1.

Java technology is both a programming language and a platform

The Java programming language is a high-level language that can be characterized by all
of the following buzzwords:

 Architecture
 Simple
neutral
 Object
 Portable
oriented
 Distributed  High performance
 Multithreaded  Robust
 Dynamic  Secure
The Better Way is Here Now
Now there is a better way -- the Java programming language platform from Sun
TM

Microsystems. Imagine, if you will, this development world...

2. Your programming language is object oriented, yet it's still dead simple.
3. Your development cycle is much faster because Java technology is interpreted.
The compile-link-load-test-crash-debug cycle is obsolete--now you just compile
and run.
4. Your applications are portable across multiple platforms. Write your applications
once, and you never need to port them--they will run without modification on
multiple operating systems and hardware architectures.
5. Your applications are robust because the Java runtime environment manages
memory for you.
6. Your interactive graphical applications have high performance because multiple
concurrent threads of activity in your application are supported by the
multithreading built into the Java programming language and runtime platform.
7. Your applications are adaptable to changing environments because you can
dynamically download code modules from anywhere on the network.
8. Your end users can trust that your applications are secure, even though they're
downloading code from all over the Internet; the Java runtime environment has
built-in protection against viruses and tampering.

9a. Design Of Java: The massive growth of the Internet and the World-Wide Web leads
us to a completely new way of looking at development and distribution of software. To
live in the world of electronic commerce and distribution, Java technology must enable
the development of secure, high performance, and highly robust applications on multiple
platforms in heterogeneous, distributed networks.

9b. Operating on multiple platforms in heterogeneous networks invalidates the traditional

schemes of binary distribution, release, upgrade, patch, and so on. To survive in this
jungle, the Java programming language must be architecture neutral, portable, and
dynamically adaptable.

10a) Simple, Object Oriented, and Familiar

.Primary characteristics of the Java programming language include a simple language that
can be programmed without extensive programmer training while being attuned to
current software practices. The fundamental concepts of Java technology are grasped
quickly; programmers can be productive from the very beginning.

The Java programming language is designed to be object oriented from the ground up.
Object technology has finally found its way into the programming mainstream after a
gestation period of thirty years. The needs of distributed, client-server based systems
coincide with the encapsulated, message-passing paradigms of object-based software. To
function within increasingly complex, network-based environments, programming
systems must adopt object-oriented concepts. Java technology provides a clean and
efficient object-based development platform.

Programmers using the Java programming language can access existing libraries of tested
objects that provide functionality ranging from basic data types through I/O and network
interfaces to graphical user interface toolkits. These libraries can be extended to provide
new behavior.

10b) Robust and Secure

The Java programming language is designed for creating highly reliable software. It
provides extensive compile-time checking, followed by a second level of run-time
checking. Language features guide programmers towards reliable programming habits.

The memory management model is extremely simple: objects are created with a new
operator. There are no explicit programmer-defined pointer data types, no pointer
arithmetic, and automatic garbage collection.

Java technology is designed to operate in distributed environments, which means that

security is of paramount importance. With security features designed into the language
and run-time system, Java technology lets you construct applications that can't be invaded
from outside. In the network environment, applications written in the Java programming
language are secure from intrusion by unauthorized code attempting to get behind the
scenes and create viruses or invade file systems.

10c) High Performance

Performance is always a consideration. The Java platform achieves superior performance

by adopting a scheme by which the interpreter can run at full speed without needing to
check the run-time environment. The automatic garbage collector runs as a low-priority
background thread, ensuring a high probability that memory is available when required,
leading to better performance.

10d) Architecture Neutral and Portable

Java technology is designed to support applications that will be deployed into

heterogeneous network environments. In such environments, applications must be
capable of executing on a variety of hardware architectures. Within this variety of
hardware platforms, applications must execute atop a variety of operating systems and
interoperate with multiple programming language interfaces. To accommodate the
diversity of operating environments, the Java Compiler product generates bytecodes--an
TM

architecture neutral intermediate format designed to transport code efficiently to multiple

hardware and software platforms. The interpreted nature of Java technology solves both
the binary distribution problem and the version problem; the same Java programming
language byte codes will run on any platform.

Architecture neutrality is just one part of a truly portable system. Java technology takes
portability a stage further by being strict in its definition of the basic language. Java
technology puts a stake in the ground and specifies the sizes of its basic data types and
the behavior of its arithmetic operators. Your programs are the same on every platform--
there are no data type incompatibilities across hardware and software architectures.

The architecture-neutral and portable language platform of Java technology is known as

the Java virtual machine. It's the specification of an abstract machine for which Java
programming language compilers can generate code. Specific implementations of the
Java virtual machine for specific hardware and software platforms then provide the
concrete realization of the virtual machine. The Java virtual machine is based primarily
on the POSIX interface specification--an industry-standard definition of a portable
system interface. Implementing the Java virtual machine on new architectures is a
relatively straightforward task as long as the target platform meets basic requirements
such as support for multithreading.

11) In the Java programming language, all source code is first written in plain text files
ending with the .java extension.
12) Those source files are then compiled into .class files by the javac compiler. A
.class file does not contain code that is native to your processor; it instead contains
bytecodes — the machine language of the Java Virtual Machine (Java VM).
1

13) The java launcher tool then runs your application with an instance of the Java
Virtual Machine.
 An overview of the software development process.

14) The Java Platform

A platform is the hardware or software environment in which a program runs. We've

already mentioned some of the most popular platforms like Microsoft Windows, Linux,
Solaris OS, and Mac OS. Most platforms can be described as a combination of the
operating system and underlying hardware

15) The Java platform has two components:

• The Java Virtual Machine

• The Java Application Programming Interface (API)

15a)The Java Virtual Machine

The Java virtual machine is the cornerstone of the Java and Java 2 platforms. It is the
component of the technology responsible for its hardware- and operating system-
independence, the small size of its compiled code, and its ability to protect users from
malicious programs.

The Java virtual machine is an abstract computing machine. Like a real computing
machine, it has an instruction set and manipulates various memory areas at run time. It is
reasonably common to implement a programming language using a virtual machine; the
best-known virtual machine may be the P-Code machine of UCSD Pascal.

The first prototype implementation of the Java virtual machine, done at Sun
Microsystems, Inc., emulated the Java virtual machine instruction set in software hosted
by a handheld device that resembled a contemporary Personal Digital Assistant (PDA).
Sun's current Java virtual machine implementations, components of its Java 2 SDK and
TM

Java 2 Runtime Environment products, emulate the Java virtual machine on Win32 and
TM

Solaris hosts in much more sophisticated ways. However, the Java virtual machine does
not assume any particular implementation technology, host hardware, or host operating
system. It is not inherently interpreted, but can just as well be implemented by compiling
its instruction set to that of a silicon CPU. It may also be implemented in microcode or
directly in silicon.

The Java virtual machine knows nothing of the Java programming language, only of a
particular binary format, the class file format. A class file contains Java virtual
machine instructions (or bytecodes) and a symbol table, as well as other ancillary
information.

For the sake of security, the Java virtual machine imposes strong format and structural
constraints on the code in a class file. However, any language with functionality that can
be expressed in terms of a valid class file can be hosted by the Java virtual machine.
Attracted by a generally available, machine-independent platform, implementors of other
languages are turning to the Java virtual machine as a delivery vehicle for their
languages.

15b) The API is a large collection of ready-made software components that provide many
useful capabilities. It is grouped into libraries of related classes and interfaces; these
libraries are known as packages.

16) What Can Java Technology Do?

16a) Development Tools: the main tools you'll be using are the javac compiler, the java
launcher, and the javadoc documentation tool.
16b) Application Programming Interface (API): The API provides the core
functionality of the Java programming language. It offers a wide array of useful classes
ready for use in your own applications.
16c) Deployment Technologies: The JDK software provides standard mechanisms such
as the Java Web Start software and Java Plug-In software for deploying your applications
to end users.
16d) User Interface Toolkits: The Swing and Java 2D toolkits make it possible to create
sophisticated Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs).
16e) User Interface Toolkits: The Swing and Java 2D toolkits make it possible to create
sophisticated Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs).

17) How Will Java Technology Change My Life?

 Get started quickly: Although the Java programming language is a powerful object-
oriented language, it's easy to learn, especially for programmers already familiar with C
or C++.
 Write less code: Comparisons of program metrics (class counts, method counts, and
so on) suggest that a program written in the Java programming language can be four
times smaller than the same program written in C++.
 Write better code: The Java programming language encourages good coding
practices, and automatic garbage collection helps you avoid memory leaks
 Develop programs more quickly: The Java programming language is simpler than
C++, and as such, your development time could be up to twice as fast when writing in it.
Your programs will also require fewer lines of code.
 Avoid platform dependencies: You can keep your program portable by avoiding the
use of libraries written in other languages.
 Write once, run anywhere: Because applications written in the Java programming
language are compiled into machine-independent bytecodes, they run consistently on any
Java platform.
 Distribute software more easily: With Java Web Start software, users will be able to
launch your applications with a single click of the mouse. An automatic version check at
startup ensures that users are always up to date with the latest version of your software. If
an update is available, the Java Web Start software will automatically update their
installation.

18) "Hello World!" for Microsoft Windows

18a)Creating Your First Application

18b) Create a source file
18c) Compile the source file into a .class file

The Java programming language compiler (javac) takes your source file and translates
its text into instructions that the Java virtual machine can understand. The instructions
contained within this file are known as bytecodes.

18d) Run the program

The Java application launcher tool (java) uses the Java virtual machine to run your
application.

19) class HelloWorldApp {

public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello World!"); // Display the string.
}
}

20)