Hydraulics

A Laboratory Manual
for
Hydraulics
(22401)
Semester – (IV)
(CE, CR, CS)
Maharashtra State
Board of Technical Education, Mumbai
(Autonomous) (ISO 9001:2015) (ISO/IEC 27001:2013)
(Printed on November 2018)
Maharashtra State
Board of Technical Education
Certificate
This is to certify that Mr. / Ms. ………………………………….
Roll No………………………. of Fourth Semester of Diploma in
………………………………………………………….of Institute
…………………………………….……………………………….
(Code………………..) has attained predefined practical outcomes
(PROs) satisfactorily in course Hydraulics (22401) for the
academic year 20…….to 20…..... as prescribed in the curriculum.
Place ………………. Enrollment No……………………

Date:…..................... Exam Seat No. ………………......
Course Teacher Head of the Department Principal
Seal of the
Institute
Hydraulics (22401)
Preface
The primary focus of any engineering laboratory/ field work in the technical education system
is to develop the much needed industry relevant competencies and skills. With this in view,
MSBTE embarked on this innovative ‘I’ Scheme curricula for engineering diploma
programmes with outcome-base education as the focus and accordingly, relatively large
amount of time is allotted for the practical work. This displays the great importance of
laboratory work making each teacher; instructor and student to realize that every minute of the
laboratory time need to be effectively utilized to develop these outcomes, rather than doing
other mundane activities. Therefore, for the successful implementation of this outcome-based
curriculum, every practical has been designed to serve as a ‘vehicle’ to develop this industry
identified competency in every student. The practical skills are difficult to develop through
‘chalk and duster’ activity in the classroom situation. Accordingly, the ‘I’ scheme laboratory
manual development team designed the practicals to focus on the outcomes, rather than the
traditional age old practice of conducting practicals to ‘verify the theory’ (which may become
a byproduct along the way).
This laboratory manual is designed to help all stakeholders, especially the students, teachers
and instructors to develop in the student the pre-determined outcomes. It is expected from
each student that at least a day in advance, they have to thoroughly read through the
concerned practical procedure that they will do the next day and understand the minimum
theoretical background associated with the practical. Every practical in this manual begins by
identifying the competency, industry relevant skills, course outcomes and practical outcomes
which serve as a key focal point for doing the practical. The students will then become aware
about the skills they will achieve through procedure shown there and necessary precautions to
be taken, which will help them to apply in solving real-world problems in their professional
life.
This manual also provides guidelines to teachers and instructors to effectively facilitate
student-centered lab activities through each practical exercise by arranging and managing
necessary resources in order that the students follow the procedures and precautions
systematically ensuring the achievement of outcomes in the students.
The basic aim of hydraulics is to understand and control the occurrence, movement and use of
water, for the benefit of society. To modify the behaviour of water, large investment of time,
resources and efforts are required. It is necessary to study the behavior of static and moving
water for the safety of water retaining structures like dams, percolation tanks, canals etc .The
scope of hydraulics is in water resources department like irrigation, jeevan pradhikaran
municipal corporations etc.
Although best possible care has been taken to check for errors (if any) in this laboratory
manual, perfection may elude us as this is the first edition of this manual. Any errors and
suggestions for improvement are solicited and highly welcome.
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Hydraulics (22401)
Programme Outcomes (POs) to be achieved through Practicals of this Course:-
PO 1. Basic knowledge: An ability to apply knowledge of basic mathematics, science and

engineering to solve the engineering problems.
PO 2. Discipline knowledge: An ability to apply discipline - specific knowledge to solve
core and/or applied engineering problems.
PO 3. Experiments and practice: An ability to plan and perform experiments and practices
and to use the results to solve engineering problems.
PO 4. Engineering tools: Apply relevant civil technologies and tools with an understanding
of the limitations.
PO 8. Individual and Team Work: Function effectively as leader and team member in
Diverse /multidisciplinary team
PSO 1 Construction Planning and Designing: Perform optimal civil engineering

construction, planning and designing activities of desired quality at optima cost.
PSO 2 Construction Execution and Maintenance: Execute civil engineering construction
and maintenance using relevant materials and equipments
List of Industry Relevant Skills
 The following industry relevant skills of the competency ‘Apply hydraulics principles in
water carriage systems and water retaining structures.’ are expected to be developed
in you by undertaking the practical of this laboratory manual.
.
a. Basic fluid properties in Civil Engineering contexts
b. Understand the relevance of hydraulics to the practice of civil engineering.
c. Interpret the pressure parameters from pressure measuring devices in flowing liquids.
d. Determine total hydrostatic pressure and centre of pressure in tanks.
e. Use relevant fluid flow parameters in flowing water.
f. Determine the loss of head of water flow through pipes and design pipe lines.
g. Design of open channels for given data.
h. Select relevant hydraulic pumps for given requirements.
i. Methods of measuring rate of fluid flow in pipes and open channels.
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Hydraulics (22401)
Practical- Course Outcome matrix
Course Outcomes (COs)

a. Interpret the pressure parameters from pressure measuring devices in flowing liquids.
b. Determine total hydrostatic pressure and centre of pressure for different conditions.
c. Use relevant fluid flow parameters in different situations.
d. Determine the loss of head of fluid flow through pipes.
e. Find the fluid flow parameters in open channels.
f. Select relevant hydraulic pumps for different applications.
S. No. CO CO CO CO CO CO
Practical Outcome
a. b. c. d. e. f.
Compute the physical properties of given tap
1 √ - - - - -
water and muddy water.
2 Compute the physical properties of given oil √ - - - - -
and Mercury
3 Use the piezometer to measure the pressure at √ - - - - -
a given point.
Use the Bourdon Gauge to measure the √
4 - - - - -
pressure at a given point.
Use the U tube differential manometer to
5 measure the pressure difference between two √ - - - - -
given points.
Find the resultant pressure and its position for
6 - √ - - - -
given situation of liquid in a tank.
Use the Reynold’s apparatus to interpret type
7 - - √ - - -
of flow.
Use the Bernoulli’s apparatus to apply
Bernoulli’s theorem to get the total energy
8 √ - √ - - -
line for a flow in a closed conduit of varying
cross sections.
Use the Friction factor Apparatus to
9 √ - - √ - -
determine friction factor for the given pipe.
Determine the minor losses in pipe fittings
10 due to sudden contraction and sudden √ - - √ - -
enlargement.
Determine the minor losses in pipe fitting due
11 √ - - √ - -
to Bend and Elbow.
Calibrate the Venturimeter to find out the
12 √ - - √ - -
discharge in a pipe.
Calibrate the Orifice to find out the discharge
13 √ - - - √ -
through a tank
Use the current meter to measure the velocity
14 - - - - √ -
of flow of water in open channel.
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Hydraulics (22401)
Use the Pitot tube to measure the velocity of

15 √ - - - √ -
flow of water in open channel.
Use the Triangular notch to measure the √
16 √ - - - -
discharge through open channel.
Use the Rectangular Notch to measure the - √
17 √ - - -
discharge through open channel
18 Determine the efficiency of centrifugal pump. √ - - - - √
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education iv

Hydraulics (22401)
Brief Guidelines to Teachers
Hints regarding strategies to be used:

1. For difficult practical if required, teacher could provide the demonstration of the practical
emphasizing of the skills which the student should achieve.
2. Teachers should give opportunity to students for hands-on after the demonstration.
3. Teacher should give relevant information to students prior to visit arranged for effective
utilization of time and understanding.
4. Teachers shall ensure that required equipment are in working condition before start each
experiment, also keep operating instruction manual available.
5. There will be sheets of blank pages after every practical for the student to report other
matters (if any), which is not mentioned in the printed practical.
6. Assess the skill achievement of the students and COs of each unit.
7. One or two questions ought to be added in each practical for different batches. For this
teachers can maintain various practical related question banks for each course.
8. If some repetitive information like data sheet, use of software tools etc. has to be provided
for effective attainment of practical outcomes, they can be incorporated in Appendix.
9. For effective implementation and attainment of practical outcomes, teacher ought to
ensure that in the beginning itself of each practical, students must read through the
complete write-up of that practical sheet.
10. During practical, ensure that each student gets chance and takes active part in taking
observations/ readings and performing practical.
11. Teacher ought to assess the performance of students continuously according to the
MSBTE guidelines.
Instructions for Students
1. For effective implementation and attainment of practical outcomes, in the beginning itself
of each practical, students need to read through the complete write-up including the
practical related questions and assessment scheme of that practical sheet.
2. Student ought to refer the data books, IS codes, Safety norms, internet websites etc.
3. Student should not hesitate to ask any difficulties they face during the conduct of
practicals/visits.
4. Student should develop the habit of pear discussions/group discussion related to the
experiment/exercise so that exchanges of knowledge /skills could take place.
5. Student shall attempt to develop related hands-on skills and gain confidence.
6. Students shall visit the nearby construction site, technical exhibitions, trade fair etc. even
not included in the lab manual.
7. Students should develop the habit of not to depend totally on teachers but to develop self-
learning techniques.
8. Student should develop habit to submit the practical exercise continuously and
progressively on the scheduled dates and should get the assessment done
9. It is necessary to take all precautionary measures by students during site visit.
10. Students should take photographs (which may be different for each student) on their own
for deep understanding of the concepts.
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Content Page
List of Practicals and Progressive Assessment Sheet
Name of the Student- _________________________________ Roll No. _________________
Date of Assessment
Sr. Page Date of Marks Sign. of Remarks
Title of the Practical Submissi
No No. Performance Teacher (If Any)
on (25)
Compute the physical
1.* properties of given tap water 1
and muddy water.*
Compute the physical
2. properties of given oil and 9
Mercury.
3.* Use the piezometer to measure 17
the pressure at a given point.
Use the Bourdon Gauge to
4. measure the pressure at a given 23
point.
Use the U tube differential
5.* manometer to measure the 29
pressure difference between
two given points.
Find the resultant pressure and
6.* its position for given situation 37
of liquid in a tank.
7.* Use the Reynold’s apparatus to 44
interpret type of flow.
Use the Bernoulli’s apparatus
to apply Bernoulli’s theorem
8.* to get the total energy line for 51
a flow in a closed conduit of
varying cross sections.
Use the Friction factor
9.* Apparatus to determine
61
friction factor for the given
pipe.
Determine the minor losses in
10.* pipe fittings due to sudden 69
contraction and sudden
enlargement.
Determine the minor losses in
11. pipe fitting due to Bend and 77
Elbow.
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Hydraulics (22401)
Date of Assessment
Sr. Page Date of Marks Sign. of Remarks
Title of the Practical Submissi
No No. Performance Teacher (If Any)
on (25)
Calibrate the Venturimeter to
12.* find out the discharge in a 84
pipe.
Calibrate the Orifice to find
13.* out the discharge through a 92
tank.
Use the current meter to
14. measure the velocity of flow of 100
water in open channel.
Use the Pitot tube to measure
15. the velocity of flow of water in 107
open channel.
Use the Triangular notch to
16.* measure the discharge through 114
open channel.
Use the Rectangular Notch to
17. measure the discharge through 121
open channel.
18.* Determine the efficiency of 128
centrifugal pump.
Note: A judicial mix of minimum 12 or more more practical need to be performed , out of which practicals
marked as * are compulsory.
Note: To be transferred to Proforma of CIAAN-2017.
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education vii

Hydraulics (22401)
Practical No. 1: Physical Properties of Tap Water and Muddy Water
I. Practical Significance
Physical properties of the liquids are to be understood and fluid characteristics have a
crucial effect on equipment performance and life. Comparative study of liquids can be
made after knowing their physical properties.
II. Relevant Program Outcomes (POs)

PO 3. Experiments and practice: An ability to plan and perform experiments and
practices and to use the results to solve engineering problems.
PO 4. Engineering tools: Apply relevant civil technologies and tools with an
understanding of the limitations.
III. Relevant Course Outcomes

Interpret the pressure parameters from pressure measuring devices in flowing liquids.
IV. Practical Outcome

Compute the physical properties of given oil and Mercury.
V. Competency and Practical Skills

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry identified
competency ‘Apply hydraulics principles in water carriage systems and water
retaining structures.’
a. Calculate the physical properties of the given liquid.
b. Compare two liquids based on their physical properties.
VI. Relevant Affective domain related

a. Follow safety practices.
b. Practice good housekeeping.
c. Demonstrate working as a leader/ team member.
d. Maintain tools and equipment.
e. Follow ethical Practices.
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 1

Hydraulics (22401)
VII. Minimum Theoretical Background

Physical properties of liquids like specific mass, specific weight and Specific gravity and
their SI units.
Specific mass (Mass density): It is the mass per unit volume. The unit of mass density is
kg/m3.
ρ for water = 1000 kg/m3

Mass
ρ = = m/volume
Volume
Specific weight or Unit weight or Weight density (ɤ): It is the weight per unit volume.
ɤ = weight of given liquid/weight of water at 40c

=W/volume
= mg/volume
= ρg
Where, ρ is the mass density , g is the acceleration due to gravity
The unit of specific weight is N/m3.
Weight density for potable water is 9810 N/m3
Specific gravity or Relative density of a liquid (SL): It is the ratio of specific weight of liquid
to the specific weight of pure water at 4oC.
Specific weight of liquid

SL = Specific weight of water at 4oC
SL = ɤ L/ ɤ w, or SL = ρ L/ ρ w
Specific gravity has no units.
Specific gravity of potable water is “1”.
VIII. Experimental Set-up
Figure 1. Measuring jar Figure.2 Measuring jug Figure 3. Digital weighing balance

Hydraulics (22401)
IX. Resources required
Sr. Remark
Particulars Specification Quantity
No
Volume measuring devices like
1 Standard make 1 For each batch
measuring cup or graduated cylinder.
2 Digital weighing balance. Standard make 1 For each batch
X. Procedure
1. Measure the volume of the given liquids using measuring jar or jug.
2. Measure the weight of the given liquids using digital weighing balance.
3. Find specific mass, specific weight and Specific gravity of the given liquids using
formulae.
XI. Precautions to be followed

1. Measure the volume and weight accurately.
2. Handle mercury with care.
XII. Actual procedure followed (Use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient)
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Hydraulics (22401)
XIII. Resources used
Broad Specifications
Sr. No. Name of Resource Quantity Remark
Make Details
1
2
XIV. Precautions followed
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XV. Observations and Calculations (Use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient)
Specific mass, Specific Weight, Specific Gravity,

Sr. ρ= ɤL= SL = ɤL / ɤ W or
Mass (m) Volume
No. mass / Volume weight / Volume = ρ L/ ρ w
Sample Calculations:
1. Specific mass, ρ = mass / Volume
2. Specific Weight ɤ L = weight / Volume = w / g = mg / volume

Where, g is the acceleration due to gravity

Hydraulics (22401)
3. Specific Gravity SL = = ɤ L / ɤ W
= ρ L/ ρ w
XVI. Results
Tap water:
1.
Specific mass, ρ tap water = _________________________ kg/m3
2. Specific Weight ɤ tap water =________________N/m3
3. Specific Gravity S tap water =_________________
Muddy water :
1.
Specific mass,ρ muddy water = _________________________ kg/m3
2. Specific Weight ɤ muddy water =_________________ N/m3
3. Specific Gravity S muddy water =___________________
XVII. Interpretation of results(Give meaning of the above obtained results)
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XVIII. Conclusions and Recommendations (if any)

(Actions/decisions to be taken based on the interpretation of results).
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XIX. Practical Related Questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design more
such questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO. Write answers of
minimum three questions.
1. State the capacity of the measuring cylinder used.

2. State the maximum weighing capacity of digital balanced used.
3. State the least count of the digital balance used
4. Compare two given liquids based on specific gravity.
[Space to Write Answers]
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XX. References / Suggestions for further Reading
Sr.
Title of Book Author Publication
No.
Hydraulics and Fluid Modi,P. N.and Standard book house, Delhi
1
Mechanics Seth, S.M. ISBN:13: 978-8189401269;
Hydraulics, Fluid
Ramamrutham, and DhanpatRai Publishing Company, New
2 Mechanics and Fluid
Narayan,R. Delhi, ISBN:8187433841
Machines
Suggested links: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A0BuHEqDm88
XXI. Suggested Assessment Scheme
Performance Indicators Weightage (%)

Process related: 15 Marks 60%
1 Performing the test / Practical accurately 20%
2 Noting down the observations 30%
3 Working in team 10%
Product related: 10 Marks 40%
4 Conclusions 20%
5 Answer to practical related questions 10%
6 Submission of report in time 10%
Total : 25 Marks 100%
List of Student Team Members
1…………………………
2………………………….
3………………………….
4………………………….
Dated Signature of
Marks Obtained
Teacher
Process Related Product Related Total
(15) (10) (25)

Hydraulics (22401)
Practical No. 2: Physical Properties of Oil and Mercury

Physical properties of the liquids are to be understood and fluid characteristics have a
crucial effect on equipment performance and life. Comparative study of liquids can be
made after knowing their physical properties.



Compute the physical properties of given oil and Mercury.

a. Calculate the physical properties of the given liquid.
b. Compare two liquids based on their physical properties.


Physical properties of liquids like specific mass, specific weight and Specific gravity and
their SI units.
Specific mass (Mass density): It is the mass per unit volume. The unit of mass density is
kg/m3.
ρ for water = 1000 kg/m3
Hydraulics (22401)
Mass
ρ =
Volume
= m/volume
Specific weight or Unit weight or Weight density (ɤ): It is the weight per unit volume.
ɤ = weight of given liquid/weight of water at 40c
=W/volume
= mg/volume
= ρg
Where, ρ is the mass density , g is the acceleration due to gravity
The unit of specific weight is N/m3.
Weight density for potable water is 9810 N/m3
Specific gravity or Relative density of a liquid (SL): It is the ratio of specific weight of liquid
to the specific weight of pure water at 4oC.
Specific weight of liquid

SL =
Specific weight of water at 4oC
SL = ɤ L/ ɤ W, or SL = ρ L/ ρ w
Specific gravity has no units.
Specific gravity of potable water is “1”.
Figure 1. Measuring jar Figure 2.Measuring jug Figure 3. Digital weighing balance

Hydraulics (22401)
Remark
Sr. No Particulars Specification Qty.
Volume measuring devices like
measuring cup or graduated cylinder.
2 Digital weighing balance. Standard make 1 For each batch
X. Procedure
1.Measure the volume of the given liquids using measuring jar or jug.
2.Measure the weight of the given liquids using digital weighing balance.
3.Find specific mass, specific weight and Specific gravity of the given liquids using formulae.

1. Measure the volume and weight accurately.
XII. Actual procedure followed (Use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient)
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Sr. Broad Specifications

Name of Resource Quantity Remark
No. Make Details

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Specific Gravity,
Specific mass,
Specific Weight,
SL = ɤL / ɤ W or
Sr. No. Mass (m) Volume ρ = mass /
ɤL= weight / Volume
Volume = ρ L/ ρ w
Sample Calculations:
3. Specific mass, ρ = mass / Volume

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4. Specific Weight ɤ L = weight / Volume = w / g = mg / volume

Where, g is the acceleration due to gravity
3. Specific Gravity SL = = ɤ L / ɤW = ρ L/ ρ w
XVI. Results
Oil :
1. Specific mass, ρoil = _________________________ kg/m3

2. Specific Weight ɤ oil =________________N/m3
3. Specific Gravity Soil =_________________
Mercury:
1. Specific mass, ρmercury = _________________________ kg/m3

2. Specific Weight ɤ mercury =_________________ N/m3
3. Specific Gravity S mercury =___________________
XVII. Interpretation of results(Give meaning of the above obtained results)

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XVIII. Conclusions and Recommendations if any

(Actions/decisions to be taken based on the interpretation of results).
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1. State the capacity of the measuring cylinder used.

2. State the maximum weighing capacity of digital balanced used.
3. State the least count of the digital balance used
4. Compare two given liquids based on specific gravity.
5. Name the oil used during the experiment.
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XX References / Suggestions for further Reading
Sr.
No.
1
Hydraulics, Fluid
Machines
Suggested links:
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A0BuHEqDm88
Weightage
Performance Indicators
(%)
1 Performing the test/Practical accurately 20%
4 Conclusions 20%
1………………………….
2…………………………..
3…………………………..
4…………………………..
Dated Signature of
Marks Obtained
Teacher
(15) (10) (25)

Hydraulics (22401)
Practical No. 3: Pressure Measurement by Piezometer

A piezometer is a device used to measure liquid pressure at a point in a system by
measuring the height to which a column of the liquid rises against gravity. A piezometer is
designed to measure static pressure.

PO 5.. Individual and Team Work: Function effectively as leader and team member in


Use the piezometer to measure the pressure at a given Point.

a. Measure the pressure at a point in the given flow using piezometer.
b. Understand the limitations of piezometer.


1.Piezometer consists of a transparent glass tube, inserted at a point in the wall of a vessel
or of a pipe where pressure is to be measured. The tube extends vertically upward to such a
height that liquid can freely rise in it without overflowing. The pressure at any point in the
liquid is indicated by the height of the liquid in the tube above that point.

Hydraulics (22401)
2. Calculate the pressure of the liquid at a point using formula for Piezometer.
p = ɤL h where p-= intensity of pressure,
h= rise of liquid in piezometer in and
ɤL = Specific weight of the liquid
Limitations in the use of piezometer-
 Piezometres can not measure very high or low pressure.it can measure only
moderate pressure.
 Piezometres can not measure negative pressure.
 Piezometres can not measure gas pressure.
Liquid of
weight density ɤL
pA = ɤ L h
Figure 1. Piezometer
Sr.
Particulars Specification Quantity Remark
No
1 Piezometer Standard make 1 For each batch
X. Procedure
1. Open the valve and start fluid flow in the pipe.
2. Observe the glass tube connected to pipe through which the liquid is flowing
3. Note the height of water in the glass tube on the scale attached to it.
4. Calculate intensity of pressure at the point, p = ɤL h.
5. Repeat the experiment by changing the fluid flow using the valve.

Hydraulics (22401)

1. Use the apparatus carefully.
2. Observe the readings with precision.
XII. Actual procedure followed (To be written by students)
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No. Make Details

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Rise in water level in the piezometer, Pressure

Sr. No. Pressure intensity (p = ɤL h)
head (h)
Sample calculations: p = ɤL h. Where p = Pressure intensity at the point
ɤL = Specific weight of the liquid,
h= Piezometric head
XVI. Results
Pressure intensity at the given point using piezometer is
1. = _________________ N/m 2
2. = _________________N/m 2
3. = _________________ N/m 2
XVII. Interpretation of results (Give meaning of the above obtained results)

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XVIII. Conclusions and Recommendations if any (Actions/decisions to be taken based on the

interpretation of results).
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Hydraulics (22401)
1. State the length of the piezometer used during practical.

2. State the limitations in the use of piezometer.
3. State the equation used to find the pressure using piezometer.
4. Comment on the diameter of piezometer to be used on measurement.
5. Name all the instruments where piezometer is fitted in laboratory.
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Sr.
No.
1
Hydraulics, Fluid
Ramamrutham, and DhanpatRai Publishing Company,
Narayan, R. New Delhi, ISBN:8187433841
Machines
Suggested links:
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_VDVi_zq3nk
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s13pakJrcqk
XI. Suggested Assessment Scheme
Weightage
(%)
Process related:15 Marks 60%
1 Performing the test/ Practical accurately 20%
Product related:10 Marks 40%
4 Conclusions 20%
Total: 25 Marks 100%
1……………………………….
2……………………………….
3………………………………..
4………………………………..
Dated sign of
Marks Obtained
Teacher
(15) (10) (25)

Hydraulics (22401)
Practical No. 04: Bourdon’s Pressure Gauge to Measure The Pressure at a

Point.
Bourdon pressure gauge is mechanical device used to measure the pressure of a liquid/gas
at a point. The Bourdon pressure gauge uses the principle that a flattened tube tends to
straighten or regain its circular form in cross-section when pressurized.



Use Bourdons pressure gauge to measure the pressure at a given Point.

competency ‘Apply hydraulics principles in water carriage systems and water retaining
structures.’
a. Measure the pressure at a point using Bourdon’s pressure gauge.
b. Understand the working of Bourdon’s pressure gauge.


The Bourdon pressure gauge uses the principle that a flattened tube tends to straighten or
regain its circular form in cross-section when pressurized. This change in cross-section may
be hardly noticeable, involving moderate stresses within the elastic range of easily workable

Hydraulics (22401)
materials. The strain of the material of the tube is magnified by forming the tube into a C
shape or even a helix, such that the entire tube tends to straighten out or uncoil elastically as
it is pressurized.
Figure 1. Bourdon’s Pressure gauge
Sr.
No
1 Bourdon’s pressure gauge Standard make 1 For each batch
X. Procedure
1. Start fluid flow in the pipe line by opening the valve.
2. Note the units indicated on the Bourdon’s pressure gauge.
3. Note the least count of the Bourdon’s pressure gauge.
4. Observe and note the magnitude of the pressure.
5. Repeat the experiment by rotating the valve to 2-3 different position and take the
reading of the pressure gauge.


Hydraulics (22401)
XII. Actual procedure followed

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No. Make Details
1
2

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Sr. No Observed pressure intensity(p) in N/m2

Hydraulics (22401)
XVI. Results
a. Least count of the Bourdon’s pressure gauge is ______________________ .
b. Pressure intensity at the given point is ______________________ .
i. _________________ N/m2
ii. _________________ N/m2
iii. _________________ N/m2
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XVIII. Conclusions and Recommendations if any (Actions/decisions to be taken based on the

interpretation of results).
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1. State the make of the Bourdon’s pressure gauge.

2. How does Bourdon’s tube pressure gauge works.
3. State the least count of the Bourdon’s pressure gauge.
4. Draw a neat sketch of the Bourdon’s pressure gauge and label.
5. State the practical situations in day to day life where you observe /use the gauge.
6. What Zero of Bourdon’s pressure gauge indicates?can it measure negative pressure?
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Sr.
No.
3
Hydraulics, Fluid
Ramamrutham, and Dhanpat Rai Publishing Company,
Narayan,R. New Delhi, ISBN:8187433841
Machines
Suggested links:
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w0bIxKB8maw
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPfLX8siEwU
Weightage
(%)
4 Conclusions 20%
1……………………………….
2……………………………….
3……………………………….
4……………………………….
Marks Obtained Dated sign of Teacher

(15) (10) (25)

Hydraulics (22401)
Practical No. 05: U Tube Differential Manometer

Pressure difference between the two points is essential to decide the direction of flow.
Differential manometers are also used to compare the pressure of two different containers.
They reveal both which container has greater pressure and how large the difference
between the two is.

PO8. Individual and Team Work: Function effectively as leader and team member in


Use the U tube differential manometer to measure the pressure difference between two
given points.

competency. ‘Apply hydraulics principles in water carriage systems and water
a. Measure high pressure difference between two points in same or different pipe lines.


Hydraulics (22401)

Manometer are pressure measuring devices generally used in laboratory. Manometers
overcome the limitations in the use of piezometers. Manometers can measure high, low,
negative pressure of liquids and gases. The only disadvantage of manometers is that they
are not easy to carry or transport. Mercury is used as manometric liquid in simple and U
tube differential manometers where in inverted U tube manometer “the fluid which is
lighter than the fluid flowing through the pipe line can be used as manometric fluid.”
The classification is shown below.
Manometers
Simple manometers Differential manometers
(used to pressure at a point )
U tube inverted U tube
Calculate the pressure of the liquid at a point.
P = h
Where ,
p = intensity of pressure,
h = rise of liquid in piezometer and
 = Specific weight of the liquid
A differential U tube manometer is a device used to measure the difference in pressure
between two points of the same or different pipe lines. It consists of a U tube containing
heavy liquid and its two ends are connected to the points whose difference of pressure is
required to be measured.

Hydraulics (22401)
Specific gravity S1
Specific gravity S2
Specific gravity S3
Figure 1: Differential U tube manometer

Sr.
No
1 U tube differential manometer Standard make 1 For each batch
X. Procedure:
1. Start the fluid flow in pipe by opening the valve.
2. Observe the manometer connected to pipe through which liquid is flowing.
3. Note the difference of heavy liquid in U tube.
4. Note the distance of center of pipe from heavy liquid in the right limb and left limb.
5. Calculate the difference of pressure head at A and B.
6. Calculate the difference of pressure intensities.
7. Repeat the experiment by changing the rate of flow by operating the valve.

Hydraulics (22401)


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No. Make Details

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Specific gravity of liquid flowing in pipe A, S1 =_________________________
Specific gravity of liquid flowing in pipe B , S2 =_________________________
Specific gravity of manomeric liquid , S3 =_________________________
Manometer readings Formula

Pressure difference=
Sr. No. HA- HB =S3h + S2h2 - S1h1
h1 h2 H pA-pB = A A-hB)
Sample Calculation:
i. HA- HB = S3h + S2h2 - S1h1

ii. PA-PB = ( hA - hB )
VI. Results
Pressure difference = PA - PB =
4. = ______________N/m 2
5. = ______________N/m 2
6. = ______________N/m 2
XVI. Interpretation of results (Give meaning of the above obtained results)

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XVII. Conclusions and Recommendations ( If any)

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Hydraulics (22401)
XVIII. Practical Related Questions

1. State the principle on which Differential U tube manometer works.
2. Name the liquid flowing in the pipe line and its specific gravity.
3. Write the situation when inverted manometers are used.
4. Mercury is used as manometric liquid. Give reasons.
5. Mercury does not stick to the walls of the manometer. Give reasons.
6. Draw and write the formula /expression for calculating pressure difference when both
the pipes are at the same level, with the same and different liquids flowing in the
pipes.
7. With the help of neat diagram show positive and negative pressure at a point .in a
simple U tube manometer.
8. Name the equipment where differential manometer is used.
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Hydraulics (22401)
XIX. References / Suggestions for further Reading
Sr.
No.
1
Hydraulics, Fluid
Narayan, R. Delhi, ISBN:8187433841
Machines
Suggested links:
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WmWw_IB6nv4
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zvc_hRg-0Ns
XX. Suggested Assessment Scheme

4 Conclusions 20%

1……………………………….
2……………………………….
3………………………………..
4………………………………..
Dated sign of
Marks Obtained
Teacher
(15) (10) (25)

Hydraulics (22401)
Practical No. 06: Resultant Pressure and Its Position for a Liquid in a Tank
Pressure exerted by the liquid on the walls and the base of the container is important while
designing the containers. The stability of the containers depends on the total pressure
exerted on them. In this experiment pressure exerted by the liquid on the walls and the
base of the container is determined.


Determine total hydrostatic pressure and center of pressure for different conditions.

Find the resultant pressure and its position for given situation of liquid in a tank.

a. Determine total hydrostatic pressure at base and on the sides of the tank.


Hydraulics (22401)

1. Calculate the pressure of the liquid at a point using formula for Piezometer.
Hydrostatic pressure ( total pressure) is the pressure exerted by a fluid which is at rest
on the surface with which fluid is in contact. Hydrostatic pressure increases in
proportion to depth measured from the free liquid surface Total pressure is always
perpendicular to the surface with which the fluid is in contact. Unit of total pressure is
“N
2. Centre of pressure is the point where the total hydrostatic pressure acts.
3. Center of pressure is always below the center of gravity of the body/surface.
Figure 1. Hydrostatic force acting on the wall of a tank

Sr.
No
1 Tank containing liquid Standard make 1 For each batch
X. Procedure
1. Measure the area of the tank by knowing its length(L) and width(B).
2. Fill the tank up to certain height.
3. Note the piezometric reading and record the pieozometric head h.
4. Calculate the pressure intensities on the walls and the base of the container.
5. Find the position of centre of pressure.
6. Experiment is repeated for different heads of liquid in the tank.

Hydraulics (22401)

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No. Make Details
1
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Hydraulics (22401)
1. Area of the tank = A= L x B = ______________m2.
2. Specific gravity of Liquid in tank, S1 =_____________ .
Total Hydrostatic pr. on the Total Hydrostatic pr.on the

Sr No Piezometric Head, h base, of the tank wall, of the tank
P1= LA h P2 = ½ L h2
1
2
Sample calculations
1. L= ρ xg
P=wAh= LA h
Where, L= weight density of liquid
g = gravitational acceleration
A = area of Bottom of tank
h = Head of water above the base.
2. Piezometric head in the tank = h =
3. Total Hydrostatic pressure on the base, P1= L Ah=
4. Total Hydrostatic pressure on the wall, P2= ½ L h2 =
XVI. Results
Total Hydrostatic pressure on the base, P1
a. ________________ N
b. _________________ N
c. _________________ N
Total Hydrostatic pressure on the Wall, P2

a. ________________ N
b. _________________ N
c. _________________ N

Hydraulics (22401)
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1. State the volume of the tank used.
2. Mention the specific gravity of the liquid in the tank.
3. Is the total hydrostatic pressure acting on the wall and the base are same or not? Give
reasons
4. Define center of pressure.
5. Draw pressure diagrams for the following cases
a. Pressure due to one type of liquid on the side of the surface.
b. Pressure due to different types of liquids one over another on one side of the tank
only.
c. Resultant Pressure acting on the wall due to liquids of same or different specific
gravity on both sides of wall.
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Sr. Title of Book Author Publication
No.
1 Mechanics Seth, S.M. ISBN:13: 978-8189401269;
Hydraulics, Fluid Ramamrutham, and DhanpatRai Publishing Company,
2 Mechanics and Fluid Narayan, R. New Delhi, ISBN:8187433841
Machines
Suggested links:
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-BB-bCE8klg

4 Conclusions 20%
1 …………………………..
2 …………………………..
3. ………………………….
4.. …………………………
5. ………………………….
Marks Obtained Dated sign of

Teacher
Process Total
Product Related
Related
(10) (25)
(15)

Hydraulics (22401)
Practical No. 07: Reynolds’s Apparatus

Deciding the type of flow is required to design the conduits. There are different types of
flows; Steady, Unsteady, Uniform, Non-uniform, Laminar and turbulent flow etc. In this
experiment we will be able to differentiate the laminar and turbulent flow both through
observation and calculations.


Use relevant fluid flow parameters in different situations.

Use the Reynold’s apparatus to interpret the type of flow.

a. Understand the type of flow both by observation and calculations.


1. In fluid dynamics, laminar flow is a flow in which fluid particles do not cross each
others path. It occurs when a fluid flows in parallel layers, with no disruption
between the layers. At low velocities, the fluid tends to flow without lateral mixing
and adjacent layers slide past one another like playing cards.

Hydraulics (22401)
2. Turbulent flow is the type of fluid flow in which the fluid particles move in a zigzag
manner. In turbulent flow the speed of the fluid at a point is continuously undergoing
changes in both magnitude and direction.
3. Reynold’s number is a dimensionless number ( no units) used in fluid mechanics to
indicate whether fluid flow is laminar or turbulent.
4. Reynold’s number values is different for open channel and pipe flow.
5. Re = ρvD/μ where ρ = mass density, v = velocity of flow, D= diameter the pipe,
μ = coefficient of friction
Figure 1. Reynold’s Apparatus Figure 2. Line diagram of set-up

Sr.
No
1 Reynold’s apparatus Standard make 1 For each batch
X. Procedure
1. Note the diameter of the pipe.
2. Fill the tank with water by keeping outlet of glass tube partly opened so that no air is
entrapped in the glass tube.
3. When the tank is full, close the outlet valve of glass tube and inlet valve of the tank.
4. Allow the water in the tank to come to the state of rest.
5. Maintain constant level of water by opening both inlet valve.
6. Allow the dye from the dye ejector in to the flow.
7. Allow a certain volume of water to be collected in the measuring tank, note time of
collection of water and compute the discharge.

Hydraulics (22401)
8. Gradually increase the velocity of flow and measure the discharge.

9. Repeat the readings till dye get dispersed in the flow of water.
10. Repeat the experiment with the varying the rate of flow.

2. Observe the readings with precision

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No. Make Details

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Hydraulics (22401)
1. Inner diameter of the glass tube, D =___________________m.
2. C/S area of the glass tube =A= пD2/4 = _______________m2
3. Mass density of water ρw = 1000kg/m3 = _______________
4. Dynamic viscosity of water, μ =_________________ N.s/m2.
5. Area of Tank = L x B =_________________________ m2
6. Name of the dye used =_________________________
Discharge Type of
3 Time Velocity,
Run no Volume, m Q= Volume Re = ρvD/μ flow
(T) sec V= Q/A
/Time In pipe
Sample calculations
1. Discharge, Q= Volume / Time
2. Velocity, V= Q/A
3. Re= ρvD/μ
XVI. Results
Reynold’s number, Re and type of flow,
1.
2.
3.

Hydraulics (22401)
XVII Interpretation of results (Give meaning of the above obtained results)

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XVIII Conclusions and Recommendations (if any)

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XVII. Practical Related Questions

1. Name the dye used in the experiment.
2. Give two practical examples for laminar and turbulent flow.
3. Name two dyes used in Reynold’s experiment.
4. State the values of Reynold’s number for laminar, turbulent and transition flow
through pipes and channels.
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Hydraulics (22401)
XVIII. References / Suggestions for further Reading

No.
Hydraulics, Fluid Ramamrutham, and DhanpatRai Publishing Company, New
2 Mechanics and Fluid Narayan, R. Delhi, ISBN:8187433841
Machines
Suggested links :
a. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pae5WrmDzUU
b. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=upHHx42r4E0
XIX. Suggested Assessment Scheme

4 Conclusions 20%
1………………………………………….
2……………………………………………
3……………………………………………
4……………………………………………
Marks Obtained Dated Signature

of Teacher
(15) (10) (25)

Hydraulics (22401)
Practical No. 08: Verify Bernoulli’s Theorem

The significance of Bernoulli's principle can be summarized as total head is constant along
a streamline. The sum of potential energy, kinetic energy and pressure energy is constant
on every streamline provided no energy enters or leaves the system. This principle is used
in various instruments to measure the rate of flow.


Use relevant fluid flow parameters in different situations.

Use the Bernoulli’s apparatus to verify Bernoulli’s theorem to get the total energy line for
a flow in a closed conduit of varying cross sections.

a. Determine total energy at a section in a pipe flow.
b. Draw total energy line.


Bernoulli’s theorem states that in an ideal, incompressible fluid, when the flow is steady
and continuous, the sum of pressure energy, kinetic energy and potential energy is constant
along a stream line.

Hydraulics (22401)
Potential energy: Potential energy is the energy possessed by the fluid/object because of
its position with respect to some arbitrary horizontal datum plane.
The potential energy per unit weight = Z, in metres.
Kinetic energy: It is the energy possessed by a liquid by virtue of its motion. Suppose a
liquid of weight W is moving at a velocity V metres/second.
K.E. = ½ mV2
Pressure energy: When the liquid is in motion, it is under some pressure. This pressure is
converted into equivalent height of liquid.
h =P/ L, L = being specific weight of liquid.
Figure 1. Bernoulli’s Apparatus

Sr.
No
1 Bernoulli’s apparatus Standard make 1 For each batch
X. Procedure:
1.Find the area of the measuring tank by measuring length (L) and width (B).
2.Note the area of piezometers at various gauge points.

Hydraulics (22401)
3.Open the supply valve and adjust the flow so that the water level in the inlet tank remains
constant.
4.Measure the height of water level in different piezometric tubes.
5.Measure the discharge of conduit with help of measuring tank.
6.Repeat the steps 3 to 5 for two more readings.
7.Plot the graph between the total head and distance of gauge point starting from the
upstream side of the conduit.

3. Adjust the flow so that the water level in the inlet tank remains constant.

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No. Make Details

Hydraulics (22401)

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1. Discharge measurement
Area of measuring tank, A= L x B =____________ m2
Time of collection of liquid = T =__________ sec
H= Rise in liquid level collected in measuring tank in T sec =______________
Table for measuring discharge
Initial level of Final level of Rise in level of

Run water in water in water in Time Volume of Discharge
no. measuring measuring measuring tank T water Ax H Q=Volume/time
tank H1 tank H2 H=H2-H1
Units In meter In meter In meter sec m3 m3/sec
Table for calculation of total head/ Energy
Piezometer number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
C/S area of pipe
Pr Head= p/
Velocity, V= Q/A
Vel. head = V2/2g
Datum head = Z
Total head=

Hydraulics (22401)
p/ + V2/2g+Z
Run
no
Pr Head= p/
Velocity, V=Q/A
Vel. head= V2/2g
Datum head= Z
Total head=
Run
p/ + V2/2g+Z
no
Pr Head= p/
Velocity, V=Q/A
Run Vel head= V2/2g
No Datum head= Z
3 Total head=
p/ + V2/2g+Z

Hydraulics (22401)

Hydraulics (22401)
XVI. Results
Total head= p/ + V2/2g+Z
1. ______________ m
2. ______________ m
3. ______________ m

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1. Write Bernoulli’s formula and give meaning of each term.

2. State the limitations of the Bernoulli’s theorem.
3. State the practical applications of the Bernoulli’s theorem.
4. State modified Bernoulli’s theorem.
5. Draw the graph of pressure energy, kinetic energy and total energy for the observations
taken.
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Hydraulics (22401)

No.
1 Mechanics ISBN:13: 978-8189401269;
Seth, S.M.
Machines
Suggested links :
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hYBCaRdEvjU
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ev-3wrE8WWQ
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wR0AlZddJtY

4 Conclusions 20%

1…………………………………
2…………………………………
3…………………………………
4…………………………………
Dated Signature of
Marks Obtained
Teacher
(15) (10) (25)

Hydraulics (22401)
Practical No. 09: Determine Friction Factor for the Given Pipe.
When water is flowing in a pipe, it experiences resistance to its motion whose effect is to
reduce the velocity and finally reduces the discharge. It depends upon the roughness of the
inside wall of the pipe. This resistance is known as frictional resistance and loss occurred
is known as head loss due to friction. Head loss due to friction is to be found out and it is
an important parameter in the design of pipe lines.


Determine the loss of head of fluid flow through pipes.

Use the Friction factor Apparatus to determine friction factor for the given pipe.

a. Determine friction factor for a given pipe.
b. Apply Darcy’s Weisbach equation to find Head loss due to friction.


Hydraulics (22401)
VII. Minimum Theoretical Background:

Total energy of fluid flow reduces in the direction of flow. The loss in energy is mainly
(major reason of loss) due to friction and some minor losses.
Darcy’s Weisbach Equationis used to find the Friction loss in flow through pipes,
hf = f lv2/2gD =
Where, f = Darcy’s friction factor

l = length of the pipe,
V = velocity of flow,
D = Diameter of the pipe,
Q = Discharge,
g = acceleration due to gravity
Figure 1. Pipe friction factor apparatus

Hydraulics (22401)
Sr.
No
1 Pipe friction factor apparatus Standard make 1 For each batch
X. Procedure
1. Open the inlet valve and allow the flow to pass through the desired pipe.
2. From overhead tank allow water to flow through desired pipe for 2-3 minutes.
3. Open tapping of manometer on desired pipe.
4. Measure the rise in the level of water in the measuring tank for predetermined time
interval and calculate the discharge.
5. Measure the height of mercury column in left as well as right limb of U tube
differential manometer. The respective level of mercury in each limb is to be noted in
the observation table.
6. Repeat procedure for 3-4 different discharge conditions by operating the inlet valve.
7. Repeat the steps 2-6 for pipes of different diameter by allowing the water to flow
through the required pipe line by opening the respective valves.


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No. Make Details

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1. Material of pipe =_________________________________
2. Area of Measuring tank = L x B =___________________ m.
3. Distance between pressure tappings, l =_________________ m2
4. Specific gravity of fluid in pipe S1 =_______________________
5. Specific gravity of fluid in manometer S2 =__________________
Manometer reading Rise of Time for Darcy’s

Dia water in collecting friction
Sr. x= hf = Q=
Of measuring water in factor,
No. x1 x2 x(S2/S1-1) LBH/T
Pipe, D tank in m, measuring f=
x1-x2
H tank, T sec

Hydraulics (22401)
Sample Calculations
hf = x(S2/S1-1)
Darcy’s factor, f =
XVI. Results:
Darcy’s friction factor, f =
i. ______________________
ii. ______________________
iii. ______________________

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1. State the total volume of the tank used for collecting water.
2. State the power of the pump used in the hydraulic bench.
3. State the type of material the pipes are made of.
4. State the capacity of the Sump tank.
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No.
Hydraulics and Fluid Modi,P. N.and
1 Standard book house, Delhi

Narayan, R. New Delhi, ISBN:8187433841
Machines
Suggested links:
a. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w7n0srAzm8g
b. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yo0ZBnn12dU
c. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bfg7U5hTPVo

Hydraulics (22401)

1 Performing the Test / Practical accurately 20%
4 Conclusions 20%
5 Answers to practical related questions 10%
1……………………………………..
2………………………………………
3………………………………………
4………………………………………
Marks Obtained Dated Signature of

Teacher
(15) (10) (25)

Hydraulics (22401)
Practical No. 10: Minor Losses in Pipe Fittings

When fluid flows through pipe, energy losses occur due to various reasons, in the direction
of flow. Predominant loss is due to the friction (pipe roughness). The additional
components like inlet, outlet, bend, valves, sudden enlargement and contraction add to the
overall head loss of the system resulting in decrease in discharge. While designing pipe
line total head loss is required, to be calculated.


Determine the loss of head of fluid flow through pipes

Determine the minor losses in pipe fittings due to sudden contraction and sudden
enlargement.

This practical is to develop the following skills for the industry identified compete ‘Apply
hydraulics principles in water carriage systems and water retaining structures’
a. Determine the minor losses in pipe fittings.


Hydraulics (22401)

When Energy is measured in “meters” is called head. The minor head losses are
caused by certain local features or disturbances. The disturbances may be caused in the
size or shape of the pipe. This deformation affects the velocity distribution and may result
in eddy formation.
Sudden Enlargement:- Two pipes of cross-sectional area A1 and A2 are as
shown in figure 1. When the enters the larger section eddies will form resulting in
turbulences and causing dissipation of energy.
The loss in head or energy due to sudden enlargement is given by:-
h enlargement = (V1-V2)2/2g
Sudden Contraction:- It represents a pipe line in which an abrupt contraction occurs.
The area of flow minimizes a little distance away from actual area of contraction of pipe
is known as vena contracta, refer figure 2
Figure 1.Sudden enlargement Figure 2.Sudden contraction
Figure 3. Experimental set up Figure 4. Sudden enlargement

Hydraulics (22401)

Sr.
No.
Pipe of known diameter fitted with
1 sudden enlargement, sudden Standard make 1 For each batch
contraction.
Discharge measuring tank fitted with Standard make
2 1 For each batch
a scale and piezometer tube
X. Procedure
1. Open the inlet valve, keeping the outlet valve closed.
2. Connect the manometer rubber tubing to one of the pipes/pipe fitting and check that
there is no air bubble entrapped.
3. Open partially the outlet valve, keeping the common inlet valve fully open.
4. Allow the flow to get stabilized and then take manometer reading.
5. Measure discharge.
6. Repeat the procedure at least three times.

a. Avoid spilling of water while conducting this experiment.
b. Maintain the adequate pressure by adjusting valve.
c. Take the readings accurately.
d. Handle mercury with care.
e. No air should be entrapped in the apparatus system.

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No. Make Details
1
2
3
4

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XV. Observations
Area of Measuring Tank = ___________________ m2
Area of large pipe (A1) = ___________________ m2
Area of small pipe (A2) = ___________________ m2

Hydraulics (22401)
Head loss
Manometer Head loss
obtained by
obtain by
Pipe Reading Discharge measurement manometer
discharge reading
fitting (for mercury (calculatio
manometer)* (observations
ns)
Hm)
Volume
h = area of h=
H= Q=
Sudden measuring
= V1= V2 =
enlarge- h1 h2 tank x rise in Time Volum
( h1- Q/A1 Q/A2
ment water level in
h2) e /time
measuring
tank
Sudden hc =
contract (0.5v22//
-ion 2g)
*If manometric liquid is water then use h=H
Sample calulations
2
For sudden enlargement= h enlargement = (v1-v2) /2g
For sudden contraction= h con= (0.5v22//2g)
XVI. Results
Average value of head loss in
Sudden enlargement = ____________________ m.
Sudden contraction = _____________________ m.

Hydraulics (22401)
XVII. Interpretation of results

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1. Write the formula for head loss due to sudden enlargement , sudden contraction , and
write meaning of each term.
2. Mention the measures taken to reduce minor losses in house plumbing.
3. Describe the variation of minor losses when discharge is increased or decreased by
operating regulating valve.
Space to Write Answers
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Hydraulics (22401)
Sr.
No.

Machines
Suggested links:
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6jClbqlGctY
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RCKfQgnp5sU

4 Conclusions 20%
1……………………………………..
2………………………………………
3………………………………………
4………………………………………
Dated sign of
Marks Obtained
Teacher
(15) (10) (25)

Hydraulics (22401)
Practical No. 11: Minor Losses in Pipe Fittings
When fluid flow through pipe, energy losses occur due to various reasons, in the direction
of flow. Predominant loss is due to the friction (pipe roughness). The additional
components like inlet, outlet, bend, valves, sudden enlargement and contraction add to the
overall head loss of the system resulting in decrease in discharge. While designing pipe
line total head loss is required, to be calculated.

IV. Relevant Course Outcomes

Determine the loss of head of fluid flow through pipes
V. Practical Outcome
Determine the minor losses in pipe fittings due to sudden contraction and sudden
enlargement.
VI. Competency and Practical Skills

This practical is to develop the following skills for the industry identified
competency‘Apply hydraulics principles in water carriage systems and water
retaining structures’
a. Determine the minor losses in pipe fittings.
VII. Relevant Affective domain related


Hydraulics (22401)
VIII. Minimum Theoretical Background

Minor loss in a bend is due to flow separation on the curved walls and a swirling
secondary flow arising from the centripetal acceleration. Since the flow pattern in valves,
bends and fittings are quite complex, The losses are usually measured experimentally and
correlated with the pipe flow parameters. In turbulent flow, the Minor Loss varies as the
square of the velocity.
hm = k v2/2g
Where, hm = minor loss for a fitting, while calculating head loss due to bend k =
coefficient of bend which dependence upon angle of bend, radius of curvature of bend and
diameter of pipe, while calculating head loss due to fitting (elbow) k= coefficient which
depends upon the type of the pipe fitting .ν = mean velocity of the flow in the pipe. Bends
are provided in pipes to change the direction of flow through it.
IX. Experimental Set-up
Figure 1.Bend
Figure 2. Experimental set up

Hydraulics (22401)
X. Resources required
Sr.
No.
Pipe of known diameter fitted
with bent and elbow
Discharge measuring tank fitted Standard make
2 1 For each batch
with a scale and piezometer tube
XI. Procedure
1. Open the inlet valve,keeping the outlet valve closed.
2. Connect the manometer rubber tubing to one of the pipes/pipe fitting and check that
there is no air bubble entrapped.
3. Open partially the outlet valve, keeping the common inlet valve fully open.
4. Allow the flow to get stabilized and then take manometer reading.
5. Measure discharge
6. Repeat the procedure at least three times
XII. Precautions to be followed

a. Avoid spilling water while conducting this experiment.
b. Maintain the adequate pressure by adjusting valve.
c. Take the readings accurately.
d. Handle mercury with care.
e. No air should be entrapped in the apparatus system.
XIII. Actual procedure followed

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Hydraulics (22401)
XIV. Resources used

No. Make Details
XV. Precautions followed

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XVI. Observations
Area of Measuring Tank = ___________________ m2
Area of large pipe (A1) = ___________________ m2
Area of small pipe (A2) = ___________________ m2
Manometer Head loss Head loss

obtain by obtained by
Pipe Reading Discharge measurement
discharge manometer
fitting reading
(for mercury (calculation
manometer)* s) (observations
Volume
h
H= =area of Q=
Pipe = measuring Tim V1=Q/ V2=
h h
bend 1 2 tank x rise in e Volume/ti A1 Q/A
hbend=
(h1- 2
water level
h2) in measuring
me
(Kv2/ /2g)
tank

Hydraulics (22401)
Pipe
fitting Hpipe fitting
(elbow) = (Kv22//2g)
*If manometric liquid is water then use h=H
Sample Calculations
For bend= h bend = (KV)2/2g
For sudden elbow= h elbow= (Kv2//2g)
XVII. Results
Average value of head loss in = __________________
Due to bend = ____________________m.
Due to elbow = _____________________m.
XVIII. Interpretation of results

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XIX. Conclusions and Recommendations (if any)

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Hydraulics (22401)
XX. Practical Related Questions

1 Write the formula for head loss due to bend , elbow, and write meaning of each term.
2 Mention the measures taken to reduce minor losses in house plumbing.
3 Describe the variation of minor losses when discharge is increased or decreased by
operating regulating valve.
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XXI. References / Suggestions for further Reading

No.
Hydraulics, Fluid Ramamrutham, and DhanpatRai Publishing Company, New
4 Mechanics and Fluid Narayan, R. Delhi, ISBN:8187433841
Machines
Suggested link
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6jClbqlGctY
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FW1se5jW8X0

Hydraulics (22401)
XXII. Suggested Assessment Scheme

4 Conclusions 20%
1……………………………….
2………………………………..
3………………………………..
4……………………………….

(15) (10) (25)

Hydraulics (22401)
Practical No. 12: Venturimeter

A Venturimeter is a device used to measure the rate of flow that is discharge of a fluid in a
pipe. A Venturi meter may also be used to increase the velocity of any type of fluid in a
pipe at any particular point. This device is permanently fixed in a pipe line. The calibrated
Venturimeter can be used to measure discharge, wherever required.

Diverse /multidisciplinary team.

Determine the loss of head of fluid flow through pipes.

Calibrate the Venturimeter to find out the discharge in a pipe.

a. Measurement skill.
b. Identify components of venturimeter apparatus.
c. Demonstrate purpose /function of each component.
d. Determine the coefficient of discharge for venturimeter.


Hydraulics (22401)

Venturi meter is the practical application of Bernoulli’s theorem. When a venturimeter is placed
in a pipe carrying the fluid whose flow rate is to be measured, a pressure drop occurs from the
convergent cone to the throat of the venturimeter.
Coefficient of discharge is the ratio of actual discharge to the theoretical discharge. Actual
discharge is always less than theoretical discharge because of major and minor losses.
Figure 1. Venturimeter Figure 2. Venturimeter
Figure 3. Experiment set up

Hydraulics (22401)
Sr. Remark
No. (Photos)
1 Venturimeter fitted on pipeline Standard make 1 For each batch
Discharge measuring tank fitted with Standard make
2 1 For each batch
3 U- tube differential manometer Standard make 1 For each batch
X. Procedure:
1. Open the inlet regulating valve so that water starts flowing through the venturimeter.
2. Wait for some time so that flow gets steady.
3. Remove air bubbles if any entrapped, in piezometric tubes or U-tube differential
manometer.
4. Note differential manometric reading h.
5. Measure the discharge by collecting a certain volume of water in measuring tank in
predetermined time.
6. Repeat the procedure at least three times.

1. Measure the discharge carefully.
4. Remove air bubble from manometer.
5. Maintain constant discharge before taking reading.

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Hydraulics (22401)

No. Make Details

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XV. Observations
Area of Measuring Tank = __________________________ m2
Diameter of large pipe (D) =__________________________m
Area of large pipe (A) = п/4 x D2 = _____________________ m2
Diameter of small pipe (d) = ___________________________m
Area of large pipe (A) = п /4 x d2= _______________________ m2
Difference of
Rise of Volume Discharge manometric Therotical
water of water Q actual liquid between discharge Coefficent
Sr. level in Time two limbs Average
collected by of discharge
=
No. measuring T sec h= formula Cd
tank ( H ) V=A * Volume/T Diff Cd=Qact/Qth
H m3/s hm
m hm*(S2/S1- = Qth
(m) 1)

Hydraulics (22401)
Sample calculations
XVI. Results
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1. Name or Identify the parts of venturimeter where maximum velocity of flow will
occur.
2. Pressure at the throat of venturimeter is minimum. Give reason.
3. In venturimeter, length of divergent cone is always greater than convergent cone.
Give reason.
4. Is it possible to use venturimeter for measuring discharge in an open channel.
5. Define coefficient of discharge? State the unit.
6. State the use of measuring tank?
7. State the sequential steps to calculate the actual discharge.

Hydraulics (22401)
8. Therotical discharge is always greater than actual discharge. Give reason.

9. Give the practical situations where the concept/ Principle of venturimeter is used.

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Sr.
No.
Hydraulics and Modi,P. N.and Standard book house, Delhi
1
Fluid Mechanics Seth, S.M. ISBN:13: 978-8189401269;
Hydraulics, Fluid
Ramamrutham, DhanpatRai Publishing Company,
2 Mechanics and
andNarayan, R. New Delhi, ISBN:8187433841
Fluid Machines
S Chand, New Delhi
3 Fluid Mechanics Rajput, R K
ISBN: 9788121916677

Hydraulics (22401)
Suggested link:-
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UNBWI6MV_lY
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W2W0n-9mHXw
3.

4 Conclusions 20%
1.…………………………..
2…………………………..
3…………………………..
4…………………………..
5…………………………..

(15) (10) (25)

Hydraulics (22401)
Practical No. 13: Coefficients of Circular Orifice

An orifice is an opening in the wall or base of a vessel through which fluid flows. The top
edge of orifice is always below the free liquid surface. The water is allowed to flow
through an orifice under a constant head ‘H’. Fluid is discharged in the form of a jet of
flow.
II. Relevant Program Outcomes (POs) Basic knowledge:

Diverse /multidisciplinary team.

Find the fluid flow parameters in open channels.

Calibrate the Orifice to find out the discharge through a tank.

a. Understand concept of hydraulic coefficient (Cc, Cd, Cv).
b. Measurement of horizontal and vertical co-ordinates of jet.
c. Measurement of diameter of vena contracta.


Hydraulics (22401)

Orifice is an opening of any cross section such as circular, triangular, rectangular, on a side
or on the bottom of the tank, through which a fluid flows. Orifices are used for measuring
the rate of flow. It may be observed that liquid approaching the orifice is gradually
converges towards orifice, to form a jet whose c/s area is less than that of the orifice,
known as vena contracta.
The discharge will depend up on the head of the fluid (H) above the level of the
orifice.
VIII Experimental Set-up
Figure 1.Orifice Experimental Set Up Figure2.Orifice Experimental Set Up
VIII. Resources required
Sr. Remark
No.
1 Supply tank with piezometer Standard make 1 For each batch
2 1 For each batch
3 Vernier Caliper Standard make 1 For each batch
4 Stop watch Standard make 1 For each batch

Hydraulics (22401)
IX. Procedure
1. Connect the desired size and shape of orifice to the opening in the sidewall of the
intake tank.
2. Allow water to intake tank through the regulating valve and wait till the water level in
the tank becomes steady.
3. Measure the head using the piezometric tube fixed to the intake tank.
4. Measure the discharge corresponding to each value of H.
5. Take minimum three readings.
6. Measure X and Y coordinates of the lower surface of the jet trajectory at four different
points (origin to be taken at lowest point of the jet at vena contracta).
X. Precautions to be followed
1. Avoid spilling water while conducting this experiment.
2. Maintain the adequate head in intake tank.
3. Take the readings accurately.
XII Actual procedure followed

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Hydraulics (22401)
XI. Resources used

No. Make Details
XII. Precautions followed

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XIII. Observations
a. Shape of orifice =________________
b. Diameter of orifice =______________m
c. Cross sectional area of orifice (a) = ____________m2
d. Cross sectional area of measuring tank (A) =_____________m2
e. ∆H = rise in water level in measuring tank = _______________ m.
Constant
Sr. head at X Y Mean
ΔH t
No. inlet H cm cm Cd
cm3/s
Cm

Hydraulics (22401)
Sr. No. Mean Cv Mean Cc
Sample Calculations
Cc= Cd / Cv
XIV. Results
The hydraulic coefficients of orifice
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XV. Interpretation of results

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XVI. Conclusions and Recommendations

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Hydraulics (22401)
XVII. Practical Related Questions

1 State the formula for determination of theoretical discharge, and write meaning of
each term.
2 Define coefficient of discharge,coefficient of velocity,contraction.state relation
between them.
3 State the stepwise procedure to measure the actual discharge.
4 Constant head is to be maintained in the tank, while taking the reading. Give reason.
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XVIII. References / Suggestions for further Reading
Sr.
No.
1
Hydraulics, Fluid
Machines

Hydraulics (22401)
Suggested links:
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A0BuHEqDm88
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ukLQw9bGac4
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_sG967TTAoE
XIX Suggested Assessment Scheme
Weightage
(%)
4 Conclusions 20%
1.…………………………..
2…………………………..
3…………………………..
4…………………………..
Dated Signature of
Marks Obtained
Teacher
(15) (10) (25)

Hydraulics (22401)
Practical No. 14: Current Meter
Current Meter is used for measuring the velocity of water in open channel. It is miniatures
section of turbine streams, open canals, pressure pipes, lakes and seas. This practical is
enabling to calculate velocity using current meter.



Use the current meter to measure the velocity of flow of water in open channel.

a. Understand component parts of current meter.
b. Understand the calibrated chart provided by manufacturer.
c. Measurement of velocity by current meter.


Current meter is an instrument used to measure velocity of flow of water in open channel
It consists of a wheel or revolving element containing blades or cups , and a tail on which
flat veins or fins are fixed.

Hydraulics (22401)
Current meters are of two types-

i. Propeller-type current meter
ii. Cup type current meter
The working principle of current meters is, when immersed in the flowing water, which
causes the blades/cups of the current meter to rotate. In cup type current meter the wheel
or the revolving element has the form of series of conical cups mounted on a spindle which
is held vertical at right angle to the direction of flow.
Figure 1. Current meter Figure 2. Line sketch of current meter
Sr.
No
1 Current meter Standard make 1 For each batch
X. Procedure
1. Assemble the current meter (propeller or cup type) available in hydraulics lab.
2. The current meter is lowered to desired depth in a channel or cannal at which velocity
of flow is to be calculated.
3. Ensure that the cups /propeller side is in the upstream side of flow.
4. When the cup start rotating switch on the revolution counter.
5. Find the number of revolutions for known time and record it.

1. Current meter should placed along the direction of flow.

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Hydraulics (22401)
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No. Make Details

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XV. Observations
Velocity of flow corresponding to N1 revolution of current meter made in t seconds = V1
Velocity of flow corresponding to N2 revolution of current meter made in t seconds = V2
The values of N1, N2, V1, V2 corresponding to time t seconds , are read from rating table of
the current meter , so that velocity of flow , v, corresponding to time t seconds , are read
from the rating table of the current meter , so that velocity of flow , v , corresponding to N
revolutions of current meter made in t seconds could be calculated as shown below

Hydraulics (22401)
Time No. of revolution recorded (N)

Sr. No. N2
(t) N1 V1 N2 V2
Sample calculations
Time of recording (t) = ____________________sec.
Number of revolution = ____________________
From rating table for above value of t and N
N1=______________ V1=________________m/s
N2=______________ V2=________________m/s
V= v1+ (v2-v1/n2-n1)(N2-N1)
XVI. Results
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XVIII. Conclusions and Recommendations

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Hydraulics (22401)
1. Write the uses of current meter.

2. Give function of counter weight.
3. Draw the neat sketch of cup type current meter.
4. How will you measure discharge using current meter
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Hydraulics (22401)
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Sr.
No.
1
Hydraulics, Fluid
Machines

Hydraulics (22401)
Suggested links
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dgfqoVqbHw0
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sJ7oT7RTpew
Weightage
(%)
4 Conclusions 20%
1…………………………………
2…………………………………
3…………………………………
4………………………………..
Dated sign of
Marks Obtained
Teacher
Process Product
Total
Related Related
(25)
(15) (10)

Hydraulics (22401)
Practical No. 15: Pitot Tube.

A Pitot tube is an instrument used to measure velocity of a flow. The Pitot tube is used to
measure the local velocity at a given point in the flow.



Use the Pitot tube to measure the velocity of flow of water in open channel.

a. Understand component parts of pitot tube.
b. Measurement of velocity by pitot tube .


Hydraulics (22401)

Pitot tube is a device used to measure the velocity of a flow . It is the practical application
of Bernoulli’s theorem. It is placed in the flow with its bent leg directed upstream so that
stagnation point is created immediately in front of opening. The kinetic energy at this point
gets converted into pressure energy causing the liquid to rise in the vertical limb to a
height equal to stagnation pressure.
Vth =  2gh where h is the height of water raised in pitot tube.
Sr. Remark
No
1 Pitot tube Standard make 1 For each batch
X. Procedure
1. Insert the pitot tube with its nose in upstream direction in the flow at desired depth.
2. Connect the inner and outer tubes of two limbs of differential manometer.
3. The pressure tappings are opened and allowed the flucating mercury surface to
become steady.
4. Record the mercury level in the both the tubes. Repeat it for same depth for three
times at upstream and down stream.
5. Repeat the experiment for different value of depth like 0.2d, 0.4d etc.

Hydraulics (22401)

1. Measure the discharge carefully.
4. Pitot tube should be placed with its nose in upstream direction.

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No. Make Details

Hydraulics (22401)

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XV. Observations
Table 1.Table for calculating velocity
Depth Manometer Reading Velocity
Run No. h1 h2 h = h2 - h1 Remark
(d)
1 0.2d
2
3
4 0.4d
5
Sample Calculation
XVI. Results
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1. State the use of pitot tube.

Hydraulics (22401)
2. Define static pressure.

3. Define stagnation pressure.
4. Define dynamic pressure.
5. We can’t use pitot tube to measure velocity of flow in a pipe? Give reason.
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Hydraulics (22401)
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Sr.
No.
1
Hydraulics, Fluid
Machines

Hydraulics (22401)
Suggested link
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uUfe0QJMfcM
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JhxuFEauU9A
XXI. Suggested assessment scheme
Weightage
(%)
4 Conclusions 20%
1……………………………………
2……………………………………
3……………………………………
4……………………………………
Dated sign of
Marks Obtained
Teacher
(15) (10) (25)

Hydraulics (22401)
Practical No. 16: Triangular Notch
Notch is used to measure rate of flow in an open channel. Notch may be defined as
opening provided in the side of tank or vessel such that the liquid surface in the tank is
below the top edge of the opening. A notch may be regarded as an orifice with the water
surface below its upper edge. It is used for measuring the rate of flow of a liquid through a
small channel or a tank.
The main difference between a notch and weir is that the notch is of small size but the weir
is of bigger one. Moreover a notch is usually made in a plate whereas a weir is usually
made of masonry or concrete.



Use the Triangular notch to measure the discharge through open channel.

This practical is to develop the following skills for the industry identified competency.
‘Apply hydraulics principles in water carriage systems and water retaining
structures’
a. Measurement of Head over the notch.
b. Identify components equipment.
d. Determine the coefficient of discharge for triangular notch.


Hydraulics (22401)


A Notch is a device used for measuring the rate of flow of a liquid through a small channel
or a tank. It may be defined as an opening in the side of a tank or a small channel in such a
way that the free liquid surface is always below sill or edge of an opening. Consider a
rectangular notch provided in channel or tank carrying water.
The triangular or V notch is advantageously used to measure ( low discharge ) the accurate
discharge with lower head, over the crest .
Figure 1.Tringular Notch Figure 2.Tringular Notch
Figure 3.Tringular Notch

Hydraulics (22401)

Sr. Remark
No. (Photos)
1 Notch Standard make 1 One per batch
Discharge measuring tank fitted with Standard make One per batch
2 1
3 Stop watch Standard make 1 One per batch
X. Procedure
1. Select desired size of triangular notch.
2. Measure angle of triangular notch.
3. Measure the sill level.
4. Record three different readings for three different heads over triangular notch by
regulating the flow and measure the actual discharge.

1. Reading must be taken in steady or near steady conditions.
2. Discharge must be varied vary gradually from a higher value to smaller values.
3. Maintain steady and continuous flow over the notch.

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Hydraulics (22401)

No. Make Details

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XV. Observations
Final
Initial
level of Actual
water in Time Discharge Angle Headover Theorotical
Sr. Level of Discharge by Avg
measuring T Qact = of v notch H
No. water in formula
measuring tank in T sec notch m
A x h/ T
tank h1 sec h =
h1- h2
Sample Calculation
Area of measuring tank (A ) = ________________________ m2 .

Actual Discharge= Qact = A x h/ T = ___________________m3/sec.
Theorotical Discharge

Hydraulics (22401)
XVI. Results
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1. State the formula to calculate discharge over triangular notch. State meaning of each
term.
2. State the situations when orifice gets converted into notch.
3. Is the Coefficient of discharge a constant for all notches?
4. State the difference between weir and the notch.
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Hydraulics (22401)
Sr.
No.
1
Hydraulics, Fluid
Machines
Suggested links
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hGLj4FEPmH0
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MBmuK0tN8oY

1 Performing the test/Practical accurately 20%
4 Conclusions 20%
1………………………………..
2………………………………...
3…………………………………
4…………………………………
Dated sign of
Marks Obtained
Teacher
(15) (10) (25)

Hydraulics (22401)
Practical No. 17: Rectangular Notch
Notch is generally used to measure rate of flow in an open channel flow.



Use the Triangular notch to measure the discharge through open channel.

This practical is to develop the following skills for the industry identified competency.
‘Apply hydraulics principles in water carriage systems and water retaining
structures’
a. Measurement of Head over the notch.
b. Identify components equipment.
d. Determine the coefficient of discharge for triangular notch.


Rectangular Notch is used to find discharge . Discharge is calculated by formula

Hydraulics (22401)
Figure 1. Rectangular notch

Sr. Remark
No. (Photos)
1 Notch Standard make 1 Per Batch
2 1 Per Batch
3 Stop watch Standard make 1 Per Batch
X. Procedure
1. Select desired size of rectangular notch.
2. Measure dimensions of rectangular notch.
3. Establish the zero hook gauge reading corresponding to the level of the crest of the
notch or take initial reading at crest.
4. Record three readings for head over triangular notch by regulating the flow and
measure discharge.

Hydraulics (22401)

1. Reading must be taken in steady or near steady conditions.
2. For the measurement of correct discharge there must not be anynotch is not running
in over flow condition.
3. For measurement of correct head over the notch the point gauge must be installed
little distance away from the crest of notch.
4. Discharge must be varied vary gradually from a higher value to smaller values.

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No. Make Details

Hydraulics (22401)

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1. State the formula for discharge for rectangular notch. Write meaning of each term.
2. State the advantages of triangular notch over rectangular notch.
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Sr.
No.
Hydraulics and Fluid Standard book house, Delhi
Modi,P. N.and
1 Mechanics ISBN:13: 978-8189401269;
Seth, S.M.
2 Mechanics and Fluid Narayan,R. New Delhi, ISBN:8187433841
Machines

Hydraulics (22401)

4 Conclusions 20%
1………………………………..
2…………………………………
3…………………………………
4…………………………………
Marks Obtained Dated sign of

Teacher
(15) (10) (25)

Hydraulics (22401)
Practical No. 18: Centrifugal Pump
Centrifugal pumps are used to transport all (viscous) type of fluids. Centrifugal pumps are
used to transport fluids by the conversion of rotational kinetic energy to the hydrodynamic
energy of the fluid flow. Common uses of the centrifugal pump include lifting of water,
sewage, paper pulp, petroleum and petrochemical pumping.

PO5. Individual and Team Work: Function effectively as leader and team member in

Select relevant hydraulic pumps for different applications.

Determine the efficiency of centrifugal pump.

competency, “Apply hydraulics principles in water carriage systems and water
retaining structures
a. Measurement skill.
b. Identify components of centrifugal pump.
d. Observe and measure quantity of water delivered by pump.

b. Demonstrate working as a leader/ team member.
c. Maintain tools and equipment.

Centrifugal pumps are classified as roto dynamic type of pumps in which dynamic
pressure is developed which enable the lifting of viscous liquids from lower to higher
level. The basic principle on which a centrifugal pump works is that when a certain mass

Hydraulics (22401)
of liquid is made to rotate by an external force. ,it is thrown away from the central axis of
rotation .and a centrifugal head is impressed which enables it to rise to a higher level.
Where, w = Specific weight of liquid to be lifted N/ m3.
Q = Discharge of pump m3/ sec
Hm = Manometric Head m
Input power =.of the given pump
Figure 1. Component parts of Centrifugal Pump

Sr. Remark
No. (Photos)
Centrifugal pump with
motor
2 Stop watch Standard make 1 For each batch
3 Pressure gauge Standard make 1 For each batch

Hydraulics (22401)

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XV. Observations
Rise in water level Time of water Discharge Total Head
Sr. No
in tank h collection in Tank T Q = A x h/ T Hm
1
2
3
Sample Calculation
XVI. Results
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Hydraulics (22401)

1. Write specifications pump used in this experiment.
2. Define priming of a pump and state its necessity.
3. For lifting sewage water which type of pump will be suitable and why?
4. Differentiate reciprocating and centrifugal pump.
5. State sequential steps of the working/operation of centrifugal pump.
6. State the make of centrifugal and reciprocating pump used in laboratory.
7. State the practical /day to day life situations where reciprocating pump is used.
8. Length of suction pipe is always less than delivery pipe? Give reason.
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Hydraulics (22401)
Sr.
No.
1
Hydraulics, Fluid Dhanpat Rai Publishing
Ramamrutham, and
2 Mechanics and Fluid Company, New Delhi,
Narayan,R.
Machines ISBN:8187433841

1 Performing the test /practical accurately 20%
4 Conclusions 20%
1……………………………………
2……………………………………
3……………………………………
4……………………………………
Dated sign of
Marks Obtained
Teacher
(15) (10) (25)

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A Laboratory Manual

(CE, CR, CS)

Place ………………. Enrollment No……………………

Course Teacher Head of the Department Principal

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education i

Programme Outcomes (POs) to be achieved through Practicals of this Course:-

PO 1. Basic knowledge: An ability to apply knowledge of basic mathematics, science and

PSO 1 Construction Planning and Designing: Perform optimal civil engineering

List of Industry Relevant Skills

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education ii

Practical- Course Outcome matrix

Course Outcomes (COs)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education iii

Use the Pitot tube to measure the velocity of

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education iv

Brief Guidelines to Teachers

Hints regarding strategies to be used:

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education v

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education vi

Note: To be transferred to Proforma of CIAAN-2017.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education vii

Practical No. 1: Physical Properties of Tap Water and Muddy Water

II. Relevant Program Outcomes (POs)

III. Relevant Course Outcomes

IV. Practical Outcome

V. Competency and Practical Skills

VI. Relevant Affective domain related

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 1

VII. Minimum Theoretical Background

ρ for water = 1000 kg/m3

ɤ = weight of given liquid/weight of water at 40c

Specific weight of liquid

Specific gravity of potable water is “1”.

VIII. Experimental Set-up

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 2

IX. Resources required

XI. Precautions to be followed

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 3

XIII. Resources used

XIV. Precautions followed

Specific mass, Specific Weight, Specific Gravity,

1. Specific mass, ρ = mass / Volume

2. Specific Weight ɤ L = weight / Volume = w / g = mg / volume

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 4

XVII. Interpretation of results(Give meaning of the above obtained results)

XVIII. Conclusions and Recommendations (if any)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 5

XIX. Practical Related Questions

1. State the capacity of the measuring cylinder used.

[Space to Write Answers]

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 6

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 7

XX. References / Suggestions for further Reading

Suggested links: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A0BuHEqDm88

XXI. Suggested Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage (%)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 8

Practical No. 2: Physical Properties of Oil and Mercury

II. Relevant Program Outcomes (POs)