A. Stresses On Inclined Planes: Maximum Normal Stress

A.
STRESSES ON INCLINED PLANES
When a bar of cross-sectional area A is subjected to an axial load P, the normal stress P/A acts on the
cross section of the bar. Let us now consider the stresses that act on plane a-a, that is inclined at the
angle θ to the cross section, as shown in Fig. 1.9(a). Note that the area of the inclined plane is A/cosθ.
To investigate the forces that act on this plane, we consider the free-body diagram of the segment of
the bar shown in Fig. 1.9(b). Because the segment is a two-force body, the resultant internal force
acting on the inclined plane must be the axial force P, which can be resolved into the normal component
Pcosθ and the shear component Psinθ.
NOTE: From the above equations
At 𝛉 = 𝟎°:
𝛔𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝐏/𝐀 maximum normal stress
τ=0
At 𝛉 = 𝟒𝟓°:
Strength of Materials/Mechanics of Deformable Bodies | 1
𝛕𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝐏/𝟐𝐀 maximum shear stress
B. COMPLEMENTARY STRESSES
By replacing 𝛉 with 𝛉 + 90°, we obtain the stresses acting on

plane a’-a’, which is perpendicular to a-a, as illustrated in Fig.
1.10(a):
P
σ′ = cos 2 (θ + 90°); identity: 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛉 + 90°) = -sin𝛉
A
P
σ′ = (−sinθ)2
A
𝐏
𝛔′ = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝛉
𝐀
P
τ′ = sin2(θ + 90°); identity: 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐(𝛉 + 90°) = -sin𝟐𝛉
2A
𝐏
𝛕′ = − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝛉
𝟐𝐀
Because the stresses act on mutually perpendicular, or ‘‘complementary’’ planes, they are called
complementary stresses. The traditional way to visualize complementary stresses is to draw them on
a small (inﬁnitesimal) element of the material, the sides of which are parallel to the complementary
planes, as in Fig. 1.10(b). When labeling the stresses, we made use of the following important result
that follows:
𝛕′ = −𝛕
The shear stresses that act on complementary planes have the same magnitude but opposite
sense.
❖ Working Stress/Allowable Stress (𝛔𝐰 )

- largest value of stress that can be safely carried by the material
Design criterion: σ < 𝛔𝐰

EXAMPLE:
1. The tensile member, 50 mm x 75 mm in cross-section is subjected to a load P = 200 kN. The

inclined plane makes an angle of 15° with the x-axis.
a. What is the tensile stress at the inclined section?
b. What is the shear stress at the inclined plane?
c. What is the maximum tensile stress at the inclined section?
d. What is the maximum shear stress at the inclined plane?
SOLUTION:
P
a. σ = cos 2 θ
A
200 x 103
σ= cos 2 (15°)
50 x 75
𝛔 = 𝟒𝟗. 𝟕𝟔 𝐌𝐏𝐚
P
b. τ = sin2θ
2A
200 x 103
τ= sin(2x15°)
2(50 x 75)
𝛕 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟑𝟑 𝐌𝐏𝐚
c. For σmax , θ = 0°:

σmax = P/A
200 x 103
σmax =
50 x 75
𝛔𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝟓𝟑. 𝟑𝟑 𝐌𝐏𝐚
d. For τmax , θ = 45°:

200 x 103
τmax = 2(50 x 75)
𝛕𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟔𝟕 𝐌𝐏𝐚

C. BEARING STRESS
Bearing stress is the contact pressure between the separate bodies. It differs from compressive stress,
as it is an internal stress caused by compressive forces.
Example of bearing stress:
The soil pressure beneath a pier and the contact pressure between a rivet and the side of its hole. If
the bearing stress is large enough, it can locally crush the material, which in turn can lead to more
serious problems. To reduce bearing stresses, engineers sometimes employ bearing plates, the
purpose of which is to distribute the contact forces over a larger area.
As an illustration of bearing stress, consider the lap joint formed by the two plates that are riveted
together as shown in Fig. 1.12(a). The bearing stress caused by the rivet is not constant; it actually
varies from zero at the sides of the hole to a maximum behind the rivet as illustrated in Fig. 1.12(b).
The difficulty inherent in such a complicated stress distribution is avoided by the common practice of
assuming that the bearing stress sb is uniformly distributed over a reduced area. The reduced area
𝐀𝐛 is taken to be the projected area of the rivet:
𝐀𝐛 = 𝐭𝐝
where:
t = thickness of the plate
d = represents the diameter of the rivet as shown in the FBD of the upper plate in Fig. 1.12(c). From
this FBD we see that the bearing force Pb equals the applied load P (the bearing load will be reduced
if there is friction between the plates), so that the bearing stress becomes:
𝐏𝐛 𝐏𝐛
𝛔𝐛 = =
𝐀𝐛 𝐭𝐝

EXAMPLES:
1. Assume that a 20-mm-diameter rivet joins the plates that are each 110 mm wide. The
allowable stresses are 120 MPa for bearing in the plate material and 60 MPa for shearing of
rivet. Determine
a. the minimum thickness of each plate
b. the largest average tensile stress in the
plates
SOLUTION:
P
a. τ = π 2
d
4
P
60 = π
2
4 (20)
P = 6,000π N
Pb
σb =
Ab
6,000π
120 =
t(20)
t = 7.85 mm
say t = 8 mm
P
b. σ = A
6,000π
σ=
110(8) − 20(8)
𝛔 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟏𝟖 𝐌𝐏𝐚
2. A steel pipe column is supported on a circular steel base plate and a concrete pedestal.
Given:
Axial load = 800 kN
Column outside diameter = 260 mm
Allowable compressive stress = 55 MPa
Allowable bearing stress on the pedestal = 10 MPa
a. What is the minimum required thickness of the column based on the allowable compressive
stress?
b. What is the minimum required diameter of the base plate?

SOLUTION:
P
a. σ = A
P
σ= π
2 2
4 (D − d )
800 x 103
55 = π
2 2
4 (260 − d )
800 x 103
2602 − d2 = π
( )
4 55
800 x 103
d2 = 2602 − π
( )
4 55
d2 = 49,080.15208
d = 221.54 mm
D = d + 2t
260 = 221.54 + 2t
t = 19.23 mm
say t = 20 mm
Pb
b. σb = Ab
Pb
σb = π
2
4d
800 x 103
10 = π 2
4d
800 x 103
d2 = π
4 (10)
d2 = 101,859.1636
d = 319.15 mm
say d = 320 mm

A. Stresses On Inclined Planes: Maximum Normal Stress

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A.

STRESSES ON INCLINED PLANES

NOTE: From the above equations

𝛔𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝐏/𝐀 maximum normal stress

By replacing 𝛉 with 𝛉 + 90°, we obtain the stresses acting on

❖ Working Stress/Allowable Stress (𝛔𝐰 )

Strength of Materials/Mechanics of Deformable Bodies | 2

1. The tensile member, 50 mm x 75 mm in cross-section is subjected to a load P = 200 kN. The

c. For σmax , θ = 0°:

d. For τmax , θ = 45°:

Strength of Materials/Mechanics of Deformable Bodies | 3

Example of bearing stress:

t = thickness of the plate

Strength of Materials/Mechanics of Deformable Bodies | 4

Column outside diameter = 260 mm

Allowable compressive stress = 55 MPa

Allowable bearing stress on the pedestal = 10 MPa

Strength of Materials/Mechanics of Deformable Bodies | 5

Strength of Materials/Mechanics of Deformable Bodies | 6

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