished steel ball, of mass (324 ± 5) g and diameter (42,8 ± 0,2) mm, having no damaged or
flattened areas on its surface.
21.3.3 Specimen clamping frame, conforming to Figure 10.
33

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
21.4 Test specimens
Specimens shall be (230 ± 5) mm square. For laminates of thickness less than 2,0 mm, specimens shall be
prepared by uniformly bonding a piece of the laminate under test to the wood chipboard (see 21.2.1) using
2 2
the specified adhesive (see 21.2.2) evenly spread at 80 g/m to 120 g/m . The bonded specimens shall be
preconditioned for at least 72 h at (23 ± 2) °C and (50 ± 5) % relative humidity before being used for the
test.
For laminates of thickness ≥ 2,0 mm and < 6,0 mm, the effect of bonding the specimen is insignificant and
the test may be conducted with the laminate clamped in the frame in contact with the chipboard.
Laminates of thickness ≥ 6,0 mm shall be tested clamped in the frame without the chipboard support.
Sufficient specimens shall be prepared to obtain a final result (about five is usually sufficient).
21.5 Procedure
Clamp the specimen in the clamping frame (see 21.3.3) and place the assembly on the solid base of the
free-fall test apparatus (see 21.3.1). Cover the specimen with a sheet of carbon paper with its coated face in
contact with the decorative surface. Adjust the height scale so that its base is touching the face of the
specimen.
Position the electromagnet at any arbitrary height (the specification limit for the material under test is a
useful starting point).
Place the steel ball (see 21.3.2) on the energised electromagnet. Operate the release mechanism so that
the ball fails on the specimen, catching the ball on the first rebound so that multiple impacts do not occur.
Examine the surface tested for damage at the point of impact. If cracking is evident, or the carbon imprint is
greater than the diameter specified, lower the electromagnet and repeat the test. If no cracking is evident
and the imprint is smaller than the specified diameter, raise the electromagnet and repeat the test. The
distance between points of impact, and between points of impact and the edge of the specimen, shall be at
least 50 mm. For referee purposes, only one impact per specimen shall be made, with the point of impact
as near as possible to the centre of the specimen.
Repeat the above procedure, as necessary, to determine the impact resistance of the laminate under test.
34

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
19
0
10 0
0 25
2 400
4
3
100
2 1
Key
1 Steel base plate levelled and set firmly to the floor,
2 Foot treadle switch
3 Wing nut (to lock adjustable scale)
4 Electromagnet on sliding mount
5 Adjustable scale
Figure 9 — Free-fall test apparatus (see 21.3.1)
35

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
270
20 15 200
15 20
A A
A - A
2
1
5
3
12
25
20 15 200
10
Key
1 Lower metallic frame
2 Upper metallic frame
3 Test specimen
Figure 10 — Specimen clamping frame (see 21.3.3)
36

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
The impact resistance of the laminate under test is defined as the maximum height for which no visible
surface cracking, or imprint greater than the specified diameter, occurs in five successive strikes.
drop height.
21.7 Test report

c) impact resistance, expressed in centimetres;
d) indentation diameter, expressed in millimetres;
22 Resistance to impact by large diameter ball (flooring grade laminates)
22.1 Principle
A specimen from the laminate under test, bonded to dry process fibreboard, is covered with a sheet of
carbon paper and subjected to the impact of a steel ball which is allowed to fall from a known height.
Impact resistance is expressed as the maximum drop height which can be achieved without incurring visible
surface cracking or producing an imprint greater than a specified maximum diameter. This test is applicable
only to flooring grade laminates.
22.2 Materials
22.2.1 Dry process fibreboard (MDF), complying with EN 316, (230 ± 5) mm square, with a nominal
3
thickness of (6,0 ± 0,3) mm, and a density of (850 ± 50) kg/m .
The test actually measures the impact resistance of the whole composite material, i.e. laminate, adhesive
and substrate.
22.2.2 PVAc adhesive.
3
22.2.3 Flexible extruded polyethylene foam, of thickness (3,0 ± 0.5) mm and density (25 ± 5) kg/m .
22.3 Apparatus
22.3.1 Free-fall test apparatus, of the type shown in Figure 9, or an equivalent which will produce the
same results.
22.3.2 Polished steel ball, of mass (324 ± 5) g and diameter (42,8 ± 0,2) mm, having no damaged or
flattened areas on its surface.
37

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
22.4 Test specimens
Specimens shall be (180 ± 5) mm square, prepared by uniformly bonding a piece of the laminate under test
2
to the fibreboard (see 22.2.1) using the specified adhesive (see 22.2.2) evenly spread at 80 g/m to
2
120 g/m .
The bonded specimens shall be preconditioned for at least 72 h at (23 ± 2) °C and (50 ± 5) % relative
humidity before being used for the test.
Sufficient specimens shall be prepared to obtain a final result (about five is usually sufficient).
22.5 Procedure
Place the test specimen on a sub-layer of polyethylene foam (see 22.2.3), and place the specimen plus the
sub-layer on the solid base of the free-fall test apparatus (see 22.3.1). Cover the specimen with a sheet of
carbon paper with its coated face in contact with the decorative surface. Adjust the height scale so that its
base is touching the face of the specimen.
Position the electromagnet at any arbitrary height (the specification limit for the material under test is a
useful starting point).
Place the steel ball (see 22.3.2) on the energised electromagnet. Operate the release mechanism so that
the ball fails on the specimen, catching the ball on the first rebound so that multiple impacts do not occur.
Examine the surface tested for damage at the point of impact. If cracking is evident, or the carbon imprint is
greater than the diameter specified, lower the electromagnet by 50 mm and repeat the test. If no cracking is
evident and the imprint is smaller than the specified diameter, raise the electromagnet by 50 mm and repeat
the test. The distance between points of impact, and between points of impact and the edge of the
specimen, shall be at least 50 mm. For referee purposes, only one impact per specimen shall be made, with
the point of impact as near as possible to the centre of the specimen.
Repeat the above procedure, as necessary, to determine the impact resistance of the laminate under test.

The impact resistance of the laminate under test is defined as the maximum height for which no visible
surface cracking, or imprint greater than the specified diameter, occurs in five successive strikes.
drop height.
22.7 Test report

c) impact resistance, expressed in centimetres;
d) indentation diameter, expressed in millimetres;
38

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
23 Resistance to cracking under stress (laminates ≤ 2 mm thick)
23.1 Principle
A specimen, with a drilled hole, taken from the laminate under test is rigidly clamped in a steel fixture. After
imposing additional stress by heating at 50 °C for 6 h, the resistance of the specimen to cracking is
assessed by visual examination.
23.2 Apparatus
23.2.1 Clamping device, as shown in Figure 11.
23.2.2 Drilling jig, to facilitate drilling of accurate holes which are free from chipping or cracking. A
suitable jig is as shown in Figure 12.
23.2.4 Electrically heated oven, provided with air circulation and capable of being maintained at (50 ± 2)
°C.
23.2.5 Hand lens, with approximately x 6 magnification.
23.2.6 Lighting, of intensity 800 lux to 1000 lux.

-1
23.2.7 Drilling machine, operating at less than 400 min .
23.2.8 Micrometer thickness gauge, as described in 5.2.1.
23.3 Test specimens
Four specimens shall be prepared, of which three shall be tested and the fourth used as a drill backing
piece.
Each specimen shall be (150 ± 1) mm long, (50 ± 0,5) mm wide, and of the thickness of the sheet under
test. The length of the specimen shall correspond to the cross direction of the sheet.
The specimens shall have a (10 ± 0,5) mm diameter hole drilled in their centres using a drilling jig (see
23.2.2), the four specimens being clamped together with the decorative surfaces face to face. During the
drilling operation, care shall be taken to avoid chipping, cracking or burning around the edge of the holes.
-1
The drill shall be sharp, and the speed of the drilling machine shall not exceed 400 min . After the drilling
has been carried out, the specimen used as a backing piece (i.e. the bottom specimen) shall be discarded.
Any specimen showing cracking, chipping or burning around the edge of the hole shall be discarded, and a
replacement prepared. Replacement specimens will also be needed if any specimen movement occurs
during the test (see 23.4).
39

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
1
3
12,5
35
16
0
15
4
85
Key
1 Nut
2 Clamping block
3 Serrated surfaces
4 Base plate
Figure 11 — Clamping device
40

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
160
+0,4
10 - 0,0
,4
+0 0,0
-
4
0,
15
50 +
,4 0,4
-0
0,
Figure 12 — Drilling jig
23.4 Procedure
Measure the thickness of the laminate under test in accordance with Clause 5.
Pre-condition the specimens for 72 h in a standard atmosphere of (23 ± 2) °C and (50 ± 5) % relative
humidity.
Pre-heat the clamping device (see 23.2.1) in the oven (see 23.2.4) for 2 h at (50 ± 2) °C.
Take the specimen under test from the conditioning chamber (see 23.2.3), place it immediately in the pre-
heated clamping device, and tighten the nuts firmly to prevent movement of the specimen. Make reference
marks on the surface of the specimen adjacent to each clamping block to confirm absence of movement.
Place the clamping device containing the specimen in the oven at (50 ± 2) °C.
After (6 ± 0,25) h, remove the device from the oven, check the reference marks to ensure that the specimen
has not moved, and immediately examine the specimen (while still hot and clamped in the device) with the
naked eye and under x6 magnification for signs of cracking around the hole. The light intensity during the
examination shall be 800 lux to 1000 lux.
If there is any evidence of movement of the specimen in the clamps during the 6 h test period, discard the
specimen without examination and repeat the whole procedure using a new specimen.
Test two further specimens using the same procedure.

The resistance to cracking under stress is the lowest rating of the three specimens assessed in accordance
with the following rating scale (see also Figure 13).
41

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
Rating 5: No evidence of cracking.

Rating 4: Hairline cracks only visible under x 6 magnification.
Rating 3: Cracks visible with normal vision (corrected if necessary) from the edge of the hole, but
not extending to either edge of the specimen.
Rating 2: A crack visible with normal vision (corrected if necessary) from the edge of the hole,
extending to one edge of the specimen such that the specimen is not broken into
two pieces.
Rating 1: Specimen broken into two pieces.
Rating 4 Rating 3 Rating 2 Rating 1

(hairline cracks only visible under 6x magnification)
Figure 13 — Rating scale
23.6 Test report

c) thickness of the sheet under test;
d) resistance to cracking under stress expressed as the lowest rating obtained from the three specimens;
42

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
24 Resistance to crazing (Compact laminates)
24.1 Principle
A specimen from the laminate under test is exposed to dry heat at 80 °C for 20 h and resistance to crazing
is assessed by visual examination after cooling.
24.2 Apparatus
24.2.1 Specimen holder, suitable for holding the specimens vertically during the test and prevent contact
with other specimens or the oven.
24.2.2 Electrically heated oven, provided with air circulation and capable of being maintained at (80 ± 2)
°C.
24.2.3 Lighting, of intensity 800 to 1000 lux.
24.3 Test specimens
The specimens shall be (250 ± 2) mm square and of the thickness of the sheet under test and shall be
sanded smooth at the edges to remove any hairline cracks.
Two specimens shall be used and shall be conditioned for at least 72 h at (23 ± 2) °C and (50 ± 5) %
relative humidity before testing.
24.4 Procedure
Place the specimens in the holder (see 24.2.1) and then place the holder in the oven (see 24.2.2),
maintained at (80 ± 2) °C, and leave for (20 ± 1) h.
At the end of (20 ± 1) h, remove the holder and specimens and allow to cool for 3 h at ambient temperature.
After the cooling period, examine the surfaces and edges with the naked eye, corrected if necessary, to
determine the presence and extent of any cracking. The light intensity during the examination shall be 800
lux to 1000 lux.

The results of the examination shall be expressed in accordance with the following rating scale:
Rating 5: Surfaces and edges unchanged from ‘as received’ condition.
Rating 4: Surfaces unchanged, with slight hairline edge cracks visible to the naked eye.
Rating 3: Surface cracks visible to the naked eye, and/or moderate edge cracks.
Rating 2: Moderate surface cracks, and/or severe edge cracks.
Rating 1: Severe surface cracks, and/or delamination.
The resistance to crazing is the lower of the two results obtained from the test.
24.6 Test report

c) lower result of the tests on the two specimens, expressed in accordance with the rating scale;
43

EN 438-2:2005 (E)

25 Resistance to scratching
25.1 Principle
Increasing loads are applied in specified steps to a diamond scratching point of defined geometry.
The resistance to scratching of the decorative laminate sheet under test is expressed as a numerical rating
which defines the maximum applied load which does not produce a continuous surface scratch. The test
result is verified by visually confirming that the next higher load-step produces a continuous scratch.
25.2 Materials
25.2.1 Contrast medium, e.g. graphite, talcum, or solution of dye in alcohol, to contrast with the colour of
the sheet under test.
25.2.2 Supply of cotton fabric.
25.3 Apparatus
25.3.1 Scratch testing apparatus, (see Figure 14), consisting of the following parts:
25.3.1.1 Stand, with a device to indicate the horizontal, for example a spirit level.
25.3.1.2 Motor driven turntable, able to rotate about a vertical axis without play. The rotational
-1
frequency shall be (5 ± 1) min .
25.3.1.3 Arm, carrying the holder for the diamond, mounted on a ball bearing, with a horizontal axis.
The height of this axis shall be adjustable so that the arm is exactly horizontal when the scratching point
rests on the test specimen.
25.3.1.4 Means of applying a known load, with an accuracy of ± 0,1 N to the scratching point.
25.3.1.5 Hemispherical diamond scratching point, with a point radius of

(0,090 ± 0,003) mm and an included angle of (90 ± 1) ° (see Figure 15). (The diamond shall be mounted in
the holder with the flat part on the leading side of the shank facing the working direction.)
25.3.1.6 Clamping disc, to keep the test specimen flat.
25.3.2 Viewing enclosure, having a matt black interior and a light source (defined below) located at the
top. Its dimensions shall be such that the test specimen is located vertically below the light source and at a
distance of 600 mm. An aperture in the front shall allow inspection of the test specimen at various angles
from a distance of (400 ± 10) mm. A diagram of a suitable enclosure is shown in Figure 16.
The light source consists of a 100W frosted bulb, mounted in a white reflector having an aperture of
approximately 140 mm diameter and producing an illumination of 800 lux to 1000 lux at the specimen
surface.
25.3.4 Electronic balance, suitable for verifying the force applied to the diamond point.
44

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
2 3
5
4
Key
1 Scale
2 Moveable weight.
3 Hemispherical diamond scratching point.
4 Motor driven turntable.
5 Arm
6 Clamping disc
Figure 14 — Type of apparatus for measuring resistance to scratching (see 25.3.1)
45

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
Key
1 Diamond point
2 Diamond holder
3 Optical axis of projector
Figure 15 — Diamond scratching point (see 25.3.1.5)
NOTE 1 The crystal axis of the diamond shall be parallel to the longitudinal axis of the diamond holder. The
dimensions of the diamond holder are approximate and are for information only.
NOTE 2 Diamond Points conforming with these dimensions and profile are available from: Cie Weinz, Industrie
Edelstein Fabrik, Postfach 2740, D-55743 ldar-Oberstein, Germany; and through Erichsen GmbH & Co. KG, D-58675
Hemer-Sundwig/Westfalien, Germany.4
25.4 Calibration of apparatus
Place the diamond point on the table of the electronic balance (see 25.3.4) and, with arm in a horizontal
position, verify that the position marks for sliding weight correspond to the load values shown in Table 2. If
not, move weight as necessary to achieve the correct loads, and mark the correct positions on arm.
Table 2 — Load values
Position mark 1,0 N 2,0 N 4,0 N 6,0 N
Load (grams force) 102 ± 1 204 ± 1 408 ± 1 612 ± 1
Standardisation of the apparatus shall be carried out at least once a year.
4 This is an example of a suitable product available commercially. This information is given for the convenience of users
of this part of EN 438 and does not constitute an endorsement by CEN of this product.
46

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
25.5 Test specimen

The test specimen shall be a square of side (100 ± 1) mm cut from the sheet under test.
One specimen shall be tested.
Wipe the specimen surface using cotton fabric (see 25.2.2) impregnated with a solvent such as acetone. It
is important that, once cleaned, the surface is not fingered in the test area.
Before making the scratch test, store the specimen for 72 h in the standard atmosphere specified in 25.3.3.
25.6 Procedure
Make sure that the stand of the test apparatus is standing horizontally. Adjust the height of the arm so that it
is horizontal when the diamond point rests on the test specimen.
Start the test by making two scratches at 1,0N load with a spacing of 1 mm to 2 mm between the scratch
marks.
On the same specimen repeat this procedure with loads of 2,0N, 4,0N, and 6,0N, leaving a space of 3 mm
to 5 mm between each pair of scratches.
Remove the specimen from the apparatus and rub the entire scratched area of the surface with a suitable
contrast medium (see 25.2.1) so that it is engrained in any scratches.
Carefully wipe the surface with clean cotton fabric (see 25.2.2) to remove any excess contrast medium
which is not engrained in a scratch. This procedure is necessary to ensure that only true scratches are
considered, and superficial hairline polish marks are ignored.
Place the specimen against the centre support in the viewing enclosure (see 25.3.2) in a position so that the
specimen can be viewed at right angles to the plane of the surface.
Examine the surface to determine the lowest load for which an almost continuous (i.e. > 90 %) double circle
of scratch marks can be seen. The examples shown in Figure 17 can be used as a guide.
A scratch mark is where the contrast medium is engrained in the scratch, and is clearly visible as a line of
colour contrasting with the colour of the specimen.
Superficial polish marks (i.e. where there is a change in gloss level but no continuous engrained contrast
medium) shall be ignored.
The examination of the surface shall take no longer than 10 seconds, and the operator must ensure that the
double circle of scratch marks selected is truly > 90 % continuous.

The scratch resistance of the laminate under test shall be expressed in accordance with the rating scale
shown in Table 3 (see also Figure 17):
Table 3 — Scratch resistance rating scale
Discontinuous scratches, ≥ 90 % continuous double

or faint superficial marks, circle of scratch marks clearly
or no visible marks. visible.
Rating 5 6N >6N
Rating 4 4N 6N
Rating 3 2N 4N
Rating 2 1N 2N
Rating 1 - 1N
47

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
650 4
360± 5
36 18
0 0±
5
1 400
Key
1 Device for centering test specimen
2 Inside wall mat black
3 Forehead rest (foam-rubber pad)
4 Lamp Holder
Figure 16 — Example of suitable viewing enclosure (see 25.3.2)
25.8 Test report

c) scratch resistance, expressed in accordance with the rating scale;
48

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
1N 6N 1N
2N 6N
4N 2N 4N
1 2
4N 1N
1N
2N 4N 6N
2N 4N
3 4
1N
6N
2N 4N
Figure 17 — Rating 1 to Rating 5
49

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
26 Resistance to staining
26.1 Principle
Test specimens are left in contact with a series of staining agents which are likely to be encountered in
everyday use. The time and conditions of contact are specified for each staining agent. At the end of the
specified contact period, the specimens are washed and examined for residual surface marks.
If the laminate under test meets specification requirements when tested with each of the five staining agents
marked with an asterisk and underlined, then it is deemed to comply with the specification for stain
resistance. The other staining agents are included for information only. In the case of a specific complaint,
the staining agent in question (selected from Group 1, 2 or 3) shall be used to verify the quality of the
laminate. This test method may also be used using other staining agents to cover specific requirements if
agreed between supplier and purchaser.
26.2 Staining agents
Table 4 — Staining agents and test conditions
Staining agent Test conditions Contact time

Group I
*Acetone
Other organic solvents.

Toothpaste.
Hand cream.
Urine.
Alcoholic beverages.
Natural fruit and vegetable juices.
Lemonade and fruit drinks.
Meats and sausages.
Animal and vegetable fats and oils.
Water.
Yeast suspension in water.
Salt (NaCl) solutions.
Mustard. Apply staining agent at 16 h
Lyes, soap solutions. ambient temperature
Cleaning solution consisting of:
23 % dodecylbenzene sulfonate
10 % alkyl aryl polyglycol ether
67 % water.
Commercial disinfectants
Stain or paint removers based on
organic solvents.
Citric acid (10% solution).
50

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
Table 4 — Staining agents and test conditions (continued)

Staining agent Test conditions Contact time
Group 2
*Coffee
(120 g of coffee per litre of water).
Black tea Apply staining agent at 16 h
(9 g of tea per litre of water) approximately 80 °C
Milk (all types)
Wine vinegar.
Alkaline-based cleaning agents
(to 10 % concentration with water).
Hydrogen peroxide (3 % solution).
Ammonia
(10 % solution of commercial Apply staining agent at 16 h
concentrate) ambient temperature
Nail varnish.
Nail varnish remover.
Lipstick.
Water colours.
Laundry marking inks.
Ball point inks.
1)
Group 3
*Sodium hydroxide (25 % solution).
*Hydrogen peroxide (30 % solution).
Concentrated vinegar
(30 % acetic acid).
Bleaching agents and sanitary
cleaners containing them.
Hydrochloric acid based cleaning
agents (≤ 3 % HCI). Apply staining agent at 10 min
Acid-based metal cleaners. ambient temperature
Mercurochrome (2,7-dibromo-
4-hydroxymercurifluoresein,
disodium salt).
*Shoe polish.
Hair colouring and bleaching agents.
Iodine.
Boric acid.
Lacquers and adhesives -
(except fast curing materials).
Amidosulfonic acid descaling agents
(< 10 % solution)
1) Some commercial cleaning agents contain acids and alkalis in concentrations stronger than those shown in Group 3, and can cause surface
marking or damage. Any spillage of such materials must be washed off immediately.
51

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
26.3 Materials
26.3.1 Wetting agent, for example domestic detergent.

26.3.2 Solvents, such as ethanol, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, etc. (see 26.6).
26.3.3 Soft clean cloth.
26.4 Apparatus
26.4.1 Glass covers (for example watch glasses), to restrict evaporation.
26.4.2 Vessel, suitable for heating coffee, tea and milk.
26.4.3 Thermometer, range 0 to 100 °C.
26.4.4 Hotplate, or other suitable heat source.
26.4.5 Horizontal inspection surface, illuminated by overhead and low-angle daylight or white
fluorescent light of intensity 800 to 1000 lux.
26.4.6 Hard nylon bristle brush (for example a nail brush).
26.5 Test specimens
Individual specimens of any suitable size shall be used, cut from the sheet under test. Alternatively, a
single piece of laminate, large enough to allow the staining agents to be applied side by side, can be
used. Keep the specimen flat during the test.
26.6 Procedure
The specimens shall be initially at ambient temperature.
Apply a small quantity (for example 2 or 3 drops) of staining agent to two specimens. The staining
agent shall be at the temperature specified in 26.2. Cover the staining agent on one of the two
specimens with a glass cover (see 26.4.1).
After the specified contact time has elapsed remove the glass cover. If necessary use a suitable
solvent to remove the staining agent (for example butyl acetate to remove nail varnish), then wash
with water containing a suitable wetting agent (see 26.3.1), and finally with ethanol or other solvents
(see 26.3.2) as required to clean the surface. A suitable brush (see 26.4.6) may be used to remove
staining agent from textured surfaces.
One hour after washing, place the specimen on the inspection surface (see 26.4.5) and view it from
various angles at a distance of 400 mm.

The effect on the surface of the specimen shall be expressed in accordance with the following rating
scale for each of the five mandatory staining agents.
Rating 1: Surface distortion and/or blistering.
52

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
26.8 Test report

c) assessment of stain resistance for each staining agent applied, expressed in accordance with the
rating scale;
27 Lightfastness (xenon arc)
27.1 Principle
A test specimen taken from the laminate under test is exposed to daylight simulated by the filtered
light of one or more xenon arc lamp(s). The effect on the colour of the specimen, at a specified radiant
exposure, is assessed by the contrast between the exposed and unexposed portions of the test
specimen. The radiant exposure is determined both instrumentally, and by assessing the effect on
blue wool references which are exposed simultaneously.
Daylight spectral distribution is specified as decorative laminates may, in certain applications, be
exposed to direct daylight through open windows.
27.2 Apparatus
27.2.1 A test device, as specified in EN ISO 4892-1 and EN ISO 4892-2, equipped with:
 one or more xenon arc lamp(s) filtered to provide a spectral energy distribution which closely
approximates to that of solar irradiance as described in CIE publication no. 85:1989 Table 4 and
EN ISO 4892-2:1999, 4.1.1 Method A ;
 stainless steel specimen holders, in the form of an open frame, which provide the test specimens
with a solid backing;
 black-standard thermometer according to EN ISO 4892-1;
 photoelectronic sensor according to EN ISO 9370 to measure the irradiance and the radiant
exposure at the specimen surface in the wavelength range 300 nm to 400 nm, or 340 nm.
27.2.2 Conditioning chamber, in accordance with EN ISO 291, with a standard atmosphere of
(23 ± 2) °C and relative humidity (50 ± 5) %.
27.2.3 Viewing enclosure, having a matt interior colour corresponding approximately to Munsell N5.
It shall be equipped with an artificial light source, located at the top, simulating average north sky
daylight (e.g. tungsten-halogen incandescent lamps) and generating a colour temperature of (6500 ±
200) K and at least 800 lux on the surface of the specimen. The viewing enclosure shall be placed in
a position where the surrounding lighting conditions will not affect the visual assessment of the
specimen.
53

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
27.3 Test specimen
One test specimen shall be prepared in accordance with EN ISO 4892-1.It shall be representative of
the laminate to be tested, cut to the size required for the specimen holder used, and appropriate for
the method of assessment after exposure.
27.4 Procedure
The test specimen and a set of blue wool references 5, 6 and 7 (according to EN ISO 105-B02) shall
be exposed simultaneously. Blue wool references 5 and 7 are included to provide confirmation that
wool reference 6 has degraded to the specified degree of contrast.
Using opaque stainless steel covers, shield approximately one half of both the test specimen and the
set of blue wool references.
Carry out the test in accordance with EN ISO 4892-2 with the following operating conditions:
2
 irradiance at the test specimen surface in the wavelength range 300 to 400 nm :(60 ± 3) W/m ; or
2
at wavelength 340 nm :(0,5 ± 0,03) W/m
 black-standard temperature :(65 ± 3) °C
 relative humidity:(50 ± 5) %
Discontinue the exposure when the contrast between the exposed and unexposed portions of the
blue wool reference 6 is equal to grade 4 on the grey scale, as defined in EN 20105-A02 (see Note 1).
Measure and record the radiant exposure (300 to 400 nm, or 340 nm).
Remove the test specimen from the apparatus, take off the cover, and leave the specimen for
(24 ± 2) h in dark conditions in the conditioning chamber (see 27.2.2) to prevent extraneous darkening
and/or photochromism (see note 2).
NOTE 1 Although the use of blue wool references is no longer the preferred method of measuring radiant
exposure (see EN ISO 4892), and blue wool standards are no longer commercially available in some countries,
the method is still in common use and is therefore permitted. Once sufficient data have been collected, the end-
point of the test will be defined by the level of radiant exposure.
NOTE 2 Extraneous darkening and/or photochromism are due to the shock effect of accelerated exposure,
and are not characteristics of natural exposure. Keeping the specimens in dark conditions for 24 h allows
recovery from these effects.
27.5 Assessment and expression of results
Place the test specimen in the viewing enclosure (see 27.2.3).

Examine the surface of the test specimen with the naked eye, corrected if necessary, at a distance of
approximately 50 cm for any change in colour, assessing the contrast between the exposed and
unexposed portions of the test specimen in terms of a grade on the grey scale according to
EN 20105-A02.
The lightfastness of the test specimen is expressed in terms of the contrast being greater than, equal
to or less than grade 4 of the grey scale.
27.6 Test report

c) details of the apparatus used;
54

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
d) irradiance at the test specimen surface;
e) radiant exposure;
f) exposure time;
g) lightfastness of the test specimen;
h) any deviation from the specified test method;
i) date of the test.
28 Resistance to UV light (Exterior grade laminates)
28.1 Principle
A test specimen taken from the laminate under test is exposed to UV-Iight and humidity. The test
procedure simulates the degradation of the polymer matrix on the sheet surface by exposure to high
levels of UV radiation.
The effect on the test specimen is assessed after a specified light dosage, by comparing the exposed
test specimen with an unexposed specimen taken from the same sheet.
28.2 Apparatus
The apparatus shall be as specified in EN ISO 4892-3. The test chamber enclosing 8 fluorescent
UV-Iamps, a heated water pan, test specimen rack and provisions for controlling and indicating
operation times and temperatures.
The lamps shall be UV-B lamps of 40 W with a peak emission at 313 nm and a spectral energy
distribution as specified in EN ISO 4892-3.
28.3 Test specimens

Two test specimens shall be prepared in accordance with EN ISO 4892-3 and shall be of the size
required by the test apparatus used, and of sufficient size to be representative of the finished sheet.
One specimen shall be exposed, and the other (the control specimen) shall be kept in dark conditions.
28.4 Procedure
Mount the test specimen in a rack with the surface to be tested facing the lamps. Fill all available
spaces with other specimens, or blind panels if necessary, to ensure uniform exposure conditions.
Set the programme for the specified test conditions, and operate the apparatus continuously through
the required number of cycles. Interruptions to service the apparatus and to inspect the specimens
shall be kept to a minimum.
The specimens are cycled through periods of exposure to UV radiation followed by periods of no
radiation, during which temperature changes occur. In accordance with exposure mode 1 of EN
ISO 4892-3 the cycle consists of 4h of dry UV exposure at a black-standard temperature of (60 ± 3)
°C followed by 4 h of condensation exposure, without radiation, at a black-standard temperature of
(50 ± 3) °C.
The test shall be run for the specified duration. Replace two of the 8 UV-Iamps with new ones and
rotate the other lamps as recommended by the apparatus manufacturer to obtain uniform exposure of
all specimens under test.
The use of a radiometer to monitor irradiance and radiant exposure is optional.
55

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
28.5 Evaluation and expression of results
28.5.1 Contrast
Examine the contrast between the exposed and unexposed test specimens and record it in terms of a
grade on the grey scale as defined in EN 20105-A02.
28.5.2 Appearance
approximately 50 cm, assessing the appearance in comparison with the control specimen in
accordance with the following rating scale:
Rating 4: Change of gloss only.
Rating 3: Hairline surface cracks and/or erosion of surface.
Rating 2: Surface cracks.
28.6 Test report

a) reference to this part on EN 438;
c) description of test specimens;
d) type of apparatus used;
e) description of test cycle;
f) exposure time expressed in hours;
g) resistance to UV-Iight expressed as a grey scale grade according to EN 20105-A02;
h) any change in surface appearance expressed in accordance with 28.5.2;
i) any deviation from the specified test method;
j) date of the test.
29 Resistance to artificial weathering (Exterior grade laminates)
29.1 Principle
A test specimen taken from the laminate under test is exposed to the combined influence of artificial
daylight, simulated by the filtered light of one or more xenon arc lamp(s), and rain. The effect on the
colour of the specimen is assessed by judging the contrast between the exposed specimen and an
unexposed control specimen. Any change of appearance of the test specimen is assessed using a
rating scale. This test method also verifies lightfastness under outdoor conditions.
29.2 Apparatus
29.2.1 A test device, as specified in EN ISO 4892-1 and EN ISO 4892-2, equipped with:
56

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
 one or more xenon arc lamp(s) filtered to provide a spectral energy distribution which closely
approximates to that of solar irradiance as described in CIE publication no. 85:1989 Table 4 and
EN ISO 4892-2:1999, 4.1.1 Method A;
 stainless steel specimen holders, in the form of an open frame, which provide the test specimens
with a solid backing;
 black-standard thermometer according to EN ISO 4892-1;
 spray system capable of intermittently sprinkling de-ionised water (conductivity < 5 µS/cm);
 photoelectronic sensor according to ISO 9370 to measure the irradiance and the radiant
exposure at the specimen surface in the wavelength range 300 nm to 400 nm, or 340 nm.
29.2.3 Viewing enclosure, having a matt interior colour corresponding approximately to Munsell N5.
It shall be equipped with an artificial light source, located at the top, simulating average north sky
daylight (e.g. tungsten-halogen incandescent lamps) and generating a colour temperature of
(6500 ± 200) K and at least 800 lux on the surface of the specimen. The viewing enclosure shall be
placed in a position where the surrounding lighting conditions will not affect the visual assessment of
the specimen.
29.3 Test specimens
Two test specimens shall be prepared in accordance with EN ISO 4892-1.They shall be
representative of the laminate under test, cut to the size required by the specimen holder used, and
appropriate for the assessment after exposure.
One specimen shall be exposed, and the other (control specimen) shall be kept in dark conditions in
the conditioning chamber (see 29.2.2).
29.4 Procedure
Carry out the test in accordance with EN ISO 4892-2 with the following operating conditions:
 irradiance at the test specimen surface in the wavelength range 300 nm to 400 nm :(60 ± 3)
2 2
W/m ; or at wavelength 340 nm:(0,5 ± 0,03) W/m ;
 continuous exposure of radiation from the source;
 black-standard temperature :(65 ± 3) °C;
 relative humidity :(65 ± 5) %;
 spray cycle: duration of spraying (18 ± 0,5) min interval between spraying (102 ± 0,5) min.
Discontinue the test after the specified radiant exposure.

2 2
NOTE 1 650 MJ/m radiant exposure at 300 to 400 nm equates to 5,4 MJ/m at 340 nm, and corresponds to
2
approximately 3000 hours exposure (see note 2) at unchanged level of irradiance. 325 MJ/m radiant exposure at
2
300 to 400 nm equates to 2,7 MJ/m at 340 nm, and corresponds to approximately 1500 hours exposure
(see note 2) at unchanged level of irradiance.
NOTE 2 Intermediate examinations after shorter exposure times are permitted.
57

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
Remove the test specimen from the apparatus and leave it for (24 ± 2) h in dark conditions in the
conditioning chamber (see 29.2.2) to prevent extraneous darkening and/or photochromism (see Note
3).
NOTE 3 Extraneous darkening and/or photochromism are due to the shock effect of accelerated exposure,
and are not characteristics of natural exposure. Keeping the specimens in dark conditions for 24 h allows
recovery from these effects.
29.5 Examination and expression of results

The examination shall be carried out in the viewing enclosure (see 29.2.3) as follows:
29.5.1 Contrast
approximately 50 cm for any change in colour; assessing the contrast between the test specimen and
the control specimen in terms of a grade on the grey scale as defined in EN 20105-A02.
29.5.2 Appearance
approximately 50 cm, assessing the appearance in comparison with the control specimen in
accordance with the following rating scale:
Rating 4: Change of gloss only.
Rating 3: Hairline surface cracks and/or erosion of surface.
Rating 2: Surface cracks.
29.6 Test report

c) details of the apparatus used;
d) irradiance at the specimen surface;
e) contrast between exposed and unexposed specimens (expressed as a grey scale grade
according to EN 20105-A02);
f) any change in surface appearance expressed in accordance with 29.5.2;
58

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
30 Resistance to cigarette burns
30.1 Principle
A specimen from the sheet under test is bonded to wood chipboard to simulate service conditions,
and subjected to the heat from a burning cigarette placed on the surface. The test result is expressed
in terms of any resultant damage.
30.2 Materials
30.2.1 Fine-faced wood particleboard, complying with EN 312 (for interior fitments),
(230 ± 5) mm square, with a nominal thickness of 18 mm to 20 mm (± 0,3 mm), a density of
3
(680 ± 20) kg/m , and moisture content (10 ± 3) %.
30.2.2 Urea-formaldehyde adhesive, containing approximately 15 % filler, or an equivalent

adhesive.
30.2.3 Pale-tobacco filter-tipped cigarette, from a well known brand, with 11 mg to 12 mg tar and
0,9 mg to 1,0 mg nicotine. The cigarette shall have a mass of (0,97 ± 0,03) g, an overall length of
(83 ± 2) mm, and a filter length of (25 ± 1) mm. It shall be kept in the conditioning chamber (see
30.3.1) for at least 24 h before being used for the test.
30.2.4 Ethanol, volume fraction ψ (Ethanol) = 95 %
30.2.5 Soft cloth.
30.3 Apparatus
30.4 Test specimen
The specimen shall be prepared by uniformly bonding a piece of the laminate under test to the wood
2
chipboard (see 30.2.1), using the specified adhesive (see 30.2.2) evenly spread at 80 g/m to 120
2
g/m . One specimen (230 ± 5) mm square shall be used. The bonded specimen shall be
preconditioned for at least 72 h at (23 ± 2) °C and (50 ± 5) % relative humidity before being used for
the test.
30.5 Procedure
Ignite the cigarette and let it burn to consume a length of approximately 10 mm.
Place the burning cigarette in full-length contact with the horizontal surface of the specimen in a
draught-free area so that the glued seam of the cigarette is not in contact with the specimen. Allow
the cigarette to continue burning until an additional 20 mm length is consumed. If the cigarette goes
out before this occurs, repeat the test.
Remove any superficial combustion residues with a soft cloth moistened with ethanol. Examine the
surface with the naked eye, corrected if necessary, for any changes such as discolouration, cracks or
blisters.

Express the result in accordance with the following rating scale:
Rating 4: Slight change of gloss only visible at certain viewing angles and/or slight brown stain.
Rating 3: Moderate change of gloss and/or moderate brown stain.
59

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
Rating 2: Severe brown mark, but no destruction of the surface.

Rating 1: Blistering and/or cracks.
30.7 Test report

c) brand of cigarette used;
d) cigarette resistance of the specimen;
31 Formability (Method A)
31.1 Principle
A test specimen is subjected to radiant heat on its decorative face until the reverse side reaches a
predetermined temperature. It is then formed in a jig to a specified radius and angle, and cooled
before examining for signs of failure on the bend line.
The test is carried out with specimens cut in the longitudinal and transverse directions of the laminate,
with the decorative face on the outside of the bend.
This method is an alternative test method to Method 32.
31.2 Apparatus
31.2.1 Radiant heater, consisting of two electrically heated sheathed elements of 1500 W total
rating, mounted parallel and in a horizontal plane in a metal lined trough approximately 110 mm wide
and 125 mm deep (Inside dimensions), the height of the heating elements above the bottom of the
trough being such that, when a specimen is laid across the trough, the specimen is at a distance of
(76 ± 1,0) mm above the heating elements. A windscreen enclosure to surround three sides and the
top is advisable.
31.2.2 Variable-output transformer, with a voltage indicator, to control the voltage applied to the
heater.
31.2.3 Temperature indicators, (thermal crayons or waxes), with melting points covering the
required range of temperatures. Other types of temperature indicator with equal or better precision
may also be used (e.g. infra-red thermometers, colour-change indicators).
31.2.4 Stopwatch, or other suitable timer.
31.2.5 Forming apparatus, (see Figure 18), with forming blocks machined from straight-grained
wood.
The male forming block shall have a suitable means for attaching it securely to the moving arm of the
forming apparatus.
60

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
31.2.7 Calibration strips, of plain-colour white laminate conforming to the specification for HGP
given in EN 438-2, measuring approximately 200 mm x 50 mm and with the major axis in the machine
direction of the fibrous sheet material from which the laminate was made.
31.3 Test specimens
The specimens shall have dimensions of approximately 200 mm x 50 mm, shall be of the thickness of
the sheet under test, and shall be sanded smooth at the long edges to remove any hairline cracks.
Four specimens shall be tested, two with their major axes in the machine direction of the fibrous sheet
material from which the laminate was made, and two at right angles to this direction.
The specimens shall be conditioned for at least 72 h at (23 ± 2) °C and (50 ± 5) % relative humidity
before testing.
31.4 Procedure
31.4.1 Calibration of test apparatus
Turn on the heater (see 31.2.1) 30 min prior to conducting the test, with the variable transformer (see
31.2.2) at full line voltage.
Use a temperature indicator (see 31.2.3) with a melting point of 163°C to make several marks about
100 mm long near the centre of the non-decorative surface of several calibration strips (see 31.2.7).
Place a calibration strip on the heating trough so that the heat is applied to the decorative face.
Adjust the input voltage by means of the variable transformer so that the time taken to reach 163 °C is
1 s per 0,025 mm of calibration strip thickness, accurate to within ± 2 s.
After three or more consecutive calibration strips reach 163°C within the prescribed time ± 2 s, begin
the test and maintain and record the voltage setting.
61

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
560 4
114 25
127
38
3
5
19 x 305 x560 2
560
12,5
64 64
25
19
102 25 90˚ 25
76
25
152
1
Key
1 90° male forming block with the radius required for the type of laminate being tested.
2 Pipe flange Base 19x305x560
3 Spring
4 Rod Ø25 Slot
5 90° female forming block
Figure 18 — Forming apparatus (Method A) (see 31.2.5)
31.4.2 Test procedure
Place the male forming block with radius as recommended by the laminate manufacturer, or as
required by the specification, into the forming apparatus (see 31.2.5).
Use a temperature indicator with a melting point as recommended by the laminate manufacturer to
make several marks about 100 mm long on the surface that will be the inside of the bend, and near
the centre of each specimen.
Place a specimen on the heating trough so that the heat is applied to the side opposite the side
marked with the temperature indicator.
62

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
Remove the specimen when the temperature indicator is completely melted in the area to be formed,
place the specimen within 5 s in the bending jig and carry out the forming test.
The closing time of the male forming block after the initial contact with the specimen shall be 0,5 to
1 s. Allow the specimen to cool in the closed bending jig.
Remove and inspect the specimen with the naked eye, corrected if necessary, after allowing it to cool
for not less than 60 s. A material has failed if one or more of the four test specimens does not form to
the prescribed forming radius, or shows cracking, blistering, crazing or discolouration. Edge cracks
within 2 mm of the edge of the specimen shall be ignored.
Carry out the test to assess the formability in both the longitudinal and transverse directions of the
sheet (testing two specimens in each case), with the decorative face on the outside of the bend.
If required, e.g. for a particular application, the test may be carried out with the decorative face on the
inside of the bend.
31.5 Test report
The test report shall include the following Information:

c) forming radius;
d) direction of the major axis of the specimen;
e) nature of any failure, for example cracks and their extent, blisters, delamination, discolouration;
32 Formability (Method B)
32.1 Principle
A specimen from the laminate under test is subjected to infrared radiation until the heated face
reaches a predetermined temperature. It is then formed on a jig made of wood (for example pre-
machined chipboard) to a specified radius, allowed to cool and examined for signs of failure. The test
is repeated with specimens cut in each direction of the sheet, with the decorative face on the outside
of the bend. The formability is assessed in terms of the success or failure of the forming process at
the specified radius.
This method is an alternative test method to Method 31. It is possible that different laminates, even
from the same manufacturer, may require different forming conditions. The conditions shall be
specified by the laminate manufacturer, and the requirements shall be considered to be satisfied if the
forming operation is successful under these conditions.
63

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
32.2 Apparatus
32.2.1 Radiant heater element5), fitted with a reflector6), the distance and orientation relative to the
test specimen being adjustable (see Figure 19a).
This heater unit is mounted on a hinged support allowing it to be quickly moved away to the rear.
32.2.2 Forming jig, of wood, chipboard, or other material having a similar thermal conductivity, the
front of which is rounded to a specified radius. The jig is easily replaceable, and it is possible to use a
series of forming jigs machined to specified radii (for example 8 mm, 9 mm, 10 mm, etc.)
(see Figure 19a and 19b).
32.2.3 Clamping device, for the test sample (see Figure 19a).
32.2.4 L-shaped forming bar, with a handle (see Figures 19a and 19b).
32.2.5 Temperature indicators, (thermal crayons or waxes), with melting points covering the
required range of temperature. Other types of temperature indicator with equal or better precision may
also be used (e.g. infra-red thermometers, colour-change indicators).
32.2.6 Stopwatch, or other suitable timer.
32.3 Test specimens
The specimens shall measure approximately 180 mm x 90 mm and be of the thickness of the sheet
under test. They shall be sanded smooth at the edges to remove any hairline cracks.
At least four specimens shall be prepared, two with their major axes in the machine direction of the
fibrous sheet material from which the laminate was made, and two at right angles to this direction.
The specimens shall be conditioned for 72 h at (23 ± 2) °C and (50 ± 5) % relative humidity before
testing.
5) For example, Elstein Type FSR 650 W - 220 V (245 x 60 mm).
6)For example, Elstein Type REO 250 mm. These are examples of suitable products available
commercially. This information is given for the convenience of users of this part of EN 438 and does
not,constitute an endorsement by CEN of these products.
64

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
85
60
5
160
6
4
50
3
3
2 7
40
1
Key
1 Slotted support bar (for blister test only)
2 Forming jig
3 Clamping device
4 Adjustable stops
5 Reflector
6 Heater element
7 L-shaped forming bar
Figure 19a — Forming apparatus (Method B) (see 32.2)
65

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
3
20 10˚
2
4,5
1
7,5
Key
1 L-shaped forming bar
2 Felt
3 Forming jig with specified radius
Figure 19b — Forming apparatus (Method B) (see 32.2)
32.4 Procedure
32.4.1 Use the forming jig corresponding to the specified radius.

Turn on the heater element at least 20 min prior to starting the test.
Clamp a specimen on the forming jig (see 32.2.2).

Using a 163 °C temperature indicator (see 32.2.5), make a mark on the upper face in the area to be
formed.
Lower the heater element (see 32.2.1) over the specimen and start the timer (see 32.2.6)
immediately. The time to reach 163 °C shall be (30 ± 5) s.
Move the heater element quickly to the rear.
If the time to reach 163°C is not (30 ± 5) s, adjust the height of the heater element relative to the
specimen until the setting is found where the indicator melts in this time.
Clamp the specimen on the forming jig.

Make a mark on the upper face in the area to be formed, using a temperature indicator (see 32.2.5) in
the temperature range recommended by the laminate manufacturer.
Lower the heater element over the test sample, and start the timer immediately.
Observe the temperature indicator mark for signs of melting. When the mark melts completely, stop
the timer, and note the heating time required for the specimen to reach the forming temperature.
Move the heater element quickly to the rear.
66

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
Using the handle, immediately but smoothly lower the forming bar (see 32.2.4). The forming time shall
not exceed 1 s.
Keep the bar lowered for 1 min to allow the formed specimen to cool in the forming apparatus.
Raise the bar and release and remove the formed specimen.
Carry out the test to assess the formability in both the longitudinal and transverse directions of the
sheet (testing two specimens in each case), with the decorative face on the outside of the bend.
If required, e.g. for a particular application, the test may be carried out with the decorative face on the
inside of the bend.
If the dimensions of the equipment permit, several specimens can be formed side by side
simultaneously.
Inspect the formed specimens with the naked eye, corrected if necessary.
A material has failed if one or more of the four test specimens does not form to the prescribed forming
radius, or shows cracking, blistering, crazing or discolouration. Edge cracks within 2 mm of the edge
of the specimen shall be ignored.
32.5 Test report

c) forming radius;
d) direction of the major axis of the specimen;
e) nature of any failure, for example cracks and their extent, blisters, delamination, discolouration;
33 Resistance to blistering (Method A)
33.1 Principle
This test measures the ability of postforming-type high-pressure decorative laminate to resist
blistering during the forming process. This is a companion test to that described in clause 31.
33.2 Apparatus
The same as in 31.2 plus an additional timer.
33.3 Test specimens

The specimens shall measure approximately 200 mm x 50 mm, and shall be of the thickness of the
sheet under test.
Three specimens shall be tested.
The specimens shall be conditioned for at least 72 h at (23 ± 2) °C and (50 ± 5) % relative humidity
before testing.
67

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
33.4 Procedure

Calibrate the apparatus as specified in 31.4.1.
Use a temperature indicator (see 31.2.3) with a melting point as recommended by the laminate
manufacturer to make several marks about 100 mm long on the non-decorative surface and near the
centre of the specimen.
Place the specimen on the heating trough (see 31.2.1) so that the heat is applied to the decorative
side, and start both timers immediately.
Observe the temperature indicator marks on the specimen for signs of melting. When the marks have
melted completely, stop the first timer and record the time in seconds (t1). Allow the second timer to
run until blistering occurs, then stop it immediately and record the time in seconds (t2). Blistering is
detected visually and/or audibly.
33.5 Test report

c) melting point of the temperature indicator used;
d) average time to reach this temperature (first timer), t1;
e) average time to blistering (second timer), t2;
f) average time from the melting point of the temperature indicator to blistering, t2 - t1;
34 Resistance to blistering (Method B)
34.1 Principle
This test measures the ability of postforming-type high-pressure decorative laminate to resist
blistering. This is a companion test to that described in Clause 32.
34.2 Apparatus
The same as in 32.2 plus an additional timer.
34.3 Test specimens

Specimens shall be approximately 180 mm x 90 mm and of the thickness of the sheet under test.
Three specimens shall be tested.
The specimens shall be conditioned for 72 h at (23 ± 2) °C and (50 ± 5) % relative humidity before
testing.
68

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
34.4 Procedure
Any forming jig radius can be used.

Calibrate the apparatus as specified in 32.4.2.
Clamp a specimen on the forming jig (see 32.2.2), decorative face up. Raise the slotted support bar
(see Figure 19a) to support the free end of the specimen and prevent it from warping during the test.
Make a mark on the upper face in the bending area using a temperature indicator (see 32.2.5)
corresponding to the forming temperature recommended by the laminate manufacturer.
Lower the heater element (see 32.2.1) over the specimen and start the two timers immediately.
Observe the temperature indicator mark for signs of melting. When the mark melts completely, stop
the first timer and record the time in seconds (t1). Allow the second timer to run until blistering occurs,
then stop it immediately and record the time in seconds (t2). Blistering is detected visually and/or
audibly.
Move the heater element to the rear.
34.5 Test report

c) melting point of the temperature indicator used;
d) average time to reach this temperature (first timer), t1;
e) average time to blistering (second timer), t2;
f) average time from the melting point of the temperature indicator to blistering, t2 - t1;
69

EN 438-2:2005 (E)
Bibliography
[1] EN 12722:1997, Furniture — Assessment of surface resistance to dry heat (ISO 4211-3:1993
modified)
[2] ISO 4586-2:2004, High-pressure decorative laminates — Sheets made from thermosetting
resins — Part 2: Determination of properties
70

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EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 438-2

ICS 83.140.20 Supersedes EN 438-2:1991

High-pressure decorative laminates (HPL) - Sheets based on

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 10 December 2004.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels

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This document supersedes EN 438-1:1991 and EN 438-2:1991.

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EN 312, Particleboards — Specifications

EN 316, Wood fibreboards — Definition, classification and symbols

EN ISO 62, Plastics — Determination of water absorption (ISO 62:1999)

EN ISO 178, Plastics - Determination of flexural properties (ISO 178:2001)

ISO 9352, Plastics — Determination of resistance to wear by abrasive wheels

ISO 9370, Plastics — Instrumental determination of radiant exposure in weathering tests —

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3 Terms and definitions

4.3 Test specimen

4.5 Test report

The test report shall include the following information:

a) reference to this part of EN 438;

b) name, type and nominal thickness of the product;

c) size of the laminate under test;

e) total area of spot-type defects in square millimetres;

f) total length of hair-like defects in millimetres;

g) any deviation from the specified test method;

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h) date of the test.

The thickness of a laminate is measured using a micrometer or a dial gauge indicator.

5.3 Test specimen

5.5 Test report

b) name, type and nominal thickness of the product;

c) all values measured;

d) any deviation from the specified test method;

e) date of the test.

6 Determination of length and width

6.3 Test specimen

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6.5 Expression of results

6.6 Test report

b) name, type and nominal thickness of the product;

c) length and width values;

d) any deviation from the specified test method;

e) date of the test.

7 Determination of edge straightness

7.2.1 Metal straightedge, of 1000 mm length.

7.2.2 Steel rule, graduated in 0,5 mm divisions.

7.3 Test specimen

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Figure 1 — Edge straightness measurement

7.5 Expression of results

7.6 Test report

b) name, type and nominal thickness of the product;

c) test result for each of the four edges;

d) any deviation from the specified test method;

e) date of the test.

8 Determination of edge squareness

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