Eng: Yacin Ahmed Farah

Email:- yacin_ahmed_farah@univ.edu.dj
Contents

 Introduction, Definitions of civil engineering

 Introduction of main parts of civil Engineering

 Construction materials

 Infrastructures in Djibouti
• includes:- - Theoretical lectures
- tutorials
- visit work sites
Learning outcome

 Provide students with an understanding of the relationship

between their lower division math and science to the practice of Civil
Engineering.

 Introduce students to the design process for Civil Engineering

component systems.

 Provide students with an introduction into team building and the

requirements for team participation.

 Introduce students to the global implications of Civil Engineering

practice.
 What is engineering ?
Why/how did you select engineering study as your major?

1. I did well in math and or science

2. My mother told me “be an engineer or die”
3. My father and brother are engineers
4. I have always been curious as to how thing work
5. I heard that the salaries are higher than for the other majors.

“Students answers”
 What is engineering ?
 The word engineer originates from latine term enginerare
meaning to invent , to create , or to regulate . It is the professional
atr of applying scientific principles to the optimum conversion of
the resources of nature for use the humankind.
 Definition of engineering:
The accreditation board for engineering and technology (ABET)
defines engineering as “the profession in which a knowledge of
the mathematical and natural science gained by study
,experience ,and practice is applied with judgment to develop
ways to utilize, economical , the materials and forces of natures
for the benefit of mankind
 So, what engineers do?!!!!
1. Design products
2. Design machinery to build those products.
3. Design plants in which those products are made
4. Design the systems that ensure the quality and efficiency of the
manufacturing process.
5. Design plan and supervise the construction of buildings
,highways ,transit systems.
6. Develop and implement ways to extract , process and use raw
materials such as petroleum and natural gas.
7. Harness the power of the sun and wind to satisfy the nations
power needs
 Engineering is …………
 A profession
 Design
 Development
 Test
 Assembly/ production

Engineering is also
 Team work
 Communication
 Ethics
 Life long learning
All professionals are expected to keep up with the
changes / advances of their profession
Engineers need to keep up with the advances of science
and technology:

-New tools , measurement techniques,

- manufacturing methods
- new materials ,products
- new local , federal and environmental laws
 The engineering design process
1. Identify the need
2. Define the problem
3. Search
sketch
4. Constraints
5. Criteria
6. Design
7. Alternative solution
model
8. Analysis/test
9. Decision
10. Specifications
build
11. communication
 The Engineering design process
 engineering design is a process
 A process is a series of interdependent operations each one with a set
of input and out put requirements.

Basic process step

Input Value Add output

…..
 Engineers team
Questioning

Participating Respecting

Sharing
What are the main parties of engineering?

Civil engineering
mechanical engineering

Industrial engineering
electrical engineering
 Branches of engineering
There are many different branches of engineering. The main branches
of engineering (chemical, civil, electrical and mechanical) are briefly
described below along with some of the areas in which engineers from
each discipline may be employed. It should be noted that engineers
from all disciplines are employed in both research and teaching.

. Chemical engineering is primarily concerned with the

production of high-value materials from low-value natural resources,
which may be solids, liquids or gases.
Chemical engineering
.Civil engineers provide much of the physical infrastructure for
our modern society. Much of the work of civil engineers involves
the provision of essential services to support our modern style of
living, while still protecting our environment.
Civil engineers are responsible for public works that result in water
supply systems, sewerage, drainage and irrigation works, harbours,
airports, roads and railways.
.Electrical engineering is a term often used to include electronics,
computer systems, telecommunications control and electrical power.
Sometimes "electrical engineering" is used to mean just electric power
engineering. Electrical power engineers are concerned with the systems
and machines that generate, transmit, measure, control and use
electrical energy which is so essential to our modern way of life.
.Mechanical engineering and manufacturing engineering
cover the design and manufacture of a great variety of products such as
domestic appliances, industrial machinery, ships, aircraft, engines,
pumps, compressors and turbines.
The end
Part one
 What is civil engineering?

Sensor applications planning

Constructions
health monitoring
 What is civil engineering?
Civil engineering is every where…
Civil Engineering is composite of many specific
disciplines .
-structural.
-Environmental.
-Transportation
-Geotechnical
-Water resources
-Construction management
-
 Civil engineering
Civil engineering is arguably the oldest engineering discipline. It deals
with the built environment and can be dated to the first time someone
placed a roof over his or her head or laid a tree trunk across a river to
make it easier to get across.

 Civil engineering focuses on the infrastructure of the

world:

Water works, Sewers, Dams, Power Plants, Transmission Towers,

Railways, Highways, Bridges, Tunnels, Irrigation Canals, River
Navigation, Shipping Canals, Traffic Control, Mass Transit,
Airport Runways, Terminals, Industrial Plant Buildings, , etc.
 History of civil engineering
Civil Engineering has been an aspect of life since the beginnings of
human existence. at the beginning, Civil Engineering included all
engineers that did not practice military engineering .

civil engineering in the early civilizations:

the Egyptians
A general construction expert who was known as the king's "chief of
works“ was at top positions as the trusted advisors of the Egyptian kings.
The earliest known form of surveying, developed effective irrigation
systems, and built remarkable edifices (huge structures) of stone.
The first pyramid was the Step Pyramid at Sakkara, built by Imhotep as
a burial place for the ruler Zoser in about 2980 B.C.
 GREEKS
The Greek peninsula cut up by mountain ranges, land
communication was difficult. The first great harbor builders. The
first great harbor builders. Herodotus described a great breakwater
or mole that was constructed to protect the harbor at Samos. The
breakwater was 366 m long and was built in water 36 m deep.It is
the first recorded construction of an artificial harbor.

Architect Eupalinos of Megara built a1006-meter-long tunnel

cut through a 274-meter hill on the island of Samos. island of
Samos. The main tunnel, which was hand-chiseled through solid
limestone, was about 1.7 m in width and height.
1006-meter-long tunnel cut through a 274-meter hill
on the island of Samos
Roman builders contributions
developing improved methods of construction discovering and
using hydraulic cement hydraulic cement devising a number of
construction machines such as pile drivers, treadmill hoists,
and wooden bucket wheels
The Circus Maximum was a race course where games and
contests were held.
First “Civil Engineer” was an Englishman, John Smeaton in
1761
The Rensselaer Institute awarded the first civil engineering
degree in the United States in 1835. Four students were
granted the CE degree that year: William Clement, Jacob Eddy,
Edward Suffern and Amos Westcott

video
Relationship between civil engineering and other
engineering
 Mechanical and civil engineering
Beyond the basic scientific and mathematical foundation required
by all engineering disciplines, mechanical and civil engineering
have their own inevitable educational overlap. This overlap occurs
in both undergraduate and graduate education. Generally
speaking, the overlap lies in the two vast and diverse areas of
mechanics of solids and fluid mechanics.
Common undergraduate courses between mechanical
and civil engineering are:
1. Engineering Mechanics-Statics

2. Engineering Mechanics-Dynamics

3. Strength of Materials (also known as: Mechanics of Solids, or Structural

Mechanics)

4. Fluid Mechanics

5. Basics of the Finite Element Method (FEM)

 E electrical and civil engineering
Electrical engineering works with electrical and electronic
systems. Civil engineers work with structures and resource
control. When we have buildings without electricity, roads without
stoplights, and flood control without pumps, then the two engineers
will not be able to work without each other.
`
 Architecture and civil engineering

Both Civil Engineering and Architecture are involved in planning

and designing structures.
while Civil Engineering concentrates on the structural elements of
the design, making certain that the structure can endure normal
and extreme conditions.
Measurements, dimensions and unites
 Measurements
 There are different types of measurements that can be made in the
laboratory like mass, time, volume, and length.

 These measurements can be made using either the metric system

or the English system. The metric system is based on increments of
10.
1 base = 100 centibases “c” = centi
1 base = 1000 millibases “m” = milli 1 kbase = 1000
bases
1 base = 106 microbases “m” = micro k = kilo
1 base = 109 nanobases “n” = nano
 Unit Metric English
• There are different Length Meter (m) Inches (in) or
Feet (ft)
types of Mass Gram (g) Pounds (lb)
measurements that Volume Liters (L) Gallon (gal)

can be made in the Temperature Celsius (°C) and

Kelvin (K)
Fahrenheit (°F)

lab for length, mass, Area Square meters Square feet (ft2)
(m2)
volume, Time Seconds (s) Minutes (min) or
temperature, area, Hours (hr)

time, heat and Heat Calories (cal) or

Joules (J)
British Thermal
Units (BTU)
pressure. Pressure Atmospheres Pounds/sq in
(atm), Torr, (lb/in2)
A balance is used to measure mass in the laboratory.
Metric English
Mass gram pounds
g lb.....

Time is measured the same in both systems. A clock, wristwatch, or

stopwatch will be used in the laboratory.
Time seconds hour minutes
s hr min
 Metric English
A ruler is used to measure length.
Length meter inches, feet
m in ft
Area is defined as length x width, so a ruler is used.
Area square meter square feet
m2 ft2
Volume is defined as length x width x height so either a ruler or a
graduated cylinder can be used.
Volume Liter or cubic centimeter gallon, quart
L cm3 gal qt
temperature
• A physical property of matter that determines the direction of heat
flow.
• Temperature is measured with a thermometer.

Measured on three scales.

Fahrenheit oF oF = (1.8 oC) + 32

Celsius oC oC = (oF - 32)/1.8

Kelvin K K = oC + 273.15
Simple examples
• Putting it all together:
Length (variable in a math equation = L )
 symbol for units: cm stands for centimeter, mm is millimeters,
mm is micrometer, & nm is nanometer.

Mass (variable “m”)

 symbol for units: cg stands for centigram, mg is milligram, mg is
microgram, & ng is nanogram.

Volume (variable “V”)

 symbol for units: cL stands for centiliter, mL is milliliter, mL is
microliter, & nL is nanoliter.
 Since two different measuring systems exist, a scientist must be
able to convert from one system to the other.

conversions
Length  1 in = 2.54 cm
1 mi = 1.61 km
Mass  1 lb.... = 454 g
 1 kg = 2.2 lb....

Volume  1 qt = 946 mL
 1 L = 1.057 qt
 4 qt = 1 gal
 1 mL = 1 cm3
1. Let’s try converting 15.0 mL (microliters) into L (liters).
15.0 mL  L
Start with what is given and then immediately write a set of
parentheses after the measurement:
15.0 mL ( ______)
Next ask yourself: “Do I want mL?” If the answer is no then get rid
to mL by dividing by that unit, that is, place it in the bottom of the
parenthesis.
15.0 mL(_______) =
mL
Now ask yourself, “What do I want?” In this case it is liters (L)
so the unit “L” should be placed in the numerator (top).
15.0 mL (____ L__) =
mL
Lastly place the correct numbers with the appropriate unit.
Then plug the number into your calculator and the problem
is solved.
15.0 mL(__1 L__) = 1.5 x 10-5 L
1x106 mL
 conversions
Convert the following:
1. 28.0 m  mm
To convert from m to mm you need to look up the relationship between meters
(m) to millimeters (mm). There are 1000 mm in 1 m.
28.0 m ( 1000 mm ) = 28.0 x 103mm
1m
Remember to ask yourself, do you want meters? No? Then get rid of it by placing it on the
bottom in the parenthesis. What do you want? mm? Then put it on top in the parenthesis.
This is Dimensional Analysis.
2. 65.9 lb  kg
Looking up the conversion, there are 2.2 lb. for every 1 kg.
65.9 lb ( 1 kg ) /2.2 lb = 30.0 kg
Convert the following:
1. 7.00 in3  mL
There is no direct conversion from in3 to mL so now you will have
to develop a multi-step process that will start with in3 and end
with mL. If you memorize that 1 mL = 1 cm3, this problem
becomes easy. All you need to look up is the relationship between
in and cm.
1 in = 2.54 cm 1 mL = 1 cm3
7.00 in3 ( 2.54 cm )3 ( 1 mL ) = ?
1 in 1 cm3
Place the conversion inside the parenthesis and the cube on the
outside. Then cube the number inside the parenthesis.
7.00 in3 ( 16.387 cm3 ) ( 1 mL ) = 114.7 mL
1 in3 1 cm3
Now it is time to apply these techniques to word problems. Nothing
changes but it helps if you separate the words from the numbers.
Therefore your first step should be to make a list.

1. How many miles will a car drive on 23.0 L of gasoline if the car
averages 59.0 km/gal?
mi = ? 23.0 L 59.0 km / gal
Note that mi & km are units for length and L & gal are units
for volume. Looking at the units you should notice that you
will need to convert km to mi and L to gal so list the
conversion factors you will use. You can only convert units of
the same measurement type (You can not directly convert km
to gal, unless there is an additional stipulation connecting the
two units like the 59.0 km/gal.
1 mi = 1.61 km 1 L = 1.0567 qt 4 qt = 1 gal
Always start with the single unit measurement:
23.0L (1.0567 qt ) (1 gal) ( 59.0 km ) (_1 mi_) = 223mi
1L 4 qt 1 gal 1.61 km
 Dimensional Consistency
Area = length x length
The dimensions of area = (length ) 2
Or
[Area ] =[L][L] = [L]2

Similarly , [velocity ] = = = [LT -1]

[acceleration ] = = [LT -1] = LT -2

[T ]
[ Force] = [mass] x [acceleration] = [M][LT-2] = [MLT-2]

[Work] = [force]X[ distance] =[ MLT-2 ][L] = [ML2T-2]

[power] = = = ML2T-3]
Example
_____1. Water boils at 212 oF, what is the boiling point of water in oC
and in Kelvin?
_____2. Convert 35.0 g to cg
_____3. Convert 45.0 kJ to cal
_____4. Convert 29.0 lb to mg
_____5. Convert 15.0 gal to L
_____6. How many liters of gasoline will be used to drive 950 miles
in a car that averages 27.8 miles per gallon?
_____7. Calculate the volume, in liters, of a box that is 5.0 cm long by
6.0 inches wide by 6.0 mm high.
The end