Unit 9: Active voice & Passive voice

I. Use of Passive
- Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important
or notknown, however, who or what is performing the action.
- Ex. My bike was stolen.
II. Form of Passive
- Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle
When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
- the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive
sentence
- the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
- the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive
sentence (or is dropped)

Tense Subject Verb Object

Simple Active: Rita writes a letter.

Present Passive: A letter is written by Rita.

Simple Active: Rita wrote a letter.

Past Passive: A letter was written by Rita.

Present Active: Rita has written a letter.

Perfect Passive: A letter has been written by Rita.

Future I Active: Rita will write a letter.

Passive: A letter will be written by Rita.

Hilfsverben Active: Rita can write a letter.

Passive: A letter can be written by Rita.

Tense Subject Verb Object

Present Active: Rita is writing a letter.

Progressive Passive: A letter is being written by Rita.

Past Active: Rita was writing a letter.

Progressive Passive: A letter was being written by Rita.

Past Active: Rita had written a letter.

Perfect Passive: A letter had been written by Rita.

Future II Active: Rita will have written a letter.

Passive: A letter will have been by Rita.

written

Conditional Active: Rita would write a letter.

I Passive: A letter would be written by Rita.

Conditional Active: Rita would have written a letter.

II Passive: A letter would have been by Rita.
written

- Passive sentences with two objects

Subject Verb Object 1 Object 2

Active: Rita wrote a letter to me.

Passive: A letter was written to me by Rita.

Passive: I was written a letter by Rita.

- Some verbs very frequently used in the passive are followed by the to-
infinitive:
be supposed to be expected to be asked to
be scheduled to be allowed to be told to
 John has been asked to make a speech at the meeting.
You are supposed to wear a uniform.
The meeting is scheduled to start at seven.
- Some verbs which can be used only in the active
are: occur, rise, happen, arise, fall, exist, consist (of), depend
(on), result (from).

Active and passive verbs

Active (correct) Passive (incorrect)

Problems may occur Problems may occurred

happen be happened
arise arisen
exist existed

They consist of They are consist of

depend on depend on

Note: 'They are dependent on . . .' is

correct

- A special case:

Part of speech Subject Verb Object

Sentence They lack resources.

- Lack can take a direct object but cannot be transformed to the passive:
Resources are lacked (incorrect).
- However, you could write:
Resources are lacking.
(1) Idiomatic expressions
 Our lab is equipped with the latest computer technology.
 In Korea, parents are deeply involved in their children’s education.
Expressions frequently appearing on the TOEIC
 be accompainied by/with be equipped with be committed/dedicated to
be concerned about/with be impressed with/by be interested in
be involved in be satisfied by

Check-up Quiz

Circle the correct word to complete each sentence.

1. The store is conveniently (locating / located) in the center of the city.
2. Please carefully review the materials (containing / contained) in the packet.
3. This relocation plan (is / has) pleased most executives.
4. The accounting system is currently being (installing / installed).
5. They have recently been (ordering / ordered) more construction materials.
6. The report (distributed / is distributed) at the meeting revealed some incorrect
figures.
7. People (interested / are interested) in the position should contact Mr. Kim.
8. Staff (remaining / remained) in the building after working hours should report
to the security office.
9. The recommendations (are made / made) by the consultant will be included in
the monthly report.
10. The technician will be (installed / installing) the new software on your
computer.
Practice Test

Part 5 Incomplete Sentences

Question 1-10Choose the word that best completes each sentence.

1. Please refer to the brochure _____ details of our products for further information
on new items.
(A) describing (B) is describing (C) described describe

2. Employees ______ at a construction site must wear a protective hat at all times
to avoid accidents.
(A) work (B) worked (C) working (D) to work
3. World Now is a magazine ________ quarterly and distributed to the Asia Pacific
region.
(A) publish (B) published (C) publishing (D) is published
4. The changes _______ by the purchasing division were small but effective at
reducing expenses.
(A) propose (B) proposed (C) proposing (D) are proposed
5. Down payments on new houses should ______ within 10 days of the date of the
contract.
(A) Receive (B) received (C) to receive (D) be received
6. Tickets to the Hannah Montana movie will _______ online starting next Friday.
(A) have sold (B) be selling (C) be sold (D) have been
selling
7. The managers ________ a lot of complaints about overtime hours from their
employees.
(A) are receiving (B) receives (C) were received (D) have been
received
8. The CEO’s comments about social responsibility have been _______ by some
workers.
(A) misinterpret (B) misinterpreted (C) misinterpreting (D) to misinterpret
9. Please be informed that any online purchase over $200 will ________ for free
delivery.
(A) equip (B) supply (C) arrange (D) qualify

10. Several problems have _______ since the very beginning of the development.
(A) emerged (B) engaged (C) released (D) reacted
Part 6 Text Completion

Question 1-3refer to the following notice.

Public Transportation Saves Your Way

The residents of Brisbane benefit from a __________ and well-organized public

transportation
1. (A) skilled
(B) earnest
(C) important
(D) comprehensive

network that merges into the downtown area. Find out how to travel effectively
throughout the main areas of Brisbane.

Advantages All Around

 It’s cheaper: Commuting by public transport will save a lot more on your travel
expenses compared to driving your own car.

 It’s faster: You will surely save time; traveling from the eastern suburban area
to downtown Queesland normally takes up to an hour during peak hours, but it
has been reduced to only 20 minutes ________ the bus-only lane.
2. (A) despite
(B) thanks to
(C) as well as
(D) in addition to
 It’s cleaner: Buses emit as much as ten times less toxic gases than private vehicles.
Because they run on electric power, the metro is _________ cleaner.
3. (A) all
(B) very
 (C) any
(D) even
 It’s more restful: Read your favorite fiction, familiarize yourself with current
events, or just relax while riding on a bus. You won’t need to deal with aggressive
drivers, which is often the case when driving your own car.
Part 7 Reading comprehension

Question 1-2refer to the following memorandum.

Seattle Library Networking Cards!

The Office of Activities & Programs is pleased to announce that we have partnered with
Print Digital Plus to offer you custom Library Networking Cards. To order your personal
set of cards, please visit: www.pdpstore.com/aei_networkcards. New Seattle Library
users that enrolled in a membership after January 2008 will have their information
uploaded by the second week of March. If you need networking cards before then, please
contact Print Digital Plus to place a separate order. Their contact information is provided
at the end of this memorandum.

Orders can be placed in quantities of 100 ($50.00), 250 ($60.00), and 500 ($75.00). All
card orders will be shipped to the Office of Activities and Programs in 160 Thorndike
Hall. You will be contacted for pick-up via e-mail once your order has arrived.

Should you have any questions about this product, please do not hesitate to contact Print
Digital Plus at 631-738-8100.

1. According to the memorandum, what is true about the service?

(A) User information for new members is available in March.
(B) New members cannot place a separate order.
(C) Library users can place an order only in person.
(D) All card orders will be shipped via e-mail.
2. How can a library member order a networking card?
(A) By mail
(B) Via e-mail
 (C) By phone
(D) On a website

Exercise: Choose the correct option

1. Our appliances will be serviced/service for free
2. We convey/are conveyed gratitude to loyal customers
3. The CEO was paid/paid a bonus to the employee at the end of the quarter
4. Scientist argue/are argued that greenhouse gas emissions are a major cause of
global warming
5. Management require/were required to develop a good relationship with the new
partners
Vocabulary
Match the correct answer
1. announce a. a meeting
2. participate b. from taking photos
3. renovate c. to call
4. cancel d. a plan
5. recharge e. batteries
6. refrain f. language learning
7. hesitate g. a hotel
8. facilitate h. in a seminal
Fill the gaps
Relocate evaluate address enclose
1 .………..a performance 3. ……………a check
2. …………..the office 4. …………..the issues
Examine replace reach summarize
5. ……….the product 7……………a conclusion
6 ……….. parts 8. …………..a lecture
Practice:
I. Put the correct tense and voice
1. The project ………..(postpone)
2. The office …………(clean) ………..tomorrow
3. A lot of attention ……….(pay)……… to the project
4. Many changes …………(make)….. in the office because of it
5. The employee handbook ………(distribute)…………to all newcomers
II. Correct the underline parts
1. the proposal has to review by Wednesday
2. The event may canceled due to the heavy rain
3. The problem has taken care of without much difficulty
4. Hundreds of encouraging letters send to us so far
5. The product loved by young people for more than 10 years
III. Choose the correct answer
1. we are faced (with, in , of) some economic difficulties
2. They are dedicated (at, to, with) developing a new program
3. This matter is not related (about, of , to) his mistake
4, Mr. Yamamoto is involved (to, by, in) the crime
5. The conference room is filled (of, with, in) newly hired employees
IV. Choose the correct answer
1. The error was ………….2 days ago
A. discover C. discovered
B. discovering D. will discover
2. They are ………….the document right now
A. sing C. signed
B. signing D. will sign
3. The next sales meeting will …………..next week
A. take place C. takes place
B. be taken place D. to take place
4. Michael ………….to hear that Jane had passed the test
A. was pleasing C. pleased
B. was pleased D. pleasing
5. The bank is ………….near the office building where you work
A. locate C. located
B. locating D. location
6. Before products are ……….to retailers, make sure that they are adequately
wrapped
A. ship C. shipped
B. shipping D. ships
7. The accident ………..on the Atrova street at the beginning of last week
A. take place C. was taken place
B. took place D. had been taken
8. It seems that all defective merchandise ………….for a full refund
A. accepts C. will be accepted
B. accept D. has accepted
9. Please check sales figures before they …………to the accounting department
A. submits C. submitted
B. will submit D. are submitted
10. Interviews will ……………all afternoon and then there will be a small reception
A. conduct C. have conducted
B. are conducting D. be conducted
11. All of the applicants are ………….for the advertised positions
A. involved C. known
B. concerned D. qualified
12. Delegates ………..in Manila for a trade fair ahead of schedule
A. reached C. arrived
B. board D. attended
13. Companies will be …………..to receive a lot of grants from the government
A. detailed C. responsible
B. Pleased D. previous
14. Employees who wants to be …………for travel-expenses need to submit those
receipts
A. spent C. reimbursed
B. informed D. requested
15. Any news related to my company ………….on the bulletin board every week
A. Posts C. is posted
B. Posted D. are posted
16. Computer technicians ………….the program on a regular basis
A. install C. are installed
B. is installed D. installing
17. An agreement ……………at the meeting last week
A. made C. was made
C. are made D. makes
18. The assistant position …………no later than next month
A. will be filled C. was filled
B. be filled D. filled
19. many modifications ………….to the report so far
A. Made C. have been made
B. is made D. has been made
20. a new secretary ought to ……………right away
A. hiring C. is hired
B. hire D. be hired
 UNIT 10: CONJUNCTIONS

Conjuncions are grammatical items used to show a logical relationship between

words, phrase clauses, and sentences. Conjunctions are divided into two types:
coordinating and subordinating.

Coordinating Conjunctions
A
Coordinating Conjunctions connect elements of equal grammatical status.

1 Form & Meaning

Form
Meaning
Simple conjunctions Correlative conjunctions
both A and B
Addition/Listing and
not only A but also B
Contrast but, yet not A but B
Alternative or either A or B
Cause & effect so, for
Negative addition nor neither A nor B

2 Use
(1) Coordinating conjunctions must be located between two parallel structures.
 But he did not take the job, they offered a good salary. (X)
 They offered a good salary, but he did not take the job. (O)

 For they offered a good benefits package, he took the job. (X)
 He took the job, for they offered a good benefits package. (O)

 Because they offered a good benefits package, he took the job. (O)
(Subordinating Conjunctions)

(2) Coordinating conjunctions must join two elements of equal grammatical status.
  The presentation was interesting and informative. (two words)
 The research project will take both time and money.
 You can apply by e-mail or in person. (two prepositional phrases)
 There are problems not only with the management but also with the employees
themselves.
 Our boss neither eats meat nor drinks coffee. (two verb phrases)
 They offered a good salary, but he did not take the job. (two clauses)
 The concert was cancelled, so we had to wait another week.

B Subordinating Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions indicate the meaning relationship between a

subordinating clause a main clause. The subordinate clause is often called an
adverb clause because it functions as adverb in the sentence.

1 Form & Meaning

Meaning Form
Time after, as*, before, once, since*, until, when, while*, whenever,
as soon as, by the time
Reason as, because, since, now that
Contrast through, although, even though, while, whereas
Condition as long as, if*, in case, in the event that, provided (that), unless
Purpose so that

* As, since, while, and if have more than one meaning.

(1) As
 As it was cold, we dicided to stay home. (=Because)
 As I sat reading the paper, the door suddenly opened. (=When, While)
(2) Since
 Since he did not pay the bill, his service was interrupted. (=Because)

 I have met many people since I came here. (= present perfect)

(3) While
 While their service is reliable, it is expensive. (=Although)
 While I was studying, the phone rang. (=During the time that)
(4) If
  If it rains tomorrow, I will stay home. (condition)
 I am not sure if he is interested in the position. (=whether)
2 Use
(1) The subordinate clause may come before or after the main clause.
 Because it was cold, I decided to stay home. = I decided to stay home because it
was cold.
(2) Within a subordinate clause indicating time or conditions, the present tense is used
for the
 We will start production as soon as the materials arrive.
 By the time he retires next month, he will have worked here for 20 years.
 If it rains tomorrow, the picnic will be cancelled.
 We will sign the contract unless the profits are too low.
(3) Subordinating conjunctions must be followed by a subject and a verb.
 Because the weather was bad, we stayed home.
 Although it was cold, I went swimming.
 Although the bad weather, the concert was a success. (X) (Although Despite)

cf. Prepositions are followed only by a noun or a noun phrase.

 Because of the bad weather, we stayed home. (=Due to)

 Despite the cold weather, I went swimming. (=In spite of)
 She quit her job due to it was not rewarding. (X) (due to because)

Easily confused conjunctions and prepositions

Meaning Conjunctions (+ Clause) Prepositions (+ Noun)

Reason because, since, as because of, due to, owing to
Contrast although, even though, though, in spite of, despite
while
Condition unless without, except (for)
Time while, when during
 Conjunctive Adverbs
C
Conjunctive adverbs express a logical relationship between two clauses or
sentences. These are called linking adverbs.

1 Form & Meaning

Meaning Form
Cause & effect therefore, thus, moreover
Contrast however, nevertheless, nonetheless, otherwise

2 Use
(1) Position in a sentence
 He was sick. However, he attended the meeting.
 He was sick. He, however, attended the meeting.
 He was sick; however, he attended the meeting.
(2) Conjunctive adverbs vs. Conjunctions
 Cause and effect

 Tom worked hard; therefore, he passed the exam. (conjunctive adverb)

 Tome worked hard, so he passed the exam. (coordinating conjunction)

 Because Tom worked hard, he passed the exam. (subordinating conjunction)

 Contrast

 The pay is low; nevertheless, Steve is happy with his job. (conjunctive adverb)
 The pay is low, but Steve is happy with his job. (coordinating conjunction)

 Steve is happy with his job although the pay is low. (subordinating
conjunction)
 Check-up Quiz

Circle the correct word to complete each sentence.

1. The project was delayed (because / although) funding was insufficient.
2. (Although / Since) the economy is picking up, Camdex failed to show a profit.
3. The outdoor party was postponed (because / due to) the heavy rain.
4. (While / During) perfomances, you are not allowed to use your cell phone.
5. We will cancel the order (unless / without) you ship it within two days.
6. The items have been popular for many years, (for / yet) they are reliable.
7. (Despite / Although) the cold weather, the railway construction was completed
on time.
8. (If / So) you’re buying a house, make sure to consult a legal advisor.
9. Teachers offer their knowledge, skills, (and / because) expertise to their students.
10. If you’re unhappy with a purchase, you can either request a refund (and / or) a
replacement.

Practice Test

Part 5 Incomplete Sentences

Question 1-10Choose the word that best completes each sentence.

1. ________ the company’s overall profits have declined, some of its products still sell
quite well.
(A) Despite (B) However (C) Until (D) Although

2. The number of people purchasing a new home is still increasing ________ a significant
limit on mortagages.
(A) although (B) because (C) despite (D) nevertheless

3. A filter for your water purifier will be offered free of charge ________ your
warranty remains valid.
(A) as long as (B) unless (C) so that (D) as soon as

4. _________ there’s an emergency, we will provide a phone number residents can

call for assistance.
(A) While (B) In case (C) Now that (D) Though

5. Repairs for our products are free of charge ________ they are done by our local
dealerships.
(D) provided
(A) although (B) until (C) while
that

6. ________ the subway construction work is complete, traffic congestion will be

significantly reduced.
(A) Regarding (B) Although (C) Now that (D) Instead of

7. The leading actor did not perform as well as we thought, ________ the movie was
quite good as a whole.
(A) otherwise (B) yet (C) so (D) since

8. All employees in the main office were required to show up early this morning ________
a building inspection.
(A) while (B) in that (C) in case (D) due to

9. ________ meeting with the manager in person, Milo decided to send an e-mail.
(A) According to (B) Further (C) Instead of (D) However

10. Passengers should arrive at the airport at least two hours ________ to their
departure.
(A) prior (B) suited (C) conducive (D) forward
Part 6 Text Completion

Question 1-3refer to the following article.

“Doing Business in Thailand”

For those who are intersested in doing business in Thailand
The American Chamber of Commerce has created a highly detailed and _________
guide
1. (A) variable
(B) apparent
(C) redundant
(D) comprehensive
that should be treated like a bible by anyone looking to start up a business in
Thailand.
From guidance on how to establish an office to the legal and financial aspects of a
company, and even including advice on the local media, the book covers it all.
__________
2. (A) All
(B) Each
(C) Such
(D) Any
with statistical data, graphs, bar charts, and up-to-date listings.
In a nutshell, this guide is tailored for a Thailand audience. It will make you feel
________
3. (A) know
(B) knowingly
(C) knowledge
(D) knowledgeable
confident, and ready to get serious about starting a business.
Part 7 Reading comprehension

Question 1-5 refer to the following advertisement and e-mail.

Spring Breeze in Amazing Europe!

April and May are the perfect time to plan a vist to amazing European cities. Trees
grow and flowers bloom. Cafés and small restaurant are on every corner of the
streets throughout Europe. If you are looking for a place that will make your exciting
trip more delightful, the Hotel Sainte-Marial will be an ideal place to stay while visiting
beautiful Europe.
Located in all major Europen cities, including Rome, Paris, and Prague, the Hotel
Sainte-Marial promises to provide you with an enjoyable and memorabel
experience in Europe. Take advantage of everything this relaxing and
comfortable hotel can ever offer in April and May since our special package this
year includes everything you need.
The special offer includes:
 accommodations
 continental breakfast
 a welcome drink
 unlimited domestic calls
 frequent airport shuttle services
 a fitness center
 a multilingual business center
 24-hour housekeeping service

Guests of the Hotel Sainte-Maria can also indulge in our brand-new indoor pool
with a one-one-one trainer and a spa offering total body treatment. Please
remember to ask one of our staff members at the front desk about special
sightseeing tour options as well.
Hotel Sainte-Marial special package
 2-night stay EUR 500.00
 3-night stay EUR 690.00
 5-night stay EUR 1,020.00
 7-night stay EUR 1,200.00

For reservations or questions, please contact us at 011-420-235-3373.

*** Fees, taxes, and tips for the pool and spa facilities are not included in the
above prices.
From ddiaz@hotmail.com
Sent Tues 5/17/08 3:04 PM
To customers@sainte-marial.com
Subject Complaining about poor quality hotel accommodation
Booking Ref: 35766629
I have recently returned from a three-day stay at the Hotel Sainte-Marial Prague, and I
want to mention that my stay was an awful experience rather than an enjoyable one
like you stated I would have in your brochure.
First of all, when I arrived at the hotel, my hotel room was not fully ready for use. It
was 2 PM, and I understand that it may be a little early for check-ins. However, I
informed the staff in advance of my flght schedule and was told that my room would
be ready by then. Anyway, I had to stay in there lobby for over an hour before entering
my room.
Also, the 24-hour housekeeping service was not the same as I had expected. As I had
some friends I had to attend to, I returned to the hotel a little after midnight. I spilled a
drink on my bed and asked for immediate maid service, which unexpectedly was not
available.
Another problem occurred on the day of my departure from Prague. The ‘frequent”
airport shuttle took over half an hour to catch, so I almost missed my flight back home.
Overall, my three-day stay at the hotel Saint-Marial was a disaster.
As your service did not match what was described, I believe I am entitled to get a full
refund. Please pay immediate attention to this matter and respond to me as soon as
possible.
Yours faithfully,
Della Diaz

1. What did the hotel advertise as a new feature?

(A) A fitness center (B) An airport shuttle
(C) An indoor pool (D) A business center
2. What is NOT included in the cost of the vacation package?
 (A) Lodgings (B) Sightseeing tours
(C) Housekeeping services (D) Food and beverages
3. What rate was Ms. Diaz probably changed?
(A) EUR 500.00 (B) EUR 690.00
(C) EUR 1,020.00 (D) EUR 1,200.00
4. What is the purpose of Ms. Diaz’s e-mail?
(A) To request a discount on her future vaction
(B) To report a change in her vacation schedule
(C) To thank the manager for taking care of her problems
(D) To complain aobut services she received at a hotel
5. According to Ms. Diaz, what is a discrepancy between the advertisment and
the actual service?
(A) The housekeeping services
(B) The continental breakfast
(C) The indoor pool and spa
(D) The multilingual business center

I. Practice
3.1. Choose the best answers
1. Receptionists must be able to relay information ______ pass messages
accurately.

(A) or
(B) and
(C) but
(D) because

2. I did not go to the show ______ I had already seen it.

(A) until
 (B) because
(C) so
(D) but

3. Mary is a member of the Historical Society ______ the Literary Society.

(A) as
(B) or
(C) and
(D) but

4. Read over your answers ______ correct all mistakes before you pass them up.

(A) or
(B) and
(C) because
(D) while

5. Keep the food covered ______ the flies will contaminate it.

(A) or
(B) and
(C) until
(D) though

6. ______ he is thin, he is strong.

(A) But
(B) As
(C) Though
 (D) Because

7. Susie ______ phoned ______ wrote after she left home.

(A) either, or
(B) neither, nor
(C) while, and
(D) though, or

8. She had an unpleasant experience ______ she was in Thailand.

(A) but
(B) and
(C) because
(D) while

9. The committee rejected the proposal ______ they did not think it was practical.

(A) or
(B) but
(C) though
(D) because

10. John welcomed his guests ______ offered them drinks.

(A) and
(B) while
(C) until
(D) as
11. These rooms are very comfortable _____ they have a good view of the
city.

(A) also
(B) and
(C) still
(D) as

12. _____ the teacher explained the lesson several times, some of the
students still did not understand it.

(A) Although
(B) Even if
(C) Unless
(D) Since

13. He did not join us for the movie _____ he had already seen it.

(A) and
(B) but
(C) although
(D) because

14. She could not find the book she wanted _____ she borrowed a magazine
instead.

(A) so
(B) and
(C) but
(D) so that
15. I tried to make her realize the consequences _____ she refused to listen.

(A) lest
(B) since
(C) but
(D) also

16. He will show us around himself _____ send someone else.

(A) and
(B) if
(C) or
(D) so

17. _____ he was not interested in music, he agreed to go to the concert.

(A) Though
(B) While
(C) For
(D) Since

18. Those village folk are poor _____ they always seem so contented.

(A) though
(B) since
(C) yet
(D) or
19. The river has overflowed his banks _____ it has been raining
continuously for several days.

(A) still
(B) yet
(C) when
(D) as

20. I don't think he will remember the appointment _____ you remind him.

(A) so
(B) if
(C) unless
(D) lest
21. You treated him badly _____ he is doing the same to you now.

(A) so
(B) if
(C) but
(D) although

22. He is sick ______ he wants to go out.

(A) when
(B) yet
(C) that
(D) because

23. ______ there is no more butter you must use the margarine.
 (A) So
(B) Either
(C) Since
(D) But

24. Gerard, ______ Pete, is joining us on the trip.

(A) as well as
(B) nor
(C) whereas
(D) if

25. She was afraid ______ the building would collapse.

(A) and
(B) while
(C) even though
(D) that

26. They cannot watch television ______ the rest are studying.

(A) so that
(B) therefore
(C) while
(D) but

27. His fans think that he is ______ talented ______ handsome.

(A) either ... or

(B) not only ... but also
 (C) neither ... nor
(D) so ... that

28. He phoned me ______ he needed someone to talk to.

(A) for
(B) but
(C) and
(D) so

29. I spent some time with them ______ I was very busy.

(A) when
(B) and
(C) because
(D) although

30. We saw some boats ______ we were walking along the beach.

(A) but
(B) so
(C) as
(D) if
 UNIT 11: RELATIVE PRONOUNS & RELATIVE ADVERBS

1. Relative pronouns
A.
relative
use example
pronoun

Who subject or object pronoun for people I told you about the
woman who lives next door.

Which subject or object pronoun for animals and Do you see the cat which is
things lying on the roof?

Which referring to a whole sentence He couldn’t

read which surprised me.

Whose possession for people animals and things Do you know the
boy whose mother is a nurse?

Whom object pronoun for people, especially in I was invited by the

non-defining relative clauses (in defining professor whom I met at the
relative clauses we colloquially conference.
prefer who)

That subject or object pronoun for people, I don’t like the

animals and things in defining relative table that stands in the
clauses (who or which are also possible) kitchen.
 B. Relative pronoun “THAT”
- “That” can be used for both people and things
Ex.: The official meeting that we have arranged before should be
changed now.
The person that we are looking for is Ms. Minh.
This girl and this kind of flower that I met yesterday are both named
HOA.
- “That” must be used when the antecedent is modified by any of the
following words: all, every, any, each, the only, the very and
superlatives.
Ex.: This is the most beautiful girl that I have ever met.
- “That” is not used after preposition as well as in non-defining relative
clauses.
Ex.: Please meet Mr. Smith about whom I told you yesterday.
Peter, who meets you today, is very friendly.
C. Relative pronoun “WHAT” and compound relative pronouns
- “WHAT” is the relative pronoun that has already included its antecedent.
Ex.: What happens today at the café must be reported to the boss.
= The things that/which happens today at the café must be reported to
the boss.
D. Compound relative pronouns
= Relative pronoun + -EVER
Who(m)ever= anyone who(m)
Whichever= anything which/that
Whatever= anything which/that
Ex.: Whoever turns in the report first will get an additional point.
2. Relative adverbs
A.
- A relative adverb can be used instead of a relative pronoun plus preposition.
This often makes the sentence easier to understand.
 Ex.: This is the shop in which I bought my bike.
→ This is the shop where I bought my bike.
relative
meaning use example
adverb

When in/on which refers to a time expression the day when we met
him

Where in/at which refers to a place the place where we met

him

Why for which refers to a reason the reason why we met

him

A. Compound relative adverbs

Time/place Whenever = at anytime when

Wherever= to or any place where
Concession Whenever= no matter when
Wherever= no matter where
However= no matter how

3. Practice
Check-up Quiz

Circle the correct word to complete each sentence.

1. Any employee (who / whom) shows great perfomance will be reward.
2. Sales staff members (that / whose) English is fluent will have a chance to move
abroad.
3. We issue a membership card (which / who) can be used in many facilities.
4. The banquet will be held for Dr. Park, (which / who) has served for the last twenty
years.
5. We hired a sales manager (who / who he) will be in charge of the entire division.
 6. To improve your health, you should eat food (contains / that contains) less fat.
7. Students (who / they) do not pass the final exam must attend summer classes.
8. The new computer system, (that / which) was installed last month, is more user-
friendly.
9. London is a city (that / who) has been an ideal location for many financial
corporations.
10. We need to understand (that / what) our customers want.

Practice Test
Part 5 Incomplete Sentences
Question 1-10Choose the word that best completes each sentence.
1. Hotel guests ________ request late check-out service should call the front desk.
(A) who (B) whose (C) when (D) what
2. Attached please find a draft agenda for the shareholder meeting ________ you
requested.
(A) then (B) that (C) what (D) when
3. We sincerely show our thanks to Dr. Clarkson, ________ has put considerable effort into
improving the design.
(A) Anyone (B) whose (C) who (D) whaterver
4. Employees ________ wish to attend the event should request leave using normal
leave procedures.
(A) when (B) what (C) whom (D) who
5. Venus Delivery will be adopting the network connection technology, ________ will
improve inter-office communication.
(A) which (B) that (C) when (D) what

6. The excutive wants a report ________ explains the purchasing patterns of consumers
in their 30s.
(A) who (B) whose (C) that (D) what
7. To remain competitive, we must know exactly ________ other companies are trying
to achieve.
 (A) that (B) what (C) how (D) which
8. Kart Motors has recently built a factory in Arizona, ________ will become
operational next week.
(A) who (B) that (C) where (D) which
9. Orientation sessions for new students will be held ________ the next few weeks.
(A) across (B) between (C) throughout (D) among
10. The recent booklet contains information that is accurate and to the ________.
(A) point (B) grade (C) feet (D) spot
Part 6 Text Completion
Question 1-3refer to the following news article.

Increasing Fuel Prices Are Everybody’s Concern

The price of gasoline has been on the rise for the last few months, and there is no sign of
end to this fuel increase, experts report. The _________ rises prompting worries from local
retailers,
1. (A) latest
(B) immediate
(C) shortest
(D) original
not to mention customers.
According to Dr. Griff Campbell, a professor at McCall University and a prominent economy
specialist, ________ gasoline prices are attributable to higher crude oil prices. He also
adds that
2. (A) rose
(B) rises
(C) rising
(D) risen
higher fuel prices can lead to undesirable effects on the national economy and might came
inflation. This phenomenon is expected to continue during the end of 2008.

Although the impact on the general public seems less severe, the _________ on business
in
3. (A) effecting
(B) effected
(C) efective
(D) effect
shipping and public transport will be evident.

“This, in turn will eventually force those business owners to charge their customers higher
fees if they want to make profits and maintain their business.” said Dr. Campbell.
Part 7 Reading comprehension

Question 1-5refer to the following letter and e-mail.

Edwards Supplies
3616 South I-10 Service Road West
Metairie, LA70001
(504)522-1955
April 8, 2008
Mr. Gerald Broeker
8508 Line Avenue
Shreveport, LA 71106
Our ref: Account #2008176
Dear Mc. Broecker:
It has come to my attention that you have an outstanding balance for an order made
back in October 2007. Your October invoice was $525.00, and you do not seem to
have paid it at any time. According to our records, our accouting staff sent you a bill
on February 10, but we have not heard from you yet.
If this payment has already been taken care of , please disregard this notice. In the case
that you have failed to pay this invoice for any reason, please remit the outstanding
amount in full by April 25, 2008, at the latest. Based on our contract, a 5% late fee will
be charged as interest after the due date.
For any questions or concerns, contact me immediately by telephone at (504) 522-
1955 or to e-mail at customer@edwardssupplies.com. Please make sure to include the
account number (#2008176) and my name in all correspondence since I am in charge
of your account.
Thank you advance for your prompt attention to this matter.
Sincerely,
Julie Bosma
Julie Bosma
Accountant
Subject Outstanding invoice (#2008176)

Date April 15, 2008

From geraldb@gmail.com
To customer@edwardssupplies.com
Dear Sir or Madam,
I recently received a letter from Edwards Supplies stating that my invoice (account
#2008176) is currently overdue. The reason I did not remit this payment is that I have
not yet received a written statement regarding the outstanding amount.
I assume that the statement might have been mailed to my previous address in
California since I recently relocated to my current address in Louisiana.
Please verify my current address in your account records. Also, if you fax me a copy
of the bill at 504-882-1352, I will confirm the charges and send you a check as soon as
possible.
If you have any concerns or questions, please let me know.
Thank you,
Gerald Broeker

1. What is the purpose of Ms. Bosma’s letter?

(A) To confirm a payment record (B) To apologize for errors in a bill
(C) To explain a policy on interest (D) To request an overdue payment
2. What does Mr. Broeker request in the e-mail?
(A) To remit the late payment (B) To relocate him to Louisiana
(C) To send a faxed statement of his charge (D) To confirm the overdue charges
3. What is mentioned about Mr. Broeker?
(A) He has already remitted the payment.
(B) He has recently moved to a new place.
(C) He must pay late fees immediately.
(D) He now lives in California.
4. What requested information did Mr. Broeker fail to include in his e-mail?
(A) His fax number
(B) His account number
(C) The reason his payment is late
(D) The name of his account representative
5. In the e-mail, the word “verify” in paragraph 3, line 1 is closest in the meaning to
(A) confirm (B) specify
(C) request (D) present
 Unit 12: Conditional

A. Types of conditionals
I.Present real conditional
This is used to talk about something that is generally true or happens often.
If + S+ Vs/es, S+ will (can/may/should) + bare infinitive
, please + bare infinitive ?
Ex: If she speaks Chinese, our company will hire her
Should is used to make the sentence sound more polite.
Ex: If you should have any problems with the new computer, please notify our Technical
Service Department in a timely manner.
II. Present unreal conditional
This is used to talk about something contrary to the present facts.
If + S + Ved, S+ would (could/ should/ might) + bare infinitive
Ex: If I were in your situation, I would tell the truth.
III. Past unreal conditional
This is used to talk about something contrary to the facts in the past.
If + S+ had + Pii, S+ would (could/ should/ might) + have + Pii
Ex: If I had taken care of my health, I would not have suffered from so many illnesses.
IV: Mixed conditional
This is used to talk about something contrary to the facts in the past that has an impact on
the present situation.
If + S+ had + Pii, S+ would (could/ should/ might) + bare infinitive
Ex: I I had taken your advice then, I would be a lawyer now.
= as I didn't take your advice then, I am not a lawyer now.
V: Omission of "If" and inversion of subject and verb
In formal English, you can omit "if' and put the auxiliary verb at the beginning of the
clause if the auxiliary is one of these: were/ had or should
Ex: If they should accept our offer, we will be glad to cooperate.
= Should they accept our offer, we will be glad to cooperate
If they had taken my advice, they would have won the contest.
= Had they taken my advice, they would have won the contest.
Exercise:
1. If I ............. .this report, my secretary will submit it to the proper department by the
deadline.
A.Finish C. has finished
B.Finished D. will finish
2. Defective merchandise may be exchanged if you ……………… the receipt within a
week of your
purchase.
A. Present
B. Had presented
C. will present
D. would present
3. Please . ............ .to the security guard directly if you leave much earlier than expected.
A. Will report C. reported
B. Report D. reporting
4. If the results of the survey …………….. released, your division could not receive the
necessary funds.A. Was
B. Were
C. had
D. have
5. .......... the human resources department directly if you experience any problems.
A. Contacting
B. Contact
C. Will contact
D. Can contact
6. Flight attendants will require passengers to do so if the passengers' seat belts
……………..not
tightened prior to taking off.
A.Were C. Will be
B.Are D. Will have
7. If we are not able to ……………….. this contract, we will experience severe financial
problems.
A. Decline
C. remodel
B. Consider
D. Renew
8. They might come into effect immediately if new policies were
……………...unanimously.
A.Approved C. Reimbursed
B.Demonstrated D. Submitted
9. It will be very helpful if you thoroughly …………………..the background of the
applicants.
A.Refer C. Advertise
B.Check D. Exchange
10. Even if the company had …………….steps earlier, they could not have faced the
crisis.
A.Increased C. Watched
B.Stimulated D. Taken
11. If you didn't interrupt me, I …………...the project on time.
A.Finish C. have finished
B.Could finish D. finishes
12. If the staff members knew that there were relevant records, they …………….the
research more
efficiently.
A.Conduct C. could conduct
B.Conducted D. could have conducted
13. If we had been aware of the new engine specifications, we ………….customers
before
shipping the parts.
A.Had alerted C. were alerted
B.Alerted D. would have alerted
14. Were the budget approved, we ……………..fax machine for the staff room.
A.Would purchase C. purchasing
B.Will purchase D. purchase
15. If the rental fees had been cheap in the city center, the company would not
…………to the
suburbs.
A.Moved C. has moved
B.Be moved D. have moved
16. If the candidate had been more experienced, Ms. Davis …………………..hiring him.
A.Would have considered C. considered
B.Consider D. would consider
17. If the interest rates for loans ……………………, our enterprise would have
considered expanding its
facilities.
A.Fall C. had fallen
B.Fell D. be fallen
.
18. If the train had traveled a little faster, it …………….the station on time.
A. Reaches C. would reach
B. Reached D. would have reached
19. If the value should decrease, many new companies …………….bankrupt.
A. Go
C. went
B. Goes
D. will go
20. if it should rain tomorrow the organizing committee the outdoor activities.
A. Postpone
C. will postpone
B. Postpones
D. would have postponed
Reading Comprehension Sample 1
Question 1 to 5 refer to the following letter and reply
Dear Mom,

How are you? How is Michael? I hope that he has stopped sneezing and coughing.
I am doing really great. I am really enjoying my tour of the museums of Europe. I
have been to the Louvre in Paris. It was really exciting seeing the real Mona Lisa,
but I was disappointed because it was so small. Right now I am in Spain. I have
visited Madrid, and now I am in Barcelona. There are so many museums to visit that
I don't know where to begin! The admission fees are much more expensive than I
expected, so I can't see everything that I wanted to see. Some days I have to choose
between having lunch or gong to a museum! However, the museums in Spain are
not as expensive as the museums in France. I want to go to Italy next. I hear that
Florence has the best art of any city in Europe. Next time I will call you — if I have
money. (Maybe Sunday June 20th at 6 p.m.?)

With love,
Sally

Dear Sally,
 Thank you for your letter. Michael is fine. He just had an allergic reaction to seafood
- that's all. I'm really happy to hear about your trip. It sounds so exciting. I remember
that your father and I first met in Paris, and hearing about your trip brings back a lot
of memories. The weather here is a little cloudy, but hot. Your father is in the
backyard right now digging up the weeds from the flower garden. Williams from the
supermarket told me to tell you hello - so "Hello." "Michael also says hello.

Write again when you have more time.

Love, Mom

p.s: send a phonecard so you don't have to spend your museums money on telephone
charges.
1. Why does the writer want to go to Italy?
A. It is cheaper than France C. She went to France
B. Her mother is in Italy D. Italy is the best country for art

2. What was probably wrong with Michael?

A. We do not know C. He had a cold
B. He doesn't like museums D. He had a bad reaction to some food
3. How will the writer next contact her mother?
A. She will send an email C. She will send a postcard
B. She will telephone her D. She will not contact her again
4. Where did Sally's mother first meet Sally's father?
A. Madrid C. Paris
B. Barcelona D. Florence
5. What will Sally's mom send her?
A. A telephone C. Some money
B. A telephone card D. Some seafood
Question 6 to 9 refer to the following letter and form
14 Green Lane
Hartley
Wessex
WE2 7HE
March 3rd, 2005

The Manager
Audios Etc,
Head Office
London

Dear Sirs,

I recently bought a programmable CD player at the Hartley branch of Audios Etc. Your
company was recommended to me by several of my acquaintances. Therefore, although
it was the first time I had visited one of your stores, I was sure you were trustworthy
company. When the CD player was delivered to my house, I found that the player was
the wrong color. I asked for black; however, the player that was delivered was red. I
telephoned the Hartley branch, and a friendly clerk arranged for it to be changed. Yet
again there was a problem. There was a big scratch on the paintwork. I had been led to
believe that Audios Etc. was a reliable company. This experience has proven the
opposite to be true. I would therefore like to formally register my dissatisfaction and
demand a refund. Please find enclosed a completed customer complaint form.
Yours faithfully,
Matt Greer
Audios Etc Customer Complaint Form
Product Name Saushi Programmable CD Player
Serial Number 21002330A
1.Wrong color, 2. Programming
Problem functions not working, 3. Product surface
damaged:_large scratch
Date of purchase February 15th, 2005
Action Desired Full refund of cost of CD Player
Matt Greer, 14 Green Lane,
Customer Details Hartley WE2 7HE, Tel: 820-8839

6. Why did Matt Greer write this letter?

A. To thank the store for the good service
B. To explain Audio Etc.'s service policy
C. To order a CD-Player D.
D. To complain and ask for his money back
7. Who is Matt Greer?
A. The manager of Audios Etc.
B. A customer of Audios Etc.
C. A salesman of Audios Etc
D. A deliver person for Audios Etc
8. Which of the following problems is NOT mentioned?
A. There was a scratch C. The color was wrong
B. The cover was broken D. The programming function was broken
9. Why did Matt Greer use Audios Etc.?
A. They offered him a good job C. They were recommended to him
B. They have good prices D. He recommended them