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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus: Model FM 06

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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06

INSTRUCTION MANUAL

FOR

OSBORNE REYNOLDS
DEMONSTRATION APPARATUS
Model FM 06

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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06

WARRANTY CERTIFICATE
Supply of Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06

The above instrument is warranted to be free from defects in workmanship and material and if it
proves so defective within 15 (Fifteen months) calendar months from the date of shipment to the
original purchaser, named above it shall be repaired or replaced free of. charge provided
The Purchaser sends promptly to M/s. SCI-TECH ENGINEERING PRIVATE LIMITED
102, Regency, New Link Road, Dahisar (West), Mumbai 400 068. INDIA. , notice of defect and satisfactory
proof thereof as abolishing that the instrument has been properly maintained and operated within the
limits of rated capacity and normal usages, and
 Assumes the obligation of all expenses of returning the defective instrument, properly packed
to the Factory at the address given in (a) above, if required.
 On parts of products incorporated in the instrument but not manufactured by M/s. SCI-
TECH ENGINEERING PRIVATE LIMITED, this warranty is limited to extending to
the purchaser the same warranty as given by the supplier of such part or products.
This guarantee dose not covers consumable parts such as Bulbs, Fuses, and Rubber Seals etc.
Under the circumstances shall M/s SCI-TECH ENGINEERING PRIVATE LIMITED, have
any liability whatsoever for loss of use or for any indirect or consequential damages.
We can only undertake to send our men to a distance to investigate and put right alleged defects on
the distinct understanding that we are paid for their time and expenses in every case.
M/s. SCI-TECH ENGINEERING PRIVATE LIMITED decision about repairing or replacing
the equipment or its parts will be final and binding on all concerned parties.
Unless superseded or in contractual form, this warranty is made expressly in lieu of all the other
liabilities and obligations on our part.
For SCI-TECH ENGINEERING PRIVATE LIMITED
Place: Mumbai/INDIA

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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06

INDEX

Sr. No. Description Page no.

1. INSTALLATION PROCEDURE 5

2. THEORY 8

3. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 13

4 EXPERIMENT NO-1 16

5 EXPERIMENT NO-2 18

6 EXPERIMENT NO-3 21

7 EXPERIMENT NO-4 26

8 EXPERIMENT NO-5 27

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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06

DYE TANK

CONSTANT HEAD
TANK

MS STAND

TEST PIPE

FLOW CONTROL
VALVE

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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06

INSTALLATION PROCEDURE

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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06

INSTALLATION PROCEDURE:
1. Open the package.

2. Ensure that there are no damages.

3. Confirm that all the material is in place as shown in the figure below.

4. Keep the equipment on a horizontal plane surface.

5. Close the outlet valve fully.

6. Fill water in the water tank and dye in the dye vessel.

7. Check for leakages, if any.

8. Open the outlet valve fully and check if water tank and the dye vessel is

emptied.

9. Installation is now complete. Clean the dye vessel. Now the equipment is

ready for use.

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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06

THEORY

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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06

THEORY:

Fluid flow may be classified as

(i) Laminar,

(ii) Turbulent.

In laminar flow the individual fluid particle flow paths which are parallel such that

they retain the same relative positions at successive cross sections.

Flow of this nature is associated with low velocities, small boundaries (dimensions) and

high viscosity.

In turbulent flow, however, the individual particles have secondary irregular motions

superimposed on the principal or average direction of motion and thorough mixing of

the fluid takes place. Flow of this nature is associated with high velocities, large

boundaries (dimensions) and low viscosity.

The experiments, conducted by Sir Osborne Reynolds (in 1883), were the first to demonstrate

laminar and turbulent flow. He performed a series of tests using a dye injection technique to

observe the nature of flow as the velocity in the pipe was increased.

At low velocities the dye line remained a slender thread extending the full length of the pipe.

The fluid appeared to move in layers, or laminar, and hence the type of flow is termed as

"Laminar".

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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06

At a certain velocity, Reynolds observed instabilities in the dye line. This velocity he called

as "Critical velocity”. As the velocity was increased, these instabilities increased in intensity,

until finally, the dye line broke down completely and was diffused throughout the flow. Any

further increase in velocity increases the diffusion. This type of flow was termed

"Turbulent".

Reynolds decreased the velocity of flow from the turbulent and at a certain velocity he again

noticed the instabilities in the dye-line but this "Critical" velocity was different from the one

obtained while going from Laminar to Turbulent.

The experiment was repeated several times. The "Critical velocity" while going back from

Turbulent to laminar state, was always lower and also had the same constant value. This

"Critical velocity", while going from Turbulent flow to laminar flow is termed "Lower

Critical Velocity" and the other, the one while going from Laminar state to turbulent state, is

called "Higher Critical Velocity".

REYNOLDS 1883:

To establish some criteria by which the flow condition could be classified, Reynolds,

following on from his dye line experiments, performed a series of tests on lead pipes to

investigate how the energy head loss varied with the velocity of flow.

1. This confirms the Poiseuille equation, as the results show that the energy loss per

unit length of pipe L is directly proportional to the mean velocity of flow v,

ie. (hf / L)  v

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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06

In the transition zone the flow was unstable and the results were of a non linear nature. It was

therefore not possible to establish any definite relationship between the energy head loss and

the velocity of flow.

A straight line relationship was obtained in the turbulent flow zone. However, the gradient of

this line varied for different pipes for smooth pipes a gradient as low as 1.7 was recorded

which suggests a relationship of the form hf /L  v 1.7


; for rough pipes the gradient

approached a value of 2.0 i.e. hf / L  v 2.0. These results suggest that in turbulent flow the

energy head loss is influenced by the roughness of the pipe wall. Reynolds, in his work,

showed that the magnitude of the critical velocities varied from pipe to pipe. In an attempt to

rationalize the nature of flow and the factors which influence the critical velocity, he

considered that the flow in a pipe was dependent on the mean velocity of flow v, the pipe

diameter d, and the density 'rho', and dynamic viscosity 'µ' of the fluid. It can be shown by

dimensional analysis that these variables may be expressed as a dimensionless group, referred

to as Reynolds number, Re where,

Reynolds number

.v.d
Re = -------
µ

v.d
= --------

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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06

Where,

µ
 = ------ = kinematic viscosity.

Reynolds observed that the two critical velocities mentioned above corresponded to specific

values of Re for all pipes and flow conditions. The lower critical velocity occurred at a

Reynolds number approximately equal to 2000, and for values of Re less than 2000 the nature

of flow is laminar. The transition zone extends over a range of Re from 2000 to 4000, and for

Re values greater than 4000 the nature of flow is turbulent,

i.e.

Laminar Re < 2000

Transition 2000 < Re < 4000

Turbulent 4000 < Re

Reynolds number is to the ratio of the inertia force to viscous force. This indicates that for

low values of Re, the viscous force predominates and the flow is laminar. At high values of

Re the inertia force predominates and the nature of flow is turbulent. Clearly the value of

Reynolds number is a standard by which the nature of the flow may be classified.

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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06

Relation between the Darcy Friction Coefficient f and Reynolds

Laminar Flow:-

It is convenient to compare the energy head loss h f given by the Darcy-Weisbach and

Poiseuille equations, i.e.

Darcy Weisbach Poiseuille

f L v² 32 µLv
hf = ---------- = ------------
2gd gd²
Therefore

64µ
f = ---------
vd

64
f = -------
Re

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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

1. Prepare dye-solution with the help of potassium permanganate/ equivalent.

2. Shut off the outlet valve and pour the water into the water tank.

3. Also pour the dye solution prepared into the dye jar.

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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06

4. Now gradually open the outlet valve.

5. Observe the flow in the glass tube. Along with the water from the water tank, dye

from the dye vessel also starts flowing.

6. If the dye seen as a thin continuous line, the flow is laminar. If it is not, reduce the

flow using the outlet valve till you obtain a thin continuous line. When the dye is

seen as a thin continuous line, the flow is Laminar.

7. Measure the flow rate using measuring cylinder and the stop-watch provided.

8. Repeat above steps after increasing the flow rate. A stage will come when you

increase the flow you will observe that the thin straight line of dye starts getting

disturbed and finally the dye starts losing distinct identity.

9. Measure the flow rate using measuring Jar and the stop-watch provided.

10. When it starts getting disturbed, it is transition phase. This stage where the line

starts becoming unstable signifies the "Higher Critical Velocity".

11. Increase the flow more and observe the line gets totally disturbed and dye gets

mixed with the water. This is the state of turbulence.

12. Measure the flow rate using measuring cylinder and the stop-watch provided.

13. Repeat the above steps but now instead of increasing the flow rate gradually, reduce

it gradually, till the dye line just shows instability. Note the readings. This signifies

the Lower Critical Velocity

Note:

If the die does not come out of the capillary then take out the die cylinder and

rinse it with water / detergent.

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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06

OBJECTIVE:

1. To study dye flow visualization of laminar, transitional and turbulent flows.

2. Study of change of flow pattern from laminar to turbulent type as a function of

3. Reynolds number.

4. Calculation of critical velocities and critical Reynolds numbers.

5. Study of pipe flows and related Reynolds number correlations.

6. Correlation of Reynolds number and the nature of flow and comparison with the data

Available in the literature.

APPARATUS:

1. Reynolds Apparatus.

2. Measuring cylinder or jar.

3. Stop watch.

4. Dye tank.

EXPERIMENT NO .1
AIM:

To study dye flow visualization of laminar, transitional and turbulent flow.

OBSERVATIONS:
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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06

1] When the velocity of flow was low, the dye remained in the form of a straight and

Stable filament passing through the glass tube so steadily that it scarcely seemed

to be in motion. This was the case of laminar flow.

2] With the increase of velocity a critical state was reached at which the dye filament

Showed irregularities and began to waver. This shows that the flow is no longer a

laminar. This was a transitional state.

3] With further increase in velocity of flow the fluctuations in the filament of dye became

more intense and ultimately the dye diffused over the entire cross section of the tube, Due to

the intermingling of the particles of the flowing fluid. This was the case of Turbulent flow.

Reynolds number

xVxd
Re =
µ

Vxd
=

Where,
µ
 = ------ = kinematic viscosity.


Where,

Re – Reynolds number

V – Velocity of flow (m/s)

d – Diameter of pipe (m)

ρ– Density of water (kg/m3)

µ – dynamic viscosity (kg/m.s)

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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06

 – Kinematic viscosity (m2/s)

When – units are considered – Re is dimensionless.

NOTE – Reynolds number directly proportional to velocity and inversely proportional to


viscosity.

Re < 2000 – laminar flow

Re > 4000 – Turbulent flow

2000 < Re < 4000 – Transition flow

This is all about dye flow visualization of laminar, transitional and turbulent flow

EXPERIMENT NO .2
AIM:

Study of change of flow pattern from laminar to turbulent type as a function of Reynolds

number.

OBSERVATIONS:
Mean Temperature of Water , θ= ˚C

Kinematic Viscosity of water , =

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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06

Diameter of Glass Tube , D = 8 mm

Length of a pipe , L = 700 mm

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Diameter of Tube (d): 0.008 m

Area of Tube (m2): 5.0265x10 -5 sq. m

Kinematic Viscosity (): 8 x 10-7 m2/sec

Temperature  Dynamic Viscosity  Kinematic Viscosity 


- t - - µ - - ν -
(oC) (Pa s, N s/m2) x 10-3 (m2/s) x 10-6
0 1.787 1.787
5 1.519 1.519
10 1.307 1.307
20 1.002 1.004
30 0.798 0.801
40 0.653 0.658
50 0.547 0.553
60 0.467 0.475
70 0.404 0.413
80 0.355 0.365
90 0.315 0.326
100 0.282 0.29

Volume of fluid Time required for


collected in the fluid to collect in
Sr. No
Measuring jar measuring jar
V (m3) T (sec)
1
2
3
4
5
6

CALCULATION:

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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06

Volume ---------
Discharge = = = m3/ sec
Time Time in sec

Discharge
Velocity = = m/s
Area of tube

xVxd
Re =
µ

vxd
Re =

Where,
µ
 = = kinematic viscosity.

RESULT:

Discharge Velocity Reynolds


Sr. no. Remark
Q (m3/sec) V (m/sec) Number (Re)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06

EXPERIMENT NO .3
AIM:

Calculation of critical velocities and critical Reynolds numbers.

OBSERVATIONS:

Length of pipe , l= 700 mm

Diameter of the pipe , D = 8 mm

Area of Pipe , A= Π/4 *D2 =5.0265 x 10-5 sq. m

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Time required for the fluid to collect


Volume of water in the
Sr. No in measuring jar
measuring tank
T (sec)
1
2
3
4
5

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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06

CALCULATION:

Volume ---------
Discharge = = = m3/ sec
Time sec

Discharge
Velocity = = m/s
Area of tube

xVxd
Re =
µ

Vxd
Re =

Where,
µ
 = = kinematic viscosity.

But we know,
Friction factor (f),

64 64
f = = =
Re

Equation for frictional head loss (hf):

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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06

f x L x V2
hf = =
2xgxd

After finding the all the values of hf and V


Sr No hf V

Draw a graph of hf vs. V

The point where the graph changes from straight line to curve will give critical velocity Vc.

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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06

Vc = ------ m/sec
Now critical Reynolds number

Vc x d
Rec =

=

RESULT:

Critical Velocity Critical Reynolds No.


Sr No
Vc Rec
1

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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06

EXPERIMENT NO .4
AIM: Study of pipe flows and related Reynolds number correlations.

OBSERVATIONS:

Length of pipe , l= 700 mm

Diameter of the pipe , D = 8 mm

Area of Pipe , A= Π/4 *D2 =5.0265 x 10-5 sq. m

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Time required for the fluid to


Rise of water in the measuring
Sr. No collect in measuring jar
tank
T (sec)
1
2
3
4
5

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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06

RESULT:

Volume 5 x 10-3
Discharge (Q) = = = m3/ sec
Time Time in sec

Discharge
Velocity (V) = = m/s
Area of tube

 Vd
Re =
µ

Vd
Re =

Reynolds number directly proportional to velocity


& inversely proportional to viscosity!

Re < 2000 – laminar flow

Re > 4000 – Turbulent flow

2000 < Re < 4000 – Transition flow

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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06

EXPERIMENT NO .5
AIM: Correlation of Reynolds number and the nature of flow and comparison with the data
Available in the literature.
In this experiment we have to correlate Reynolds number and nature of flow from our
observation table.
Which is correlated as follows.

Type of flow in Critical Critical


Sr No Reynolds Number
pipe Reynolds No. Velocity
1
2
3

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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06

SCI-TECH ENGINEERING PRIVATE LIMITED


102, Regency, New Link Road, Dahisar (West),
Mumbai 400 068. INDIA. Tel: ++9122 2891 2519 / 2891 3124
Fax: ++ 9122 2891 0566 Website: www.sci-tech.biz
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