Politics and Governance Guide

Politics and Governance | 2nd Term • PPT • Module
Legal System III. Politics as Compromise & Consensus

According to Raymond Wacks (2008) - seen as a particular means of
- lies in the heart of the society resolving conflict, by compromise,
protecting rights conciliation & negotiation rather than
- imposing duties through force & naked power
- establishing a framework for the - what is implied when politics is
conduct of almost every social, portrayed as “the art of the possible”
political & economic activity
- endeavors to achieve justice, IV. Politics as Power
promote freedom, uphold the rule of - sees politics at work in all social
law & protect security activities & in every corner of human
existence
Understanding Politics - at its broadest, it concerns the
production, distribution & use of
- the activity through which people make,
resources in the course of social
preserve & amend the general rules
existence
under which they live
- in essence, the ability to achieve a
- defined in different ways:
desired outcome through whatever
a. exercise of power
means
b. science of government
c. making of collective decision
Science
d. allocation of scarce resources
e. practice of deception & manipulation - Latin word meaning “to know”
- any form of systematic knowledge on
According to Heywood, it is based on: specific field
- baseline of human knowledge
I. Politics as the Art of the Government
- what takes place within a polity, a Politics
system of organization centered on - Greek word: “Polis” meaning “city” and
the machinery of government “Poli” meaning “many”
- therefore practiced in cabinet rooms, - Laswell, 1958: “Who gets what, when &
legislative chambers, government how”
department & the like - New approach: act of living & working
- engages in by a limited & specific together
group of people, notably politicians, - Easton, 1953: “Political Acts” as those
civil servants & lobbyists that “authority allocate values in a
society”
II. Politics as Public Affairs
- an alternative “public/private” divide
Political Science
is sometimes defines in terms of a - “the study of the state & government”
further & a more subtle distinction - from the Greek word:
between “the political” & “the “polis” meaning “city-state or
personal: sovereign state”
- although civil society can be “ciencia” meaning “knowledge/study"
distinguished from the state, it - from the Latin word:
nevertheless contains a range of “Scire” meaning “to know”
institutions, operating to which the
- political behavior, who gets what, when,
public has access.
where & how
- begins & ends with the state
Public Private - based on De Leion 1999, it is the
The state: apparatus of Civil society: autonomous systematic study of state & government
government bodies – businesses, trade
- the study of man in the process of
unions, clubs, families
governing himself
Realm: politics, Realm: family & domestic
- deals with the general problem of the
commerce, work, art, life
culture & so on state & government
Politics and Governance | 2nd Term

- branch of social sciences that: 3. Deals with those relationship among men
a. control people & groups that are subject
b. elect leaders a. to control by the state with relation
c. opinion their voters of men & groups
d. help their citizens to know their b. to the state itself & the relations of
responsibilities in the society
state to the other state
Nature of Political Science

o People as the Focal of all areas of
- Political Science has Scientific nature Politics, Government & Constitution:
- Politics can be studied in a systematic
manner human individual is the revolving acting of
- Political Science, like other sciences, has state, it is to people why there is an existent
absolute & universal laws laws
- It is possible to make predictions in politics
o Basic reason why law exits:
- It is said that experimentation is possible in
politics the right is vested to & simply denotes that
he/she is the main actor & recipient
Importance of Political Science :
Scope of Political Science:
1. To discover the principles that should be
adhered to in public affairs and to study o to study the past things that happened
the operations of the government & use it correctly in the present &
2. Its findings can be used in seeking determine what the future will say
resolutions to immediate situations about
3. To be able to deal with social and o normally, a lay man associate politics
economic problems and other matters of with the party politics but we should
public and private concerns know that politics is much larger than
4. A Political Science course should be that
viewed by the students as a part of Liberal o implies its area of study
education that contributes towards making
him a whole man. History/ Development of PolSci
5. Primary objective in college is to educated

o Aristotle
students for citizenship during the 14th century BC (384-322 BC) wrote
Politics (335-332 BC) the first systematic work on
6. It gives the students civic skills & humane
political affairs
ideals requisite for responsible participation
in the political & social life of democracy won him the title of “Father of Political
Science”
7. Knowledge of Political Science prepares
students for careers in law, foreign service, o Niccolo Machiavelli
public administration, politics, teaching, “Father of Modern Political Science”
economic, etc.
wrote “The Prince” a handbook for rulers in
8. It provides a wide background for those the art of government
intending to take up these careers
o Prof. Francis Liber
9. It helps to equip them with intellectual
wrote “Manual of Political Ethics” the first
resources that will catapult them to greater
systematic treatise in political science
heights of human achievements & make
their human existence more meaningful & Stages in the Study of PolSci
satisfying
1. Religious State
Science of Politics
- the government, its leaders & laws was
1. The basic knowledge & understanding of considered as divine or divinely inspired
the state, principles & ideals which - began during the prehistoric era (before
underlie its organizations & activities recorded history) & continued as long as
2. Primarily concerned with the association the divine right king was supported (18 th
of human beings into “body politic” or century)
political community

- the government, it’s leaders & law Areas of Political Science

was considered as divine/divinely
1Political 6
inspired Theory Government & Business
2Public 7Legislatures
Law & Legislation
(e.g. early datus of pre-spanish Philippines 8International
a. Constitutional Relations, Law
believed that their power to rule came b. Administrative & Organizations
from ”Bathala” or supreme being) c. International 9Comparative Government
3Public Institution
4
Political Dynamics
5Political Institution
Four Zones:
1 3
Political Theory Politcal Institution
2 4
Political Dynamics International Relations
1. Political Theory
- deals with the entire body of doctrines
relating to the origin, form, behavior &
purpose of the state
- analyses fundamental political
concepts (e.g. power, democracy &
2. Metaphysical State foundation questions: How should the
- considered as a human institution & individual & the state relate?)
therefore absolute (cannot be changed) - differs from other subfield in political
- considered as a human institution (no science that deals primarily with
longer divide) but almost worshipped as a historical & normative rather than
perfect institution empirical analysis
- began with the ancient greeks, Aristotle & - deals with the definition & fundamental
Plato thought that the state was the concept of political science:
means to develop the highest potential a. state e. equality
of the individual b. government f. justice
- claimed that “Man is by nature a political c. law g. sovereignty
animal” & that the state was established d. liberty
for the greatest good of the greatest
number of citizens 2. Public Law
- regulate the structure & administration
Plato
- his political philosophy expounded The of the government
Republic & Laws an attempt to - the conduct of government in its
describe the ideal state in terms of relation with its citizens
theory of justice - the responsibilities of government
- a firm critic of democracy employees & with foreign government
- exerted wide influence on Christianity - must be enforced by some aspect of
& European culture government interference/intrusion
3. Modern State o Organization of governments

o Limitations upon government authority
- state was deemed & capable of o Power & Duty of government offices &
being improved by rulers & subject offices
according to certain principles & laws
- considered as a human institution but Subdivisions of Public Law:
was deemed capable of being
improved by rulers & subjects a. Constitutional Law: fundamental law of
the land that defines the powers of the
according to certain principles & laws
government
- ushered by Niccolo Machiavelli

b. Administrative Law: fixes the organization 7. Legislatures & Legislations

& determines the competence of the - a branch of political science that
administrative authorities that regulate the
brings into the political limelight the
methods by the function of the government are
performed
vital role that the legislature plays in
making laws
c. International Law: the body of rules that
regulate the community of nations Legislation: an intricate process & as a
separate course, can be expanded to
describe a clear view of what the legislature
3. Public Institution
is, its structure & organization
- concerned with a study of formal
political institution such as the state & 8. International Relations, Law, &
instrument through which it runs the Organizations
government - involves inquiries into the foreign policy of
nation states in their mutual relationship
4. Public Administration on the different forces: geographical,
technological, economic, demographic,
-houses the implementation of
psychological & political that contribute to
government policy & academic
the shaping of the policy
discipline & prepares civil servants for
this work International Relations (IR) or
- field of inquiry with a diverse scope International Studies (IS):
- fundamental goal: to advance the study of relationship between countries,
management & policies so that the including the role of states:
government can function a. intergovernmental organization (IGOs)
a. management of public programs b. international non-governmental
b. translation of politics into reality that organizations (INGOs)
citizens see everyday c. non-government organizations (NGOs)
c. the study of government decision d. multinational corporations (MNCs)
making, analysis of the policies draw intellectual materials from the fields of
themselves, the various inputs that have technology, engineering, economics & history
produced them & necessary inputs to
produce alternative policies 9. Comparative Government
- study uses descriptive among states as
5. Political Dynamics regards their executive, legislative &
- studies in political science concerned judicial bodies, their constitutions, laws,
with the interplay of different societal administrative organizations, foreign
forces that influence political decision & politics, political parties and processes,
action economic, social and political
- forces maybe economic, social, functions, and their cultures and
political, moral/religious, education & traditions
cultural in nature
Comparative politics: a subfield of political
- refers to the forces & process at work in
science characterized by an empirical
government & politics approach based on the comparative
- influence & explain political action method
- includes the study of political parties
6. Government & Business

- gives emphasis to governmental
exercise of corporate or business &
regulatory function affecting the
national economy
- in the Philippines, it is a mixed market,
the government asserts itself through
imposing regulation in the conduct of
business & corporations

Approaches f. Developmentalism
gives attention to the issues such as:
a. Traditional e. Behaviouralism
b. Philosophical f. Developmentalism i. changes in the form of government &
c. Institutionalism g. Political System military
d. Legalistic ii. expansion of political institution of the
state
used to explore & explain certain political iii. National investment & development
situation or event iv. development of the rule & regulations
used to explain the conditions of a society in v. distribution of national resources such
a state, international politics & examined the as money, capital goods, industrial
behavior of individual, group or political products & manpower
institution vi. conflicts in society & social problems
a. Traditional g. Political System

can be analyzed in two aspects introduced by David Easton (1979)
i. the actions or activities by the society
ii. process of data collection & distributing
information
b. Philosophical
- emphasized on political ideas,
concepts, doctrine & theories
- important to find the answers for any
issues or problems relating social,
economical & political
→ Aristotle, Hobbes, Karl Marx & Plato
Is Political Science a Science?
c. Institutionalism advocates of the scientific approach argue
- focuses on government institution as follows:
- corruption or misuse of power: - human behavior is complex
legislative, executive & judicial body - behavior patterns/regularities can be
Montesquieu: Theory of Separation of Power discovered & verified through careful,
systematic observations
d. Legalistic - on the basis of these observations & use
- study of political sci to the legal system of statistics & mathematics laws can be
- this approach views political science as formulated on how politics operates
the primary study of constitutions &
legal codes
Political Science Social Science
- this approach as simple as historical
study Deals with the actors, Deals on societies & its
systems of governance, relationship among
e. Behaviouralism theories & thoughts of individuals within those
various Philosophers societies
emphasized on study of these matters:
i. actual behaviour of human in political
process
ii. role & participation of people or
individual in political, utilized the scientific
study in order that the
iii. process of exploring will be systematically
planned & arranged

Subfields of Political Science e. Anthropology

(interrelated to Social Science)
“study of human’s past & present”
1 5
History Anthropology
2
Economics 6
Geography to understand the complexity of culture
3 7 across all human history, it draws knowledge
Sociology Philosophy
4 8 from social & biological sciences as well as
Psychology Jurisprudence
humanities & physical sciences
a. History Anthropologists (family-clain-nation)
when political scientists make a study of - believe that the state evolved from the
family from the clan into bigger or more
state and its political institutions, they
extensive groupings and finally the nation,
depend on history in knowing its origin, its
bound by communities and goals
growth and development, and its institutions
an analysis of the causes and factors that f. Geography
influence the state’s growth and
development makes it necessary for political It is very useful in the study of political
writers to rely on historical facts science, especially those aspects related to
external political problems, frontiers or
branch of knowledge that records &
boundaries, national power, and trade
analyzes past events
relations, which have led to galvanization of
“history has a long-range perspective” regional arrangements or associations
-Elizabeth Gurley Flynn
g. Philosophy
b. Economics
Political Philosophy has presented to man
by employing economic approach, a
alternative visions of the state.
student of Polsci gains an insight into the
economic conditions of the state The study of political science lacks substance
the social science that studies economic activity without political philosophy infusing certain
to gain an understanding of the processes that values in the political theories
govern the production, distribution &
consumption of goods in a country h. Jurisprudence
c. Sociology (study of society) the science of law, concerned primarily with

the analysis of existing legal system as well as
students in this field must have a clear
the ethical, historical, sociological and
understanding of how the state exercises its
psychological foundation of the law.
power and authority over its citizens
why such an exercise is balanced by the The law and the state are inseparable.
citizens and other groups of individuals in the
The nature of law, whether it be “the nature
enjoyment of their liberties and freedoms
law” or the “divine law”, and the statues
combination of “Socio” meaning “Society” enacted by legislatures is indispensable to
and “logy” meaning “to study” the political scientist.
involves both formal & informal behaviors of
Political science provides law practitioners
people
and the jurist’s knowledge and information
d. Psychology on the nature of the state and government
to have a better insight and understanding
the study of political dynamics where of the fundamental character of the law
students learn a lot about the operation of
political parties to achieve their main goal of
controlling the government
an academic & applied discipline that
involves the scientific study of mental
functions behaviors

Basic Methodology of Political Science 5. Method of Analogy

1
Observational Method
- an inductive method used by Herbert
2
Experimental Method
Spencer
3 - state & organism posses the sustaining,
Historical Method
4 distributaries & regulating systems
Comparative Method
5
- both exhibit the same process of
Method of Analogy
6
development
Statistical/Quantitative Method
7
Philosophical Method
8
6. Statistical or Quantitative Method
Analytical Method
- attempts to describe & measure in
quantitative terms
1. Observational Method - especially applied to the study of
- may be best employed, in determining political parties & public opinion
the voting behavior of the electorate - extended to the study of comparative
where election statistics & opinion polls government & international relations
are measures used to predict the
election winner 7. Philosophical Method
- based on direct observation & reflection, - the deductive method implies
helps in arriving at certain political reasoning for developing a particular
principles number of general principles or
propositions are assumed to be true
2. Experimental Method - investigation starts from some abstract
- it can never be repeated original idea about human nature and
- political researcher every change in the draws deduction from that idea as to
government structure, law or policy has the nature of the State
significance as it is the result of the - attempts to harmonize its theories with
experiment the actual facts of history
3. Historical Method 8. Analytical Method

- enlightens the students of politics on the - field of endeavor is aimed at
origin & evolution of the state & its discovering the significant or essential
institutions by seeking to explain what elements of political institutions in an
they are & what they will be attempt to analyze/examine their worth,
value & how they work
Gilchrist remarks:
“The source of experiments of political science is
history, they rest on observation & experience. State
Laski, must be an effort to codify the results of - a community/group of persons more or
experience in the history of state” less numerous, permanently occupying a
definite portion of territory, independent
4. Comparative Method
of external control
- from this focus, students can draw - possessing an organized government to
similarities & differences in the structures which the great body of its inhabits
and systems of the government of these render habitual obedience
countries, in their laws and constitutions,
in their judicial systems, in their LGU,
electoral processes, political parties and
even in the culture and customs of their
peoples
- have existed in the past to assemble a
definite body of material from the
investigator, by selection, comparison &
elimination may discover the ideal types
& progressive forces of political history

Four elements of State 3. Government

- agency through which the will of state is
1 3
People Government formulated, expressed & carried out
2 4
Territory Sovereignty - the agency or instrumentality through
which the will of the State is formulated,
expressed and realized
1. People
- refers to the large number of inhabitants our Constitution, however, requires our
within the state government to be democratic and
- as a requisite for Statehood, there republican
should be an adequate number for self-
Sec 1 Art II
sufficiency and defense; of both sexes
The Philippines is a democratic & republican
for perpetuity state. Sovereignty resides in the people and all
- different meaning as used in 1987 government authority emanates from them
Constitutions:
Republican
a. Inhabitants (sec 2, Art III & sec 1 Art XIII)
- one wherein all government authority
b. Citizens (sec 1 & 4, Art II & sec 7 Art III) emanates from the people
c. Electors (sec 4, Art VII) - exercised by representatives chosen by
Difference between Citizenship & Nationality the people
Citizenship Nationality Democratic: emphasizes that the Philippines

has some aspects of direct democracy such as:
Legal/Juristic Ethnic/Racial
Can be changed or Absolute, Innate a. Initiative
taken back the power of people to propose
amendments to the Constitution or
Citizens: based on Malcom propose & enact legislations through an
“A people bound together by common election
attractions and repulsions into a living
organism possessed of a common pulse, a b. Referendum
common intelligence and inspiration, and the power the electorate to approve or
destined apparently to have a common reject a legislation through an election
history and a common fate.” called for the purpose
4. Sovereignty
2. Territory - power of the state to command &
- includes not only land over which the
enforce obedience its will from people
state exercises control but also the rivers
- the supreme and uncontrollable
& lakes therein certain area of sea
power innate in a State by which that
which borders on its coasts & the air
State is governed
space above them
The National Theory: Sec 1 Art I *Sovereignty & Independence can be used
interchangeably for a state cannot be
The national territory comprises the Philippine
archipelago, with all the islands and waters sovereign if it is not independent
embraced therein, and all other territories over
which the Philippine has Sec 1 Art II: Sovereignty resides in the people
and all government authority emanates from
a. sovereignty or jurisdiction, consisting of its them
terrestrial
b. fluvial and aerial domains, including its Independence
territorial sea, the seabed, the subsoil, the
insular shelves, and other submarine areas.” - when a country is free from external
domination or control from a foreign
Components of Philippine Territory: power
o Terrestrial = Land - synonymous with external sovereign
o Fluvial = Internal waters - the power of a State to manage its
o Aerial domains = Aerospace external affairs without direction or
o Marine = external waters both surface &
inference form another State
sub-aquatic

Sovereign/Sovereignty o State
- a country’s legitimate government is able - a political concept, legal fiction
to assert its authority & enforce its will on - has perpetual existence as long as its
its people four elements: (1) people, (2) territory,
- the broader term (3) government, (4) sovereignty, are
- with two aspects: intact
a. Internal: freedom of the state to manage - it is possible for a single state to made
its own affairs up of more than one nation
b. External: freedom of the state to direct its United States (US)
foreign affairs “melting pot” of many nations that eventually
combined into “American nation”
State concerning with State
- Present Form of the State
o Nation
- Historical Form
- Ideal Form of the State - an ethnic concept
- a sociological characteristic such as
Ideal State a. common racial origin
b. common language
- the state should act as the “trustee” of
c. common religion
the people
d. common historical experience
- it should hold people power as a trust
e. cultural & social tradition or
for welfare of people
common beliefs & creed
- it should not consider people as
- includes states such as: Egypt, Iraq,
helpless subject, but as co-rulers in its
Saudi, Lebanon, Jordan, etc. belong to
governance
Arab nation
Duties of the State
o Government
- Peace & order
- Political Harmony (Good laws) - the only agency through which the
- Social Justice state expresses its will
- Economic Development - a state cannot exist without a
government, but is possible to have
State Distinguished from Nation a government without a state
Theories on the Origin of the State

State Government
A legal, juristic or An ethnic or racial 1
Divine Theory/Divine Rights Theory
political concept concept 2
Social Contract Theory
One state may consist One nation may be 3
Force Theory
of one or more nations made up of several states
4
Natural Theory
Principal Agent 5
Patriarchal Theory
6
Abstraction Externalize the will of Instinctive Theory
State
o Divine Theory/Divine Rights Theory
Cannot exist without Cannot exist without
government state - the state is of divine origin, all political
Cannot be changed so Can be changed authority emanates from God
long as the elements are - the oldest on the seven theories states
present that the authority to govern the people
was regarded by God upon rulers who
were regarded as the divine descent
Nasci: to be born indicates a relation of birth
or origin & implies a common rase

o Social Contract Theory 3. Internal Sovereignty

- the power of the State to control its
- states that men agreed among
domestic affairs
themselves to live under one civil
society or body politic
- a person surrendered his natural liberty 4. External Sovereignty
- the power of the State to direct its
but gained in return the protection &
relations with other States
civil rights guaranteed by the
government
Inherent Power of State
- state was formed by means of a social
contract of men who lived in a state of 1. Police Power
nature - power of the state to enact & enforce
laws to regulate property & liberty in the
promotion of the general welfare of the
o Force Theory
people
- the state has arisen through sheer
force
2. Power of Eminent Domain
- a tribe conquering other tribes to form - the power of the nation or a sovereign
a kingdom state to take, or to authorize the taking
- states comes into existence of of, private property for a public use
conquest, force or coercion without the owner's consent,
conditioned upon payment of just
o Natural Theory (Aristotelian Theory) compensation
- state is natural institution & not an 3. Power of Taxation
abstract of artificial being - power of the state to impose & collect
revenues for the operation of the
o Patriarchal Theory government
- state arose through the process of
evolution Purpose & Objectives of the State that the
Government seeks to Attain
At the beginning, the state evolved from
the smallest unit of society-the Family. 1. Domestic Order and Tranquility
Gradually, the family headed by a parent
seeks to achieve is the maintenance of
enlarged into a clan (a group of closely domestic order and tranquility
related families headed by a chieftain)
and later on, the clan expanded into a 2. Common Defense of the State
tribe, the government also undertakes to defend
- the tribe into a nation, and nation the state from external aggression
into state
3. Blessing of Liberty and Justice
o Instinctive Theory life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness are
- state was created because of the the inalienable rights of man.
natural inclination of men toward the freedom of association, freedom of
political association religion, and the rights of person accused of
crimes should not be subject to restraints
Four kinds of Sovereignty
4. Promotion of General Welfare
1. Legal Sovereignty
- the authority that has the power to the government undertakes this by performing
service functions like:
issue the final commands
- supreme law making power a. creation of essential public service
b. promotions of health and sanitation
2. Political Sovereignty c. regulations of business
- power behind the legal sovereign or d. dissemination of public information
e. other governmental activities
sum of the influences that operate
relative to the care of the general
upon it
interests and well-being of the state

5. Promotion of Public Morality Left & Right in Politics

government should set one code of moral
conduct for all, including public officers. Left Right
Anarchism Progressive Liberalism
it should set a high standard of morality in (e.g. Lib Derms)
running the affairs of the state
Revolutionary Socialism One nation Conservatives
(e.g. left of Conservative Party)
(e.g. Communism)
6. Act of Government
Democratic Socialism Traditional Conservatives
acts of the government done within the (e.g. Old Labour) (e.g. left of Conservative Party)
boundary of its power as agent are
considered acts of the state as principal Social Democrats Fascism (e.g. BNP
(e.g. New labour)
Concept of Ideology Middle: Environmentalism, Feminism
Ideology
- a comprehensive & logically ordered 1. Conservatism
set of beliefs about the nature of - importance of tradition
people, institutions & role of government - gradual social change
- human beings are imperfect & flawed
Political Ideology
- state’s role is to maintain order
- refers to a belief system that explains & - State opening of Parliament
justifies a preferred political order for - conservatives believe in hierarchy, order
society, either existing or proposed, and & tradition
offers a strategy (processes, institutions,
and programs) for its attainment Types of Conservatism:
1 2 3
Traditional One-nation Liberal
Political Ideologies
From the political perspective:
1 7
Conservatism Anarchism (LW) - Politics refers to the desire to maintain or
2
Liberalism 8Socialist/Socialism(LW)
conserve the existing order
3 9
Classical Liberalism Communism (LW)
4 10
Conservatives:
Modern Liberalism Fascism (RW)
5
Feminism 11
Nazism (RW) a. value the wisdom of the past
b. generally opposed to widespread
a. 1st Wave (191th & 12Post-ideological
early 20th century) Policies

reform
b. 2nd Wave (1960s to 1980s)
c. change modern political conservatism
emerged in the 19th century in reaction
c. 3rd Wave (early 1990s)
6
to the political & social changes
Environmentalism
Francois-Rene de Chateaubriand
Ideology - coined the term in 1815 which means “The
- Heywood, 2002: an interrelated set of Politics of the Right”
ideas that in some way guides or inspires Edmund Burke, Joseph de Maistre & others
political action - formulated the original tenets of European
- Dobson, 1992: a reasonably coherent Conservatism
structure of thought shared by a group of
Benjamin Disraeli (late 19th century)
people; a means of explaining how
- late 1955h century Prime Minister
society works & how it ought to work
- founder of one-nation conservatism
Some uses of the term see ideology as - a great conservative statesmen,
something negative, implying a distorted view exemplified the conservative tendency to
of reality (e.g. capitalist ideology, patriarchal resort to moderate reform & preserve the
ideology) foundation of the established order
Margaret Thatcher (PM 1979-1990)
- influenced by liberal conservative ideas

2. Liberalism
French Revolution: May 5, 1789 – Nov. 9
- individual freedom
1799
- equality of opportunity
- government by consent American Revolution: 1765 – 1783
- state’s tole is to safeguard freedom of - it was reasoned that if the natural order
individual produced perfection, society should
- has influence a variety of movement operate freely without interference from
concerned with equal rights for all the government
citizens
- progressive liberals argued that - marked the height of such thinking:
a. Adam Smith
individual freedom was only possible if
b. David Ricardo
the state intervened to alleviate
c. Jeremy Bentham
problems (e.g. proverly) d. John Stuart Mills
- a philosophy/movement that aims for
the development of individual freedom In Great Britain & United States, the classical
and self-expression liberal theory, including the principles and
representative government, the protection of
- the concept of liberty & freedom civil liberties, and laissez-faire economics, had
and programs of liberalism change been more or less affected by the mid-19th
in different periods century
- often opposed to liberalism is the The growth of industrial society produced
doctrine of conservatism, supports the great inequalities in wealth & power, that lead
maintenance of the status quo many persons especially workers to question
- seeks what is considered to be the liberal creeds
improvement/progress, necessary - the reaction to the failure of liberalism
desires to change the existing order to provide a good life for everyone
arose Marxism & worker’s movement
Types of Liberalism:
1 3
Classical Liberalism Neo-liberalism 4. Modern Liberalism
2
Progressive Liberalism
1905: liberal government introduced the first Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse (L.T. Hobhouse)
school meals & Thomas Hill Green (T.H. Green)
began to look to the sate to prevent
Nick Clegg: leader of the Liberal Democrat
oppression & advance the welfare of all
party
individuals
Thomas Hobbes: “Leviathan” Liberal thought was soon stating that the
government should be responsible for
John Locke: Father of Liberalism; “Natural providing the minimum conditions necessary
Rights” for decent individual existence
Jeans-Jacques Rousseau: “Social Contract
5. Feminism
Theory”
- seek to improve the political & social
3. Classical Liberalism economic position of women, since the
- stressed not only human rationality but belief of society & political system are
a. importance of individual property patriarchal
rights - social movements promote women’s
b. natural rights right, interests & issues
c. need for constitutional limitations a. First Wave Feminists (19th & Early 20th Century)
on government
- promoted equal contract & property
d. freedom of individual from any rights for women, opposing ownership of
kind of external restraint married women by their husbands
- drew upon the ideals of the - on late 19th century, they primarily
Enlightenment & doctrines of liberty focused on the right to vote
supported in the American and French - focused on issues of equality &
Rebvolutions discrimination
The Enlightenment | “Age of Reason”

- characterized by a belief in the natural
order & that natural laws should govern
society
“The Personal is Political” a. society is natural & people are

identified women’s cultural & political good but corrupted by artificial
inequalities as inextricably linked; institutions
encouraged women to understand how b. individual freedom
their personal lives reflect sexist power c. denial of any authority,
structures particularly of the state, that
hinders human development
b. Second Wave Feminism (1960s – 1980s)
Betty Friedan Industrial Revolutions
- anarchists opposed the concentration of
key player that wrote the book The Feminine economic power in business
Mystique in 1963, criticized the idea that
women could only find fulfillment only Zeno of Citium
through childrearing & homemaking - founder of Stoic philosophy
- Father if Anarchism
c. Third Wave Feminism (early 1990s) Middle Ages
- seeks to challenge the definitions of - the anarchist tradition was closely linked to
femininity that grew out of the ideas of utopian, millenarian religious movements
second-wave (argues that the second (e.g. Brethren of Free Spirit, 13th century &
wave over emphasized experiences of Anabaptists, 16th century)
upper middle class white women)
William Godwin, Pierre-Joseph
- sees woman’s live as intersectional, Proudhon (P.J. Proudhon)
demonstrating how: - outlines the philosophy of modern political
o race anarchism in the 18th & 19th century
o ethnicity
o class Mikhail Bakunin
o religion - attempted to orient the First international
o gender towards anarchism but was defeated by
o nationality Karl Marx
- gave modern anarchism a collectivist Y
are all significant factors when
violent tone that has persisted despite the
discussing feminism
revisionary efforts of Piotr Kropotkin & Leo
- examine issues related to women’s live Tolstoy
on international basis
Bolsheviks
Simone de Beauvior (1908-1986): - suppressed political anarchism in Russia
the second sex, the women destroyed after the Russian Evolution
Margaret Fuller (1810-1850): As an organized movement, anarchism is largely
Women in the Nineteenth Century, At home dead, but it retains importance as a philosophical
& abroad attitude and a political tendency, and to a lesser
degree as a source of social protest.
Rebecca Walker (1969-present):
salon, glamour
8. Socialist/Socialism(Leftist Wing)
- collectivism, equality
6. Environmentalism
- opposed to capitalism
- broad philosophy & social movement - human beings are capable of self
regarding concerns for environmental fulfillment if given the opportunity by
conservation & improvement of the society
state of the environment - applies to a wide range of political
- denominates a social movement that ideas ranging from Communism,
seeks to influence the political process inspired the Russian Revolution to Tony
by lobbying, activism & education to Blair’s Third Way
protect natural resources & ecosystem - political term applied to an economic
system where property is held in
7. Anarchism (Leftist Wing) common but not individually
- believes in not having a government - relationships are governed by a
- theory that equality & justice are to be political hierarchy
sought through the abortion of the state - involved the replacement of private
& substitution of free agreement property with market exchange but
between individuals history has proven this ineffective
- “market socialism” involves individual
- central to anarchist thought is the belief
that market exchanges organized by
collective planning

- hold that capitalism is an illegitimate 9. Communism (Leftist Wing)

economic system since it serves the - “Revolutionary Proletarian Socialism”
interests of the wealthy & allows the or “Marxism”
exploitation of lower classes - both political & economic philosophy
- enclosed with two primary writings:
The Labour government of 1945- 50
a. Principles of Communism:
nationalized key industries including coal,
Friedrich Engels
gas, electricity, water and railways
b. Communist Manifesto:
Primary goal of Socialism:
Karl Marx 1848
social equality & distribution of wealth based on
- to focus on class struggle &
one’s contribution to the society; economic
motivate the common people
arrangement that would serve the interest of
to riot
society as a whole
- designed to envision a model
government, who economics
People often confuse between “socialism”
would destroy the upper class
& “communism”
freeing from tyranny
- rebellion against the extreme
Socialism Communism poverty of the lower class
Communism encompasses socialism

Ten Essential Planks:
Economic systems Both economic & o Abolition of Private Property
political system o Heavy Progressive Income Tax
o Abolition of Rights of Inheritance
Types of Socialism: o Confiscation of property Rights
1 2 3 Central Bank
Revolutionary Democratic Social o
o Government Ownership of
Friedrich Engels communication & Transportation
- a French social theorist that developed a o Government Ownership Factories &
modern socialistic theory in the late 18th Agricultures
o Government Control of Labor
century
o Corporate Farms & Regional Planning
- advocated the elimination of production
o Government Control of Education
methods based on capitalism
- further exposed the idea of wealth & Communist Theory
- the only way to solve the problems existing
power redistribution based on the total
within capitalism is for the working class to
amount of work required for production &
overthrow the capitalist system in a wide-
an individuals contribution to that ranging social revolution
workload
- Working Class/ “The Proletariat:
Political movement who collectively constitute the main
- socialism includes a diverse array of political producer of wealth in society, and who are
philosophies: ranging from reformism to perpetually exploited and marginalized by
revolutionary socialism the capitalist class
Advocacy Communist usually involves insurrections
State Socialist Social Democrats of arms/guns & other weaponry
advocate for the advocate public Chinese Revolution:

Chinese Red Army & Chinese Nationalist Army
nationalization of the control of capital
means of production, within the framework Mao Zedong
distribution, and of a market economy - leader of the Communist Revolution in
exchange as a China
strategy for - Former Chairman of People’s Republic of
implementing socialism China (1949 – 1976)
Libertarian socialists and anarchists reject Vietnamese Revolution:
using the state to build socialism, arguing that Vietnam People’s Army vs. the United States
socialism will, and must, arise spontaneously Armed forces
- promote direct worker-ownership of the Ho Chi Minh

means of production alternatively - Vietnamese Revolutionary
through independent syndicates, - Former Prime Minister (1945-1955) &
workplace democracies, or worker President (1945-1969) of Vietnam
cooperatives No matter what specific form the communist
revolution takes:
- aim is for the working class to replace d. sought to convince all parts of the
the bourgeoisie as the ruling class to new German society to subordinate
establish a society without class their person interest for the
divisions, called socialism, as a prelude “common good”
to attempting to achieve the final e. accepting political interest as the
stage of communism main priority of economic
organization
Marxist Theory:
- a specific stage of Historical Development → tended to match the general
that inevitably emerges from the outlook of collectivism or
development of the productive forces that communitarianism rather than
leads to a superabundance of material economic socialism
wealth January 5, 1919
- allowing the distribution based on the needs - Nazi Party’s precursor, Pan-German
& social relations on freely associated nationalist & anti-Semitic German Party
individuals was founded
10. Fascism (Right Wing) National Socialist German Worker’s Party

- was renamed in early 1920s, to attract
- a form of far-right authorization
workers way from left wing parties such
ultranationalism characterized by as:
a. dictatorial power a. Social Democrats (SPD)
b. forcible suppression of opposition b. Communists (KPD)
c. strong regimentation of society & c. Adolf Hitler, assumed control of
economy that came to the organization
prominence in early 20th century “Meain Kampf” (My Struggle)
Europe - Hitler developed his political theories by
Bento Mussolini (1883 – 1945) carefully observing the policies of the
- went from Socialism (editor of Avanti, a Austo-Hungarian Empire
socialist newspaper) to the leader of the - he was born as a citizen of the empire &
new political movement (Fascism) believed that ethic & linguistic diversity
- came to power after the “March of Rome” has weakened it
in 1922 - saw democracy as a destabilizing force,
- appointed the Prime Minister by King Victor because it placed power in the hands of
Emmanuel ethnic minorities
→ had incentives to further weaken &
Fascism: after “face”, the symbol of bound destabilized the empire
sticks used as a totem of power in ancient
Rome
Government & Systems
First Fascist Movement:
Government
emerged in Italy during WW1 before spreading
to other European countries - the legislators, administrators & arbitrators
in the administrative bureaucracy
Opposed to liberalism, Marxism, and
anarchism, fascism is placed on the far-right
- control a state at a given time & system
within the traditional left-right spectrum of government by which they are
organized
11. Nazism (Right Wing)
Purpose & Necessity of the Government
- “National Socialism”
→ arose out of attempt to create a i. It need to exist for the benefit of
nationalist redefinition of “socialism” people
→ as an alternative to both: Marxist a. it protects live & property
international socialism & free market b. sets up & enforces rules and laws
capitalism c. settles disputes
- the politics of dictatorship that ruled d. in general advances the physical,
Germany from 1934 to 1945 (“The Third social, economic & cultural well
Reich”) being of its people
- commonly associated with Fascism
- claimed to expose a nationalist ii. Without this, there will be no one to
totalitarian form of socialism administer the affairs of the society for
the common good
Nazism rejected the Marxist concept of
a. Disorder, violence, & insecurity will
a. class conflict
prevail
b. universal inequality
c. cosmopolitan internationalism

b. Truth, freedom, justice, equality & o Aristocracy

human dignity which we take for government by relatively small privilege
granted cannot be enjoyed class or by a minority consisting of those felt
be best qualified to rule
12. Post-ideological Politics
Refers to a power structure where it is held
implies that political ideology is less
by mobility & inherited from family
important in politics today
can be seen because: o Oligarchy
o There are less clear ideological rule of the wealthy whose policy framework
differences between political parties is directed against the poor & marginalized
o Pressure group politics often does not government ruled by the few, especially
fit into traditional ideologies despotic power exercised by a small
(e.g. environmentalism) privileged group for corrupt & selfish
o Many political groups are concerned purposed
with single issues rather than a
Refers to a power structure where it is held
comprehensive ideology
by a small group of people with no
inheritance
Forms of Government
1
Monarchy
III. Democracy
a. Absolute, Arbitrary or Despotic Monarchy form o f government where sovereign power is
b. Limited Constitutional or Parliamentary vested in the majority of people
Monarchy
2
sovereign power rests in the hands of the
Aristocracy & Oligarchy
3
populace, but is exercised by representatives:
Democracy
either chosen by a popular vote/appointed by
a. Direct Democracy
those chosen
b. Representative Democracy
I. Monarchy a. Direct Democracy

form of government that vests the exercise of - people govern themselves directly
sovereign power in one person/ruler - legislation comes from them in mass
meetings
Types of Monarchial Government
- practices like initiative are reflective
a. Absolute, Arbitrary or Despotic of direct democracy
Monarchy - all laws & policies are created by a
not merely the titular head of the state but general vote of society
actually the sovereign;
his will is the law of the land with respect to all b. Representative Democracy
matters upon he has proclaimed - vests the sovereign power in the
the King/Queen has total control of their people but exercised by the
power and colonies representative chosen by a popular
b. Limited Constitutional or Parliamentary vote or appointed by those chosen
Monarchy - citizens vote on representative to
the power of the monarch is restricted by the create laws & policy on their behalf
prescriptions of a written constitutions or
fundamental written principles (in England)
the King/Queen has power but limited since
they share it with the parliament
II. Aristocracy & Oligarchy

form of government vests sovereign power
upon a few person, privileged classes
“It is the government by the few in their own
interest & more correctly by the wealthy”
-Aristotle

Features of Democracy Democracy, therefore, consists of more than

1
just political processes; it is also necessarily a
Effective Participation
2
system of fundamental rights
Equality in Voting
3
Informed Electorate
Classification of Democracy
4
Citizens control the Agenda
5
Each & every member of the demos is entitled to participate i. As to the source of Power
6
Fundamental Rights
Heredity
- the monarch inherits the crown according
o Effective Participation to the fixed rule of succession
- determined by either the constitution, act
Before a policy is adopted or rejected,
of parliament, rule of dynastic house, or
members of democracy have the family where it belongs
opportunity to make their views about
the policy known to other members Elective
- voters elect the monarch to order
o Equality in Voting
Members of the demos have the ii. As to how People is Distributed
opportunity to vote for or against the
policy, and all votes are counted are Unitary Federal Confederate
equal Concentrated Divided power Decentralized
power power
o Informed Electorate
Centralized Authority with Concentrated
Members of the demos have the authority people authority
opportunity, within a reasonable amount National People State
of time, to learn about the policy and government Government
about possible alternative policies and
their likely consequences
State State & National
Government National Government
o Citizens control the Agenda Government
The demos & only the demos, what
matters are placed on the decision- Unitary Government
making agenda and how they are the control of national and local affairs is
placed there exercised by the central or national
government
Thus, the democratic process is “open” in
the whole power of government is conferred
the sense that the demos can change
by the constitution upon a single organ or
the policies of the association at any time organs from which the local government
derives whatever authority or autonomy they
o Each & every member of the demos is possess, including their existence
entitled to participate in the associated
ways just describe Federal Government
the powers of government are divided
o Fundamental Rights between two sets of organs, one for national
Each of the necessary features of ideal affairs and the other for local affairs
democracy prescribes a right that is itself totality of government power is divided and
a necessary feature of ideal democracy: distributed by the constitution to the organized
thus every member of the demos: act between the central government and
governments of the individual states or to its
a. a right to communicate with others territorial divisions of which the Federal state
b. a right to have his voted counted composed
equally with the votes of others
c. a right to gather information
d. a right to participate on an equal
footing with other member
e. to exercise control of the agenda

Confederate Government iv. As to its Legality/Constitutionality

each member of the state of a confederation De Jure Government: has the general
retains its own sovereignty and has such a form support of the people and exist according to
of government as it chooses, there is a the constitutional or another legal process
common central government or organization
only or mainly for their mutual support and De facto Government: does not have the
defense general support of the people but not its
existence in accordance with the constitution
iii. As to how Government Function
Principles of Check & Balances
Paternalistic Government
- the state confers upon the legislature the 1. The lawmaking power of the congress is
power to terminate the tenure of office of checked by the President through its veto
the real executive power, which in turn may be overturned by
- promote the various means of improving the legislature.
the well-being of people
- function is not limited to restraining
2. Congress may refuse to give its
wrongdoing & protective private rights concurrence to an amnesty proclaimed by
the President and the Senate to a treaty
Individualistic Government
he has concluded.
- the state makes the executive
independent of the legislature as regards 3. The President may nullify a conviction in a
his tenure, policies and acts criminal case by pardoning the offender.
- government undertakes less regulatory (Article VII)
activities under the regime of laisse fair
- activities are limited to: 4. Congress may limit the jurisdiction of the
a. simple police function Supreme Court and that of inferior courts
b. maintain peace, order & security of and even abolish the latter tribunal.
society
c. both external & internal, protection 5. The Judiciary in general has the power to
of private rights declare invalid an act was done by
congress, the President ant its subordinate
Parliamentary
or the Constitutional Commission. This is
- voters elect the legislature where the Chief
Executive is drawn what is called the Power of Judicial
- the real executive (the cabinet or the Review. (Cited in sec. XXVII, art. VI of the
ministry) is immediately and legally 1987 Constitution)
responsible to the legislative or one branch
6. The Congress may file an impeachment on
of it (usually the more popular chamber)
the President, the V.P., Commissioners of
for its political policies and acts, and
immediately or ultimately responsible to the Constitutional Commissions, the
the electorate Ombudsman and the Chief Justice of the
- the titular or the nominal executive (the Supreme Court. (Cited in sec. II, art. XI of
chief of the states occupies a position of the 1987 Constitution.
irresponsibility
-------------------------------------------------
Presidential Government Pre-Colonial Period (before 1521)
- voters elect the Legislature & Chief
before the Spaniards came in the 15 th century,
Executive who is part of the executive
our ancestors had a government
branch
- the legislature & executive are
Barangay
independent & coequal
- a form of democratic government where - came from the word “balangai”
the executive (President) is constitutionally - consists of 30 or more families
independent of the legislative (congress), - independent barangays had relations
with respect to the duration of his term or of war & peace
tenure - no national government exists because
- the chief of the state is not a mere titular
the Pre-Spanish people were not yet a
head, but he is the real executive, the one
nation
who actually exercises the powers, which
the constitution and the law confer upon
him

o Datu or Raja III. Slaves or “Alipin”

- ruler of the Barangay the lower social class with no rights &
- obtained his position through: privileges
a. inheritance
b. wealth
Aliping Aliping
c. wisdom
Namamahay Saguiguilid
d. strength
Owned property Could not own
Powers of the Datu: property
(similar to the powers of a monarch/king in
Married at will Could not be
Western Europe)
married without the
a. Chief Executive master’s consent
b. Legislator
Could not be sold by Could be sold by
c. Judge
their master master
d. Military Commander
Causes of Slavery:
Like free states, the early barangays carried
- birth - captivity in wars
on relations of war & peace among - debt - penalty for crimes
themselves:
1. Sanduguan or Pact of Alliance & Kinds of Laws
Frienship Oral Laws Written Laws
2. Free Trade
The “ugali” or customs Handwritten laws of
3. Intermarriages between people of of our ancestors our ancestors due to
barangays handed down from their knowledge of the
4. At times, the barangay fought against one generation to art of writing
each other another
o Maltreatment of a visitor from Baybayin/Alibata: form of writing
another barangay
o Abduction of a man’s wife by a How laws were made:
man belonging to another
o Laws of Barangay: created by the Datu
barangay with the help of the Elders
o Insulting a friendly trader who was a
native of another barangay o Umalahokan: new laws announced to the
people of the barangay by a public crier
Social Classes in Barangay
Judicial Trials in Ancient Philippines
I. Nobles or “Maharlika”
the ruling class or barangay elite o All the trials were held in public &
presided over by the Datu, assisted by
Titles of Nobility:
the barangay Elders.
a. Datu/Raja = King o Litigants argued their own case
b. Lakan = Prince a. there were no lawyers or clerk of court
c. Lakambini = Princess b. litigants presented their witnesses
d. Gas = Nobleman
o Oaths were taken by the witnesses
e. Dayang = Noblewoman
o The Barangay Court decided the case in
favor of the litigant who presented more
II. Freeman or “Timawa”
people
persons who were born as free &
emancipated slaves
Different Ordeals used in Ancient Trials
→ could own houses, lands, slaves & other
properties 1. River ordeal 3. Boiling Water ordeal
→ accompanied datus in war, fishing & 2. Candle ordeal 4. Ordeal by combat
hunting
Famous Women in our Song & Story
1. Lubluban: legendary lawgiver of our people
2. Kalangitan: Sultan of Pasig & the great
grandmother of Lakandula of Tondo
3. Princesa Urduja: legendary ruler-warrior of
Pangasinan
------------------------------------------------
The Spanish Colonization of the Spanish Laws extended to the Philippines

Philippines 1. Leyes de Indias
collection of royal decrees by the
Aim of Spanish Colonization: Monarchs of Spain for the government
- to propagate Christianity of the Colonies
- to acquire material wealth
- to achieve political glory 2. Las Siete Partidas
“The Seven Parts”
Political Changes introduced by Spain compilation of ancient Spanish laws
o The islands were grouped together into
3. La Novisima Recopilacion
one country named “Filipinas” in honor of
“The New Compilation”
King Philip II of Spain
new compilation of Spanish laws
o Our tribes were united into one people
under one government, flag & God 4. Las Leyes de Toro
set of laws dealing on last wills &
o A centralized government was created
testaments
with Manila as the capital city.
Political Status of our country under 5. Penal Code

Spain laws on crimes & penalties
o Philippines 6. Civil Code

a crown colony since she belongs to the
Spanish Crown
laws pertaining to property, persons,
adoption & human relations
o 1565 to 1821
the country was considered a part of the
7. Code of Commerce
Viceroyalty of Mexico
laws on partnership, corporations &
o 1821 to 1898
business transactions
the country was directly governed by Spain
Spanish Governor-General 8. Mining Law

laws regarding mining & its rights
- “Governador-General”
- Chief Executive during the Spanish period 9. Mortgage Law
- appointed by the King who could also
laws regulating the mortgage of
remove him from his office
property
Malacañan Palace: official residence
Powers of the Governador General: 10. Copyright Law
1. Executive 5. Diplomatic law pertaining to the protection of
2. Administrative 6. Military authors, composers & artists so that their
3. Legislative 7. Ecclesiastical work may not be copied or pirated by
4. Judicial
unscrupulous persons
Checks to Governatorial Powers

A. Royal Audiencia
the Supreme Court during the Spanish
period
B. Residencia
special court conducted by the incoming
governor general to investigate the
conduct of the outgoing governor-
general
C. Visitador
royal investigator sent by the King to the
colony to see if the colonial officials are
behaving well (Inspector)

King of Spain: The Colonial Government 3. Diet & Dress

1. The Executive Branch Foods introduced:
- Governor General - beef - sardines
- mutton - European wine &
2. The Judicial Branch - sausages spirits
- Royal Audencia - ham
- Residencia
Men: western coat & trousers
- Lower Courts
- Governor-General Women: saya (skirt) & camisa (blouse)
- Municipal Government:
Corrigimiento, Corregidor 4. Family Tree
Family is the unit of society & family life
Governments was improved.
1. Provincial Government 5. Filipino Women

Alcaldia, Alcalde Mayor women in the society was improved
A. Pueblos or Towns (Gobernadorcillos)
B. Barrios (Cabeza de Barangay) 6. New calendar & Spanish names for
Filipinos: Gov. Gen. Narciso Claveria
2. Municipal Government
Corrigimiento, Correigidor 7. Latin alphabet & Spanish language
introduction of this alphabet & language
3. City Government made our people closer to the Western
Ayutamento, Cabildo World
A. Cabildo: City Council
- Alcalde - Aguacil Mayor 8. Preservation of Filipino language
- Regidores - Escribando the Spaniards developed & preserved our
native language
B. Barrios (Cabeza de Barangay
9. Wester Education
Spanish Heritage
University of Sto. Tomas (1611) and
1Catholicism 10Printing, Books, & Newspapers Colegio de Sta. Isabel
2Hospital & Orphanages 11Literature - oldest existing school for girls
3Diet 12Theater
& Dress
4
Family Tree 13
Music 10. Printing, Books, & Newspapers
5Filipino 14House
Women & Villages A. Dominican Friars: 1593
6New 15Art
calendar & Spanish names B. Doctrina Christiana: 1595,first book printed
7Latin alphabet & Spanish language Science
16
C. Tomas Pinpin: Prince of Filipino printers
8Preservation Fiestas & Amusements
of Filipino language 17
D. Del Superior Govierno: 1811 newspaper
9Wester 18Spanish
Education Blood
11. Literature
1. Catholicism A. Pasion (1704)
- Spain’s greatest legacy - poetic story about the life & suffering
of Christ
- the Filipinos owe a lasting debt of
- Father Gasper Aquino de Belen
gratitude for making the Philippines
the only Christian nation in Asia B. Awit (heroic poems)
Spanish priests: destroyed the pagan idols C. Corrido (religious, legendary poems)
& practices of early Filipinos - Don Juan Tenioso - La India Elegnate
- Bernardo Carpio - El Negrito Amante
- Ibong Adarna
2. Hospital & Orphanages
- orphans & homeless children did not D. Francisco Balagtas
wander around - “Prince of Tagalog Poets”
- Hospicio de San Jose (1810) & St. - Florante at Laura & Orosman at Zafira
Vincent de Paul (1885)
San Juan de Dios & San Lazaro Hospital
- two of the oldest existing hospitals in Asia
12. Theater Nationalism & Philippine

Cenaculo: religious play about the life & Revolution
suffering of Christ
Causes of Philippine Nationalism
Moro-moro: adventurous play featuring the
fights between Christians & Muslims I. New ideas from abroad about freedom
& rights of man
13. Music
- was enriched by Spain II. Opening of the Suez Canal (1869)
- musical instruments, songs & dances
Ferdinand de Lesseps
were Westernized - a French diplomat & engineer
- Las Pinas Bamboo Organ (1818) built
by Father Diego Cerra III. Race prejudice against Filipino priest
o Secularization Movement
14. House & Villages - Father Pedro Pelaez
“Bahay na Bato”: architecture - Father Mariano Gomez
“Pajo de Campana”: within hearing of the - Father Jose Burgoz
tintinnabulation of the church - Father Jacinto Zamora
- tintinnabulation = ringing of the bells
o Martyrdom of GOMBURZA
- Filipino priests who fought for reforms
15. Art - were accused of treason to Spain &
A. Damian Domingo: tried in an unfair trial
Father of Filipino Painters → Februarx y 17, 1872
Father Gomez (85), Burgos (35) &
B. Juan Luna: Spolarium
Zamora (37) was executed in
C. Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo: Bagumbayan or Luneta
Vigenes Cristianas Expuestas al Populacho
IV. Spanish Revolution of 1868

16. Science
o Gen Francisco Serrano & Gen. Juan
Anacleto V. Del Rosario
Prim
- Prince of Philippine Chemists
- Leon Ma. Guerrero, Jose Rizal
o Carlos Ma. Dela Torre
Observatory of Manila (1865) - the only Spanish governor-general
- Father Federico Faura (Padre Faura) 1865 - cherished no racial prejudices
- crowning glory of Philippine Science
o Rafael De Izquierdo
17. Fiestas & Amusements
- revived the censorship of the press
Fiestas & religious occasions: - curtailed/reduced all talks of
Santacruzan & Flores De Mayo
political rights & Filipinization of the
Amusements: cock-fighting (sabong), parishes
Manila lottery & horse racing
Cavite Mutiny (1872)
led by Sergeant La Madrid
18. Spanish Blood
Peninsulares: originally came from Spain to o Francisco Saldua
live & work in the Philippines
Bicol ex-soldier bribed to act as a star
Insulares: Spaniards born & bred in the witness of the government against the
Philippines three priests
-------------------------------------------------

Filipino Propagandists 6. Antonio Luna (1868-1899)

- young Filipinos in their twenties or thirties - pen name: Taga-Ilog
- came from the best, brightest & richest - pharmacist known for:
o La Tertulia Filipina
families in the Philippines
o Noche Buena
- mostly college students or young
professionals
7. Pascual Poblete (1858-1921)
- men of intelligence, courage & patriotism
- Noli me Tangere sa Tagalog
1 7 - “Patnubay ng Pagsinta”
Jose P. Rizal Pascual Poblete
2 8
Marcelo H. Del Pilar Jose Ma. Panganiban
3 9
8. Jose Maria Panganiban (1865-1890)
Graciano Lopez-Jaena Isabelo delos Reyes
- pen name: Jomapa
4 10
Pedro A. Paterno Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo
- known for:
5 11
Mariano Ponce Juan Luna o Ang Lupang Tinubuan
6
Antonio Luna o Kading
1. Dr. Jose P. Rizal (1861-1896) 9. Isabelo delos Reyes (1861-1938)

- pen name: Laong-Laan, Dimasalang, - lawyer known for:
& P.Jacinto o El Folklore Filipino
o Prehistoria de Filipinas
- works such as
o Noli me Tangere
o El Filibusterismo 10. Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo (1855-1913)
o “Letters to the Young Women of o Las virgenes Cristianas expuestas al
Malolos” populacho (The Christian virgins
o The Indolence of the Filipinos Exposed to the Populace)
o The Philippines within a Century o La barca de Aqueronte (The Boat of
Charon)
2. Marcelo H. Del Pilar (1850-1896) o Laguna estigia (The Styx)
- pen name: Dolores Manapat, Plaridel
& Piping Dilat 11. Juan Luna (1861-1899)
- lawyer & journalist known for: o Spolarium
o Dasalan at Tuksuhan o La Muerte de Cleopatra (The Death of
o Kalupitan ng Fraile Cleopatra)
o Ang Kadakilaan ng Dios o The Parisian Life)
o Kay Luisa
o Diariong Tagalog
Katipunan
3. Graciano Lopez-Jaena (1856-1896) - a secret revolutionary society
- pen name: V. Garcia - Kataastaasan Kagalang-galangang
- known for: Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan
o La Hija del Fraile - July 7, 1892
o Fray Botod Aim of Katipunan:
o La Solidaridad: the official newspaper - to unite the Filipinos into one solid nation
of the Propaganda movement - to fight for Philippine independence from
Spain
4. Pedro A. Paterno (1856-1911)
- lawyer, poet & historian known for: o Andres Bonifacio
o A Mi Madre - pen name: Agapito Bagumbayan &
o Ninay Maypagasa
- founder & organizer of the Katipunan
5. Mariano Ponce (1863-1918) - married to Gregoria de Jesus
- pen name: Tikbalang, Kalipulako & (Lakambini of the Katipunan)
Naning - wrote the Decalogue of Katipunan:
- physician & journalist known for: a. Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga
o Ang Pagaaral ng Kasaysayan ng Pilipinas Tagalog
o Ang Panitikan ng Kilusang Propaganda
b. Pag-ibig ang Tinubuang Bayan
o Alamat ng Bulacan

o Emilio Jacinto The Tejeros Convention

- pen name: Pingkian
o March 22, 1897
- the brains of Katipunan
- both rivals decided to meet at Tejeros,
- wrote the: Cavite
a. Kartilya ng Katipunan - to settle the controversy on leadership
b. A La Patria because the revolution must only
Kalayaan: official newspaper of the have one leader
Katipunan
o Aguinaldo
Events: - won the majority vote for new
President of the First Revolutionary
A. August 19, 1896 Government
- discovery of the Katipunan
- Teodoro Patino o Secretary of the Interior
- Honoria Bonifacio’s position as a consolation
- Father Mariano Gil o Daniel Tirona
- Apolonio Dela Cruz said a lawyer should occupy Bonifacio’s
B. August 26, 1896 position
- the beginning of Revolution o Acta de Tejeros
- Balintawak document prepared on March 23, 1897
C. August 30, 1896 that proclaimed the events at the Tejeros
- first battle of the revolution Convention on March 22 that states
- San Juan Del Monte “disorderly & tarnished by chicanery”
o May 10, 1897: death of Bonifacio

Cause of Revolution
1. The abuse of the Spanish officials o The Biaknabato Republic
2. Persecutions of Filipino leaders who - November 1 to December 30, 1897
defended the rights of their fellow - provided for the establishment of a
countrymen Supreme council that would serve the
3. Filipinos desire to regain their highest governing body of the
independence Republic
4. Discovery of the Katipunan & Bonifacio’s - signed by Gen. Aguinaldo & Governo
call for revolution General Primo de Rivera on
December 14 & 15, 1897
Spread of the Revolution - outlined the following:
a. basic human rights
o Governor General Ramon Blanco
declared a state of war in eight provinces: b. freedom of religion
a. Manila e. Tarlac c. freedom od the press
b. Bulacan f. Laguna d. right to education
c. Pampanga g. Cavite
d. Nueva Ecija h. Batangas Pedro A. Paterno: mediator in the
peace negotiations
o Dr. Jose Rizal → no peace after Biak na bato
famous martyr of the Philippine Revolution
of 1896 o December 27, 1897
Aguinaldo’s exile to Hongkong
Rivalry Between Aguinaldo & Bonifacio
- hurt the cause of the Revolution & First Philippine Republic
made them lose many battles o General Emilio Aguinaldo (1898-1901)
- Magdalo & Magdiwang competed for - Filipino leader who fought first against
Katipunan Leadership Spain & United States for the
Magdalo: Baldomero Aguinaldo Independence of the Philippines
- president of the First Philippine
Magdiwang: Mariano Alvarez
Republic
-------------------------------------------------

The American Occupation & Report of the Philippine Commission

embodied in four volumes published in
Development of Self-Government Washington, D.C. in 1900
American Occupation (1898 – 1946) → According to this, Philippines was

not yet ready for independence &
- the first attempt of the US at colonization
submitted the ff recommendations:
- adopted an altruistic colonial policy (unlike
Great Britain, France & other imperialists power) o Establishment of a territorial form of
→ gave the Filipinos as much self- government with a legislature of
government as the could, policy exercise two houses:
a. Lower house: elective
& training them in democracy
b. Upper house: half elective &
appointed
I. Military Government (1898 – 1901) o Withdrawal of military rule in
- established on August 14, 1898 by the pacified provinces & placing them
under civil rule.
authority of the US President William
o Organization of provincial &
McKinley as commander in chief of the
municipal governments.
Armed Forces of United States of o Opening of free public schools,
America using English as language of
- atrocities (cruel act) & tortures instruction.
committed by American forces aroused o Conservation of the natural
the anger of Filipinos against military rile resources of the Philippines for
Filipinos.
Aim of the Military Government: o Appointment of men of ability &
1. To extend the American occupation over good character to important
the Philippines position in the government
2. To win the confidence & respect of
Filipinos
Difference Between Schurman vs Taft
Greatest Achievement: Schurman Taft
o Pacification of the warring country (First Commission) (Second Commission)
o Laying down of the Foundation of the Civil Laws & Military Old civilians
Civil regime Officers
Military Governors: Merely advisory in Executive & legislative

power power
o Gen. Wesley Meritt (1898)
o Gen. Elwell S. Otis (1898-1900)
o Gen. Arthur MacArthur (1900-1091) III. Second Philippine Commission (1900)
- also called “The Taft Commission of 1900”
II. First Philippine Commission (1899) - arrived in Manila on June 3, 1900
- also known as “The Schurman - headed by William H. Taft (head)
commission of 1898” Members:
- headed by Dr. Jacob Schurman 1
Luke Wright 3
Bernard Moses
(president of Cornell University) 2
Henry C. Ide 4
Dean C. Worcester
Members: - would exercise the legislative function &
1
Dr. Jacob Schurman (head) some executive functions in the pacified
2 areas of the Philippines (the right to appoint
Admiral George Dewey
3 government officials)
Gen. Elwell S. Otis
4
Charles Derby (American Minister to China) o The American Military Governor would
5
Dr. Dean C. Warcester (University of continue to act as the Chief Executive
Michigan Prof) of the Philippines
o The rich natural resources of the
January 31, 1900
Philippines must be preserved for the
submitted a report to Pres. William McKinley
Filipinos
o The government of the Philippines
should be established must be for the:
(a) happiness, (b) peace & (c) welfare of
the Filipinos

IV. Development of Self-Government The Philippine Bill of 1902

in the Philippines - first organic act of the Philippines
- enacted by the US Congress on July 1, 1092
- authored by Senator Henry A. Cooper
1. America’s Policy
Provisions of the Philippine Bill of 1902:
- America retained the Philippines not to
exploit the Filipinos but to train them in o It contained a Bill of Rights for the
Philippines identical to that of the
Democracy
American Constitution
- America had no intention of holding o Establishment of the Philippines Assembly
our country as a colony forever composed of Filipinos & elected by
Filipino voters
“The Philippines is ours, not to exploit, but to
o Sending of two Filipino resident
develop, to civilize, to educate & to train in
commissioners to the US Congress
the science of self-government.” o The Philippine Commission to serve as
-Pres. William McKinley upper house of the legislature &
Philippine Assembly as lower house
2. The Spooner Amendment (1901) o Conservation of the Natural Resources of
the Philippines for the Filipinos
- named after its author Sen. John C.
o Philippine Census of 1903: the first
Spooner official census of the Philippines under
- approved by the US Congress on the American Flag
March 2, 1901 o Total Philippine Population: 7,635,426
- authorized the President of the United
States to proceed with the 2. Luke E. Wright (1904-1906)
establishment of a civil government.
- the first American to enjoy the title of
Thus, the authority to govern the
Governor-General
Philippines passed from the President
- Philippine participation at the St. Louis
to Congress
Exposition, Missouri, United States
- marked the beginning of Civil regime
in the Philippines Gen. Artemio Ricarte: refused to take the
Oath of Allegiance to the United States &
3. Establishment of Civil Government ordered departed
- inaugurated in Manila on July 4, 1901

3. Henry C. Ide (1906)
- William H. Taft was appointed as Civil
Governor & continued to be the head emergence of Nationalist Parties
of the Philippine Commission Partido Nacional Progresista
calling for early independence head by
Governor-General: the new name of the
Felipe Agoncillo
title Civil Governor by the US Congress of
February 6, 1905 Partido Nacionalista
calling for immediate, absolute & complete
American Governor-General independence headed by Manuel L. Quezon
1 7
William H. Taft Leonard Wood 4. James F. Smith (1906-1909)
2 8
Luke E. Wright Henry L. Stimson a Democrat & catholic, the first conversion of
3 9
Henry C. Ide Dwight P. Davis this rank to belong to this religion
4 10
James F. Smith Theodore Roosevelt Jr. The Philippine Assembly
5
William Cameron Forbes 11 Frank H. Murphy - inaugurated on Oct. 16, 1907 at the
6
Francis Burton Harrison Manila Grand Opera House
Sergio Osmena: Speaker of the Assembly
1. William H. Taft (1901-1904) Manuel L. Quezon: majority floor leader
- the policy of “The Philippines for the According to the Terms of Philippine
Bill of 1902: to constitute a sort of a lower
Filipinos”
house of the legislative with the Philippine
- stopped the greedy American capitalists
Commission acting in the manner of a
from exploiting natural resources Senate
- helped the enactment of the Philippine
Bill of 1902 by the US Congress

5. William Cameron Forbes (1909-1913) Cabinet Crisis of 1921

the dramatic mass resignation of all Filipino
- former secretary of Commerce & Police members of the cabinet & council of the
- agricultural progress state
- progress in communication
- State funeral for Rizal’s mother, Dona 8. Henry L. Stimson (1928-1929)
Teodora Alonzo (1827-1911)
- “The Era of good feelings”
- resorted the Council of State on
6. Francis Burton Harrison (1913-1921) August 30, 1928
- the Policy of Filipinization of the
Government Service 9. Dwight P. Davis (1929-1932)
- the most Filipino of all the American - toured the provinces & promoted the
Governors-General development of the natural resources
- established the Council of State on - Davis Cup in Tennis
October 16, 1918
10. Theodore Roosevelt Jr. (1932-1933)
The Jones Law of 1916
- promulgated by the US Congress & singed - son of the great US President Theodore
by President Woodrow Wilson on Roosevelt
August 29, 1916 - endeared himself to Filipinos by his
- authored by Congressman William
prowess as a tamaraw-hunter &
Atkinson Jones
paternalistic policy of improving the
Congressman William Atkinson Jones condition of the Filipino masses
contained a preamble declaring the
independence would be granted to the
11. Frank H. Murphy (1933-1935)
Filipino people as soon as a stable
government was established - last American governor-general
o The executive power of the government - second American Catholic governor-
was vested in an American Governor- general
General assisted by the Department - stressed the promotion of human welfare
secretaries & happiness
- humanized the penal code by
Legislative power
resided in the bicameral Philippine legislature introducing the probation system,
consisting of: intermediate sentence & revising the
a. upper house: Senate parole system
b. lower house: House of Representative - created the position of public defenders
to defend the poor in the courts
Philippine Legislature
- helped the Filipinos in their campaign for
inaugurated on October 16, 1916 with
independence
Manuel L. Quezon: President
- balanced the national budget
Sergio Osmena: Speaker of the House of
- rejected by the Philippine Legislature
Representatives
The Os Rox Mission: sent to U.S. at the end of
Judicial power
1931 headed by Sen. Sergio Osmena and
exercised by the Supreme & Lower courts
Speaker Manuel A. Roxas
Bill of Rights in the Jones Law of 1916 The Hare-Hawes-Cutting Law (1933):
safeguard the rights & liberties of the people authored by Congressman Buttler R. Hare, Sen.
Harry B. Hawes, Sen. Bronson Cutting
7. Leonard Wood (1921-1927)
- a stern man of discipline, high minded, “OsRox Mission” (Osmeña & Roxas mission)
efficient & honest lead to the crafting of Hare-Hawes-Cutting
- lacked the genial personality of William Act
Taft & understanding heart of Francis
Burton Harrison
- check the graft & corruption in the
government, stabilized the finances &
improved public sanitation
- abolished Council of State

Tydings-McDuffie Law o National Defense Act

- first law passed by the National Assembly
- signed by President Franklin D. Roosvelt
- provided for a compulsory military
on March 24, 1934
training
- led by Senate President Manuel L.
Quezon o Women’s Suffrage (April 30, 1937)
- passed by US Congress authored by - the right of women by law to vote
Sen. Milliard E. Tydings & Congressman
o Welfare of the Laboring Masses
John Mcduffee
- promotion of the Social justice provisions
- revised the copy of the Hare-Hawes
of the Constitution
Cutting Law - Minimum Wage Act
Pertinent Provisions of the Tydings- - Eight Hour Labor Act
Mcduffie Law:
o National Language
1. Provided for a transition period of ten (10) - Tagalog as the basis of the National
years during the period of establishment Language & Official Language of the
the Commonwealth of the Philippines
Philippines
2. On July 4, 1946, at the end of the Transition
period
1. Manuel Laus M. Quezon (1935-1944)
o the Republic of the Philippines shall
be proclaimed - Filipino Statesman
o Philippine Independence was - leader of the Independence
recognized by the US
movement
3. The Constitution to be made was subject to - 1st president of the Philippine
the following:
Commonwealth
o must be republican in form
o must contain a Bill of Rights - established the “Komisyon sa Wikang
o must be submitted to the people for Filipino”
Ratification (acts of signing) - initiated women’s suffrage
o must be approved by the President - Quezon’s Code of Ethics
of the US
- social justice
------------------------------------------------- - appointed Gen. Douglas MacArthur
as Military Adviser
Commonwealth of the Philippines
2. Jose P. Laurel (1942-1944)
The 1935 Philippine Constitution
- Japanese Sponsored Republic
- elections of the delegates to the
- economy was very law
Constitutional Convention
- food shortage
- 202 delegates elected
- foreign relations with Japan
- held on July 30, 1934
- period of uncertainties
Claro M. Recto - HUKBALAKAP movement (Hukbong
elected as president of the 1934-1935
Bayan Laban sa Hapon)
Constitutional Convention
February 8, 1935 3. Segio Osmena (1944-1946)

the Convention approved the draft of the
Constitution - restoration of the Commonwealth
government
March 23, 1935
- period of Rehabilitation from the ashes
Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Constitution
of WWII
May 14, 1935 - people’s court was created
the Filipino people ratified the Constitution in a
- foreign relations with the US
plebiscite (direct vote of all members)
- UN Charter
The Commonwealth of the Philippines
------------------------------------------------
- inaugurated on November 15, 1935
- oath taking of President-elect Manuel L.
Quezon & Vice President-elect Sergio
Osmena
- reorganization of the Government

Third Philippine Republic 5. Diosdado Macapagal (1961-1965)

- issued an Administrative Order shifting
from the recognition of Independence in 1947
Philippine Independence from July 4
to the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos, with
to June 12
the ratification (act of signing/formal consent) of
- anti-corruption drive
the 1973 Constitution of the Republic of the
- lodged a territorial claim to Sabah
Philippines
- land reform & socio-economic
1
Manuel Roxas 4
Carlos P. Garcia
program
2 5 - MAPHILINDO agreement (the Greater
Elpidio Quirino Diosdado Macapagal
3 6
Malayan Confederation)
Ramon Magsaysay Ferdinand E. Marcos
→ proposed as a realization of Filipino
national hero Dr. José Rizal's dream
of uniting the Malay peoples
1. Manuel Roxas (1946-1948)
- period of rehabilitation 6. Ferdinand E. Marcos
- amnesty proclamation against
o 1965-1972: Third Philippine Republic
collaborators
o 1972-1986: Fourth Philippine Republic
- HUKs outlawed
- US military bases - infrastructure
- pro-American policies - declared Martial Law to save the
- parity rights republic & reform society
- The Central Bank of the Philippines - the only president of the Fourth
was organized Philippine Constitution
- liberalizing Philippine Foreign Policy
2. Elpidio Quirino (1948-1953) towards Communist counties
- declared Quezon City as the Capital (e.g. China & USSR)
of the Philippines - the status of RP-Us Military based were
- gave special radio talks to the people redefined
- peace campaign - Crony Capitalism
- creation of Integrity Board - ASEAN
- “Father of Foreign Service” - rapid development & economic
- amnesty (official pardon) proclamation progess
for Japanese soldiers - various campaign against
(1) smuggling, (2) kidnapping, (3) drug
trafficking & other crime syndicates
3. Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957)
was given emphasis
- stopped the communists peril &
became very popular with the people -------------------------------------------------
- idol of the masses
- the Rizal Law was passed in 1956
Constitution & the New Society
o Southeast Asian Treaty • The Martial Law Era: 1972-1986
Organization (SEATO) • The Philippines under Martial Law: 1972-
o Social Security System (SSS) 1981
o Government Service Insurance • The New Society & Fourth Philippine
System (GSIS) Republic (1981-1986) under the
presidency of Ferdinand E. Marcos Sr.
4. Carlos P. Garcia (1957-1961)
President Marcos
- the Filipino First Policy
- Austerity Program - the only president of the Fourth Philippine
- maintained the strong traditional ties Republic
with the US & sought closer relations - longest serving president of the Philippines
with non-communist countries
September 23, 1972
- President Ferdinand E. Marcos declared
Martial Law via television

o Spearheaded the creation of 1973 3. Joseph Ejercito-Estrada (1998-2001)

Philippine Constitution - the Centennial President
o 1975: the Metropolitan Manila - main concern was to improve the
Commission was organized welfare of the poorest Filipinos
o 1970: Papal Visit by Pope Paul VI - implementation of Death Penalty
o 1986: snap Presidential elections - RP-US visiting forces agreement
o Technological assistance: extended to - war against MNLF & other Muslim
farmers Extremists
o 1976: Tripoli agreement - first president who submitted himself in
a constitutional process of
------------------------------------------------- impeachment
- sovereign guarantee was abolished
Fifth Philippine Republic - aborted impeachment trial
(Presidents under the Fifth Philippine Republic,
1987 – present) 4. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (2001-2010)
1Corazon 4Gloria
replaced Joseph Estrada as president
C. Aquino Macapagal-Arroyo
2Fidel V. Ramos 5Benigno Simeon C. Aquino III o EDSA II “Rich People Power”
3Joseph Ejercito-Estrada 6Rodrigo R. Duterte o EDSA III “Poor People Power”
o E-vat Law
o Holiday Economics
1. Corazon C. Aquino (1986-1992)
o Economic growth
- imposed a Revolutionary government
o Strong republic
& terminated the 1973 Constitution
o Oakwood Mutiny
- 1987 Constitution
- First lady president of the country
5. Benigno Simeon C. Aquino III (2010-2016)
- mass firing of local government
- launched the Public & Private
officials
Partnership
- reorganized the judiciary
- proposed the Bangsamoro Basic Law
- abolished the Batasang Pambansa
o the Conditional Cash Transfer
- 7 coup attempts from the very same
Program (Pantawid Pamilyang
people who catapulted her into
Pilipino Program)
power
o Truth Commission
- Comprehensive Agrarian Reform
o Transparency government
- Philippine Senate rejected the
o Economic growth
extension of the US Military Bases in
o RH law & Enhanced Basic
the country (1991)
Education Act was passed by the
- power crisis
Congress
- privatization of government own &
o Corona Impeachment Trial
control corporation
o APEC Summit 2015
o The Generics law
o Family Code of 1988 6. Rodrigo R. Duterte (2016-present)
o The Local Government Code of - first Mindanaoan to hold the office
1991 - oldest person to assume presidency
at 71 years olf
2. Fidel V. Ramos (1992-1998) - Mayor of Davao City in the wake of
- economic reforms such as the Philippine Revolution of 1986
(1) Liberalization, (2) Privatization, & - longest-serving mayors in the
(3) Deregulation)
Philippines: serving seven (7_ terms &
- the Built-Operate Transfer Law was passed
totaling more than 22 years in the
by the Congress
office
- the Death Penalty was restored
- peace agreement with MNLF Duterte’s political success:
- territorial disputes with the claimants of aided by his vocal support for the
Spartly Group of Islands eradication of illegal drugs & rehabilitation
- APEC Summit 1996 of drug users & other criminals
- first Protestant President
o War on Drugs
- Philippine Celebration, Papal Visit in 1995
o Ms. Universe 2016
o Universal Health Law The Philippine Constitution:

o Free Tuition Fee for Tertiary Level A Constitution in Transition
o Build, Build, Build
1 3
o ASEAN 2017 1899 Constitution 1973 Constitution
2 4
o Ten (10) year validity of Passport 1935 Constitution 1987 Constitution
o Five (5) year validity of Driver’s license
o Maternity Leave Law 1. 1899 Constitution
o Train Law 1 & 2
- the first important Filipino document ever
o Bayanihan Act 1 & 2
produced by the people’s representative
------------------------------------------------- → republican in orientation & democratic
in its aspects
The Philippine Constitution (ppt) - created a Filipino state whose
Constitution government was “popular, representative,
& responsible” with three distinct branches
- body of rules & principles in accordance
a. the executive
with which powers sovereignty are
b. the legislative
regularly exercised
c. the judicial
- Latin word “Constituo” meaning “fixed, - specifically provided for safeguards
established, or settled” against abuses & enumerated the natural
& individual rights not only of the Filipinos &
Philippine Constitution/Constitution of of the aliens
the Philippines
How to understand the Malolos
- written instrument by which the Constitution:
fundamental powers of the government o Centuries of Spanish rule over the
are established, limited & defined Philippines
- powers are distributed among the o Revolution against the authority of Spain
several department or branches for their & “her bad government”
safe & useful exercise for the benefit of o Opposition to the assumption of
sovereignty by the United States
the people
o Gradually increasing sense of nationality
→ Foundation of the System or
that grew into a common & ardent desire
Philippine Government for independence
Fundamental Powers: Administration

A. Local Government Reorganized
o Police Power: Public good
After June 12, 1989, Mabini played a very
o Eminent Domain: Public use important role in the Filipino Government
o Taxation: Public revenue
“The first duty of the government is to
interpret faithfully the will of the people.”
Legislative Executive Judicial
(makes laws) (signs laws) (decides if laws Decree of June 18
are constitutional) the reorganization of government in provinces
Law making, Execute, Interpret laws, that were already taken from the Spaniards
formulation of implement, justice
policies enforce Right to Vote
given to men of high moral character & good
President, governor, Members of the Justices, judges
mayor, punong house of standing in the community
barangay, SK representatives,
chairman senators, board
members, councilors
Mabini
- thought that there should be a
Nature of a constitution: Revolutionary Congress
- to prepare for this, he included in the
• Fundamental Law of the Land
June 18 decree a provision stating:
• Basic Framework of the Government
→ Each provinces should elect its
- the charter of creating a government delegates to Congress
- binding to all individual citizens & all
Main function of the Congress:
organs of the government
to preserve the internal order & external
- the law to which other laws must conform security of the island
- the test of legality of all government
actions

B. The Administration of Justice September 4

Aguinaldo appointed 50 delegates to the
The Decree of June 20
administration of justice in areas under the Congress to represent provinces that were
Filipino government experiences unstable conditions due to
peace & order issues
Spanish Penal Code
adopted except for those provisions that
Final count
were contrary to the decrees of the Filipino
- 92 delegates came:
government
a. 34 delegates were elected
Town chief: the judge (in this set up) b. 57 were appointed
- majority were educated & rich
Criminal Cases Civil Cases - 59% were lawyers, physicians &
papers relating to the decisions were made businessmen
case had been sent by the Popular - none from the peasants, labor,
to the Provincial Council
Muslims & other ethno linguistics
Council “Sangguniang
“Sangguniang Bayan” Balangay” groups were represented
the accused is all decisions were to September 15, 1989

ordered to appear be considered Congress elected the following officers:
before the council to temporary & may be
stand trial changed by a court a. President: Pedro A. Paterno
of higher jurisdiction b. Vice President: Benita Legarda
c. 1st Secretary: Gregorio Araneta
d. 2nd Secretary: Pablo Ocampo
C. Revolutionary Government
First significant act of Congress
The June 23 Decree
upon the advice of Mabini, Aguinaldo Proclamation of Independence of the
changed the form of government from Congress in Kawit on June 12 on
doctorial to revolutionary September 29, 1989
Changes: D. The Malolos Constitution (1899)

o The tile of Chief of State was changed
Felipe Calderon
from Dictator to President “Father of the Malolos Constitution”
o Four departments were created a Filipino lawyer who wrote & drafted this
a. Department of Foreign Affairs, Navy constitution
& Commerce
Main purpose: to adopt a constitution
b. Department of War & Public Works
c. Department of Police & Internal January 21, 1899
Order, Justice, Education & Hygiene promulgated (made widely known) by
d. Department of Finance, Agriculture, Aguinaldo
& Manufacturing Industry
January 23, 1899
o Includes the creation of Congress the inauguration of the First Philippine
→ provinces under Spaniards who Republic with Emilio Aguinaldo
could not elect for delegates to the
Congress would be represented by o The United States did not recognize
appointive delegates to Congress the first Filipino Constitution because
o The Congress was not a lawmaking → they were plotting to colonize &
body but an advisory one subjugate the Philippines
→ it would advise the President on
matters about the Revolutionary Parts of the 1899 Constitution
Army & raising funds to support it
1. The Republic
2. The Government
The Malolos Congress
3. Religion
Barasoain, Church in Malolos, Bulacan 4. The Filipinos & their National & Individual
where Aguinaldo called the Congress to Rights
meet following the Decrees of June 18 & 5. The Legislative Power
23 6. The Permanent Commission
7. The Executive Power
8. The President of the Republic
9. The Secretaries of the Government 2. 1935 Constitution

10. The Judicial Power (full & real independence)
11. Provincial & Popular Assemblies
- written in 1934, approved & adopted
12. Administration of the State
by the Commonwealth of the
13. Amendment of the Constitution
Philippines (1935-1946)
14. Constitutional Observance, Oath &
- used by the Third Republic (1946-1972)
Language
- written with an eye to meeting the
approval of the US Government
Malolos Constitution (1899)
- to ensure that the US would live up to
Act of Declaration of Independence its promise:
primary official legislation Laws to protect the
a. to grant the Philippine
country from incursion of foreigners; Laws to
Independence
protect local business & labor
b. not to have a premise to hold
onto its possession on that was
too politically immature & hence
What? Who?
unready to give
Bill of Rights Citizens - amended in 1940 to have a
bicameral Congress composed of a:
Executive Power President of the Republic
a. Senate
Legislative Power Representative Assembly b. House of Representatives
(Congress) c. creation of an independent
electoral commission
Judicial Power Supreme Court & yet to be
- the Congress granted the President a
formed courts
4 year term with a maximum of 2
consecutive terms in office
What makes the Malolos Constitution
- suspended in 1972 with Marcos’
unique?
proclamation of martial law
1. The Legislative (assembly) is more
The Original 1935 Constitution:
powerful than the executive or judicial
2. Provided that when the Legislative - provided for unicameral National Assembly
(Assembly) was not in session: - the President was elected to a 6 year term
without re-election
→ a Permanent Commission, composed of
members of the Assembly would sit as a 1971
legislative body - a Constitutional Convention was held to
3. The Constitution established an rewrite the 1935 Constitution
unicameral (single legislative member) - stained with manifest bribery & corruption
legislature Most Controversial Issue:
According to Calderon: removing the presidential term limit so that
Ferdinand E. Marcos could seek election for a
- he was afraid that if the executive branch
third term
(e.g. Aguinaldo) became powerful then
the ignorant soldiers who were for 1942 to 1944: ceased to operate due to
Aguinaldo would dominate the
Japanese Occupation
government
- he preferred the oligarchy of the intellect February 27, 1945: became effective upon
over the oligarchy of ignorance the reestablishment of the Commonwealth
→ since the education was accessible Government
only to the few rich, this excluded July 4, 1946: inauguration of the Republic of
the many who were poor & the Philippines
uneducated

Framing & Ratification of 1935 o Acts of United States Congress

Constitution: December 10, 1898 – March 24, 193
i. Approval on March 24, 1934 - the Philippines was a United States
- by Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt of the Territory
Tydings-McDuffie Law - under the jurisdiction of Federal
- known as the “Philippine Government of the United States
Independence Act”
- enacted by the US Congress Philippine Organic Act of 1902 &
- authorizing the Philippine Legislature Philippine Organic Act of 1916
to call a constitutional convention to two acts of US Congress passed during this
draft a constitution for the Philippines period that can be considered part of
Philippine Constitutions because:
ii. Approval on May 5, 1934 a. defined the fundamental political
by the Philippine Legislature of a bill principles
calling a constitutional convention as b. established the structure, procedures,
provided for the Independence Law powers & duties of the Philippine
government
iii. Approval on February 8, 1935
by the convention by a vote of 177 to 1 o Philippine Organic Act of 1902
of the Constitution (the signing began on - known as the “Philippine Bill of 1902”
the following day & completed on - the first organic law for the PH islands
February 19, 1935)
enacted by the US Congress
- provided for the creation of a
iv. Approval on March 23, 1935
popularly elected Philippine
by Pres. Roosevelt of the Constitution as
Assembly
submitted to him & together with a
- specified that legislative power
certification that said:
would be vested in a BICAMERAL
“the Constitution conformed with the
legislature composed of:
provision of the Independence Law”
a. Upper house: Philippine Commission
v. Ratification on May 14, 1935 b. Lower house: Philippine Assembly
of the Constitution by the Filipino - key provisions included:
electorate by a vote of 1,213,046 with a. bill of rights for the Filipinos
44,963 against
b. appointment of two non-voting
Filipino Resident Commissioner
Limitations of 1935 Constitution of the PH: to represent the
o should be republican in form Philippines in the United States
o should include a bill of rights House of Representatives
o should contain certain provisions
intended to define the relations o Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916
between the Ph & US during the - known as the “Jones Law”
Commonwealth Period & after the - modified the structure of the PH
establishment of the First Republic government by
→ removing the Philippine Commission
Amendment of 1935 Constitution as the legislative upper house &
(amended three (3) times) replacing it with Senate elected by
a. Establishing a bicameral legislature Filipino votes, creating the first fully
b. Allowing the President & Vice elected national legislature
President to be eligible for a second - explicitly stated that it was & had
four-year term always been the purpose of the
c. Creating a separate Commission on United States to end their
Election sovereignty over the PH islands
d. Parity Amendment: gives American - to recognize the Philippine
citizens equal rights with the Filipinos in Independence as soon as a stable
the exploitation of natural resources &
government can be established
operation of public utilities
e. Extended right of suffrage to women

3. 1973 Constitution Ratification of Presidential

- promulgated after Marcos’ Proclamation
declaration of martial law
Proclamation No. 1102 (Jan. 17, 1973)
- supposed to introduce a
14,976,561 members of all the Barangays
parliamentary-style government
(Citizens’ Assemblies) voted for the adoption of
- lasted until People Power Revolution in
the proposed Constitution, as against 743,869
1986
who voted for its rejection
Legislative power → 14,976,561 / 743,869
vested in a National Assembly whose → 95% in favor
members were elected for six-year terms
14, 298, 814
President
- number of people that answered that
ideally supposed to be elected as the
there was no need for a plebiscite
symbolic & purely ceremonial head of state
from Members of the National Assembly for → the question to whether or not the
six-year tern & could be re-elected to an people would still like a plebiscite to
be called to ratify the new
unlimited number of terms
Constitution
→ Plebiscite: the direct vote of all the
Main Purpose BEFORE Main Purpose AFTER members of an electorate on an
Martial Law Martial Law
important public question such as a
To reflect genuine To change the present change in the constitution
Philippine independence government to
& sovereignty parliamentary form
Amendments of 1973 Constitution
(amended four (4) occasions
Framing of the 1973 Constitution
a. Making of the Incumbent President as
(felt necessities of times)
the regular President & regular Prime
March 16, 1967 Minister
the Congress in joint session passed Resolution
b. Granting concurrent law making powers
of Both House No, 2 authorizing the holding of
to the President which the latter
a Constitutional Convention in 1971
exercised even after the lifting of martial
Republic Act No. 6132 law on 1981
approved for the election day on Nov. 10, 1970
c. Establishing modified parliamentary
for 320 delegates to the Constitutional
government
Convention
d. Permitting natural born citizens ho have
Basis for drafting lost their citizenship to be transferees of
the 1935 Constitution & Malolos Convention private land, for use by them as
November 30, 1973 residence
the proposed Constitution was signed e. Allowing the grant of lands of the public
domain to qualified citizens
Approval by Citizens Assemblies f. Providing urban land reform & social
Proclamation No. 1081 housing program
issued by the President of the Philippines earlier
on September 21, 1972 placing the entire
country under martial law
Presidential Decree No. 86 (Dec. 1972)

creating a Citizens’ Assemblies in each barrio
in municipalities, each district & cities
throughout the country
Presidential Decree No. 86-A

defining the role of barangays (former Citizens’
Assemblies)
Referendum:
a. Do you approve on the New Constitution?
b. Do you still want a plebiscite to be called
to ratify the New Constitution?

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Politics and Governance | 2nd Term • PPT • Module

Legal System III. Politics as Compromise & Consensus

Politics and Governance | 2nd Term

Nature of Political Science

5. Primary objective in college is to educated

Politics and Governance | 2nd Term

- the government, it’s leaders & law Areas of Political Science

3. Modern State o Organization of governments

Politics and Governance | 2nd Term

b. Administrative Law: fixes the organization 7. Legislatures & Legislations

6. Government & Business

Politics and Governance | 2nd Term

a. Traditional g. Political System

Politics and Governance | 2nd Term

Subfields of Political Science e. Anthropology

a. History Anthropologists (family-clain-nation)

c. Sociology (study of society) the science of law, concerned primarily with

Politics and Governance | 2nd Term

Basic Methodology of Political Science 5. Method of Analogy

3. Historical Method 8. Analytical Method

Politics and Governance | 2nd Term

Four elements of State 3. Government

Citizenship Nationality Democratic: emphasizes that the Philippines

Politics and Governance | 2nd Term

Theories on the Origin of the State

Politics and Governance | 2nd Term

o Social Contract Theory 3. Internal Sovereignty

Politics and Governance | 2nd Term

5. Promotion of Public Morality Left & Right in Politics

Concept of Ideology Middle: Environmentalism, Feminism

early 20th century) Policies

Politics and Governance | 2nd Term

The Enlightenment | “Age of Reason”

“The Personal is Political” a. society is natural & people are

Politics and Governance | 2nd Term

- hold that capitalism is an illegitimate 9. Communism (Leftist Wing)

Communism encompasses socialism

advocate for the advocate public Chinese Revolution:

- promote direct worker-ownership of the Ho Chi Minh

10. Fascism (Right Wing) National Socialist German Worker’s Party

Politics and Governance | 2nd Term

b. Truth, freedom, justice, equality & o Aristocracy

I. Monarchy a. Direct Democracy

II. Aristocracy & Oligarchy

Politics and Governance | 2nd Term

Features of Democracy Democracy, therefore, consists of more than

Politics and Governance | 2nd Term

Confederate Government iv. As to its Legality/Constitutionality

Politics and Governance | 2nd Term

o Datu or Raja III. Slaves or “Alipin”

The Spanish Colonization of the Spanish Laws extended to the Philippines

Political Status of our country under 5. Penal Code

o Philippines 6. Civil Code

Spanish Governor-General 8. Mining Law

Checks to Governatorial Powers

Politics and Governance | 2nd Term

King of Spain: The Colonial Government 3. Diet & Dress

1. Provincial Government 5. Filipino Women

12. Theater Nationalism & Philippine

IV. Spanish Revolution of 1868