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    SketchyMicro Antibiotics Notes

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    Usama Bilal
    Penicillin halts bacterial cell wall synthesis by inhibiting transpeptidation, which is most effective against gram-positive bacteria. It binds to penicillin binding proteins (PBP) to inhibit the final step of peptidoglycan cross-linking. Common uses include syphilis, meningococcal meningitis, streptococcal infections. Resistance can develop via plasmid-encoded beta-lactamases. Adverse effects include anaphylaxis and autoimmune hemolytic anemia.

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    SketchyMicro Antibiotics Notes

    Uploaded by

    Usama Bilal
    258 views2 pages
    Penicillin halts bacterial cell wall synthesis by inhibiting transpeptidation, which is most effective against gram-positive bacteria. It binds to penicillin binding proteins (PBP) to inhibit the final step of peptidoglycan cross-linking. Common uses include syphilis, meningococcal meningitis, streptococcal infections. Resistance can develop via plasmid-encoded beta-lactamases. Adverse effects include anaphylaxis and autoimmune hemolytic anemia.

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    Penicillin halts bacterial cell wall synthesis by inhibiting transpeptidation, which is most effective against gram-positive bacteria. It binds to penicillin binding proteins (PBP) to inhibit the final step of peptidoglycan cross-linking. Common uses include syphilis, meningococcal meningitis, streptococcal infections. Resistance can develop via plasmid-encoded beta-lactamases. Adverse effects include anaphylaxis and autoimmune hemolytic anemia.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    258 views2 pages

    SketchyMicro Antibiotics Notes

    Uploaded by

    Usama Bilal
    Penicillin halts bacterial cell wall synthesis by inhibiting transpeptidation, which is most effective against gram-positive bacteria. It binds to penicillin binding proteins (PBP) to inhibit the final step of peptidoglycan cross-linking. Common uses include syphilis, meningococcal meningitis, streptococcal infections. Resistance can develop via plasmid-encoded beta-lactamases. Adverse effects include anaphylaxis and autoimmune hemolytic anemia.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    SketchyMicro Antibiotics Notes:

    Penicillin –
    Halts peptidoglycan synthesis in actively growing cells  CELL DIES (bacteriocidal)
    Princess Ellen holding a purple pencil (penicillin).

    Penicillin share properties of their pharmacology and mechanism of action with


    cephalosporins, monobactams, carbapenams, beta lactamase inhibitors  all BETA
    LACTAM COMPOUDS aka have a 4 membered beta lactam ring (ringed planet) with
    different constituents attached.

    Beta lactams interfere with transpeptidation reaction of bacterial cell wall synthesis.
    Work well against THICK, gram positive peptidoglycan cell wall (repeating D alanyl D
    alanine oligopeptides).

    Penicillin greatest activity against GRAM POSITIVE organisms (i.e. staph and strep!)

    Penicillin Binding Proteins remove the terminal alanine in the process of forming cross
    links between peptides. PBP form peptidoglycan cross links! Inhibition of this
    transpeptidation reaction happens when penicillin binds to PBP.

    Penicillin used to treat:


    - Actinomyces israelli (gram +ve rod that grows in chains)
    - Clostridium perfringens  gangrene
    - Pasteurella multocida (infected dog wounds)
    - Syphilis (Treponema pallidum) with benzathine penicillin G  standard therapy
    for primary, secondary or early latent syphilis (Red Rash seen in secondary
    syphilis)
    - ***Meningococcal meningitis by Neisseria Meningitidis(gram negative
    diplococcus) with Penicillin G

    Penicillin V: ORAL form = acid stable. Indicated in MINOR infections due to its poor
    bioavailability, narrow spectrum, 4x dosing.
    - Agent of choice: Group A streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat)
    - Treats rheumatic fever.

    Penicillin G: IV form
    - Can easily penetrate CNS during active inflammation
    - Treats rheumatic fever.
    - Strep viridans & Strep bovis caused LEFT sided endocarditis.
    - Intrapartum penicillin G prophylaxis for Group B strep (Strep agalactiae)

    Resistance: production of beta lactamases*expressed by plasmid genes (produced by


    staph aures).

    Adverse reactions caused by penicillin:


    - Type 1 (IgE mediated hypersensitivity)  anaphylaxis
    - Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (positive direct Coombs test – due to antibodies
    against penicillin binding to surface of RBC)
    - Interstitial Nephritis (caused by mononuclear cells entering interstitium of
    kindey – small blue cells)

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