Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus: Model FM 06
Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus: Model FM 06
Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus: Model FM 06
INSTRUCTION MANUAL
FOR
OSBORNE REYNOLDS
DEMONSTRATION APPARATUS
Model FM 06
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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06
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Supply of Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06
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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06
INDEX
1. INSTALLATION PROCEDURE 5
2. THEORY 8
3. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 13
4 EXPERIMENT NO-1 16
5 EXPERIMENT NO-2 18
6 EXPERIMENT NO-3 21
7 EXPERIMENT NO-4 26
8 EXPERIMENT NO-5 27
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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06
DYE TANK
CONSTANT HEAD
TANK
MS STAND
TEST PIPE
FLOW CONTROL
VALVE
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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06
INSTALLATION PROCEDURE
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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06
INSTALLATION PROCEDURE:
1. Open the package.
3. Confirm that all the material is in place as shown in the figure below.
6. Fill water in the water tank and dye in the dye vessel.
8. Open the outlet valve fully and check if water tank and the dye vessel is
emptied.
9. Installation is now complete. Clean the dye vessel. Now the equipment is
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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06
THEORY
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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06
THEORY:
(i) Laminar,
(ii) Turbulent.
In laminar flow the individual fluid particle flow paths which are parallel such that
Flow of this nature is associated with low velocities, small boundaries (dimensions) and
high viscosity.
In turbulent flow, however, the individual particles have secondary irregular motions
the fluid takes place. Flow of this nature is associated with high velocities, large
The experiments, conducted by Sir Osborne Reynolds (in 1883), were the first to demonstrate
laminar and turbulent flow. He performed a series of tests using a dye injection technique to
observe the nature of flow as the velocity in the pipe was increased.
At low velocities the dye line remained a slender thread extending the full length of the pipe.
The fluid appeared to move in layers, or laminar, and hence the type of flow is termed as
"Laminar".
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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06
At a certain velocity, Reynolds observed instabilities in the dye line. This velocity he called
as "Critical velocity”. As the velocity was increased, these instabilities increased in intensity,
until finally, the dye line broke down completely and was diffused throughout the flow. Any
further increase in velocity increases the diffusion. This type of flow was termed
"Turbulent".
Reynolds decreased the velocity of flow from the turbulent and at a certain velocity he again
noticed the instabilities in the dye-line but this "Critical" velocity was different from the one
The experiment was repeated several times. The "Critical velocity" while going back from
Turbulent to laminar state, was always lower and also had the same constant value. This
"Critical velocity", while going from Turbulent flow to laminar flow is termed "Lower
Critical Velocity" and the other, the one while going from Laminar state to turbulent state, is
REYNOLDS 1883:
To establish some criteria by which the flow condition could be classified, Reynolds,
following on from his dye line experiments, performed a series of tests on lead pipes to
investigate how the energy head loss varied with the velocity of flow.
1. This confirms the Poiseuille equation, as the results show that the energy loss per
ie. (hf / L) v
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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06
In the transition zone the flow was unstable and the results were of a non linear nature. It was
therefore not possible to establish any definite relationship between the energy head loss and
A straight line relationship was obtained in the turbulent flow zone. However, the gradient of
this line varied for different pipes for smooth pipes a gradient as low as 1.7 was recorded
approached a value of 2.0 i.e. hf / L v 2.0. These results suggest that in turbulent flow the
energy head loss is influenced by the roughness of the pipe wall. Reynolds, in his work,
showed that the magnitude of the critical velocities varied from pipe to pipe. In an attempt to
rationalize the nature of flow and the factors which influence the critical velocity, he
considered that the flow in a pipe was dependent on the mean velocity of flow v, the pipe
diameter d, and the density 'rho', and dynamic viscosity 'µ' of the fluid. It can be shown by
dimensional analysis that these variables may be expressed as a dimensionless group, referred
Reynolds number
.v.d
Re = -------
µ
v.d
= --------
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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06
Where,
µ
= ------ = kinematic viscosity.
Reynolds observed that the two critical velocities mentioned above corresponded to specific
values of Re for all pipes and flow conditions. The lower critical velocity occurred at a
Reynolds number approximately equal to 2000, and for values of Re less than 2000 the nature
of flow is laminar. The transition zone extends over a range of Re from 2000 to 4000, and for
i.e.
Reynolds number is to the ratio of the inertia force to viscous force. This indicates that for
low values of Re, the viscous force predominates and the flow is laminar. At high values of
Re the inertia force predominates and the nature of flow is turbulent. Clearly the value of
Reynolds number is a standard by which the nature of the flow may be classified.
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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06
Laminar Flow:-
It is convenient to compare the energy head loss h f given by the Darcy-Weisbach and
f L v² 32 µLv
hf = ---------- = ------------
2gd gd²
Therefore
64µ
f = ---------
vd
64
f = -------
Re
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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
2. Shut off the outlet valve and pour the water into the water tank.
3. Also pour the dye solution prepared into the dye jar.
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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06
5. Observe the flow in the glass tube. Along with the water from the water tank, dye
6. If the dye seen as a thin continuous line, the flow is laminar. If it is not, reduce the
flow using the outlet valve till you obtain a thin continuous line. When the dye is
7. Measure the flow rate using measuring cylinder and the stop-watch provided.
8. Repeat above steps after increasing the flow rate. A stage will come when you
increase the flow you will observe that the thin straight line of dye starts getting
9. Measure the flow rate using measuring Jar and the stop-watch provided.
10. When it starts getting disturbed, it is transition phase. This stage where the line
11. Increase the flow more and observe the line gets totally disturbed and dye gets
12. Measure the flow rate using measuring cylinder and the stop-watch provided.
13. Repeat the above steps but now instead of increasing the flow rate gradually, reduce
it gradually, till the dye line just shows instability. Note the readings. This signifies
Note:
If the die does not come out of the capillary then take out the die cylinder and
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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06
OBJECTIVE:
3. Reynolds number.
6. Correlation of Reynolds number and the nature of flow and comparison with the data
APPARATUS:
1. Reynolds Apparatus.
3. Stop watch.
4. Dye tank.
EXPERIMENT NO .1
AIM:
OBSERVATIONS:
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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06
1] When the velocity of flow was low, the dye remained in the form of a straight and
Stable filament passing through the glass tube so steadily that it scarcely seemed
2] With the increase of velocity a critical state was reached at which the dye filament
Showed irregularities and began to waver. This shows that the flow is no longer a
3] With further increase in velocity of flow the fluctuations in the filament of dye became
more intense and ultimately the dye diffused over the entire cross section of the tube, Due to
the intermingling of the particles of the flowing fluid. This was the case of Turbulent flow.
Reynolds number
xVxd
Re =
µ
Vxd
=
Where,
µ
= ------ = kinematic viscosity.
Where,
Re – Reynolds number
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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06
This is all about dye flow visualization of laminar, transitional and turbulent flow
EXPERIMENT NO .2
AIM:
Study of change of flow pattern from laminar to turbulent type as a function of Reynolds
number.
OBSERVATIONS:
Mean Temperature of Water , θ= ˚C
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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Diameter of Tube (d): 0.008 m
CALCULATION:
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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06
Volume ---------
Discharge = = = m3/ sec
Time Time in sec
Discharge
Velocity = = m/s
Area of tube
xVxd
Re =
µ
vxd
Re =
Where,
µ
= = kinematic viscosity.
RESULT:
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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06
EXPERIMENT NO .3
AIM:
OBSERVATIONS:
OBSERVATION TABLE:
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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06
CALCULATION:
Volume ---------
Discharge = = = m3/ sec
Time sec
Discharge
Velocity = = m/s
Area of tube
xVxd
Re =
µ
Vxd
Re =
Where,
µ
= = kinematic viscosity.
But we know,
Friction factor (f),
64 64
f = = =
Re
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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06
f x L x V2
hf = =
2xgxd
The point where the graph changes from straight line to curve will give critical velocity Vc.
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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06
Vc = ------ m/sec
Now critical Reynolds number
Vc x d
Rec =
=
RESULT:
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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06
EXPERIMENT NO .4
AIM: Study of pipe flows and related Reynolds number correlations.
OBSERVATIONS:
OBSERVATION TABLE:
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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06
RESULT:
Volume 5 x 10-3
Discharge (Q) = = = m3/ sec
Time Time in sec
Discharge
Velocity (V) = = m/s
Area of tube
Vd
Re =
µ
Vd
Re =
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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06
EXPERIMENT NO .5
AIM: Correlation of Reynolds number and the nature of flow and comparison with the data
Available in the literature.
In this experiment we have to correlate Reynolds number and nature of flow from our
observation table.
Which is correlated as follows.
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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06
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