Mark Scheme (Results)

Summer 2019

Pearson Edexcel International GCSE

in Human Biology (4HB1)
Paper 01
 

Question
Answer A Marks
number
1 (a) (i) X cartilage; 1
Y femur; 1
Z knee cap; 1

(ii) B ligaments hold the leg bones together 1

A is incorrect as ligaments do not attach

muscles to bones
C is incorrect as ligaments do not move leg
bones
D is incorrect as ligaments do not stop the leg
bones rubbing together

(iii) hinge/synovial (joint) 1

(b) In the following order only

oxygen; 1
carbon dioxide; 1

(c) biceps contracted/fatter; 1

triceps relaxed/thinner; 1

Total question 1 = 9 marks

 
 

Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
2 (a) (i) 1

(ii) In the following order only:

phagocytes; 1
enzymes; 1

(iii) produce antibodies/release antitoxins; 1

(b) One mark for each 3

Bacterial cell Human skin cell correct row

 

(c)
D (a single-stranded helix containing the
1
bases AUGC);

A is incorrect as RNA is not a double-stranded

helix
B is incorrect as RNA is not a double-stranded
helix
C is incorrect as RNA does not contain the base T

Total question 2 = 8 marks

 
 

Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
3 (a) (i) A (cornea and lens); 1

B is incorrect as the iris does not play a role in

focusing light
C is incorrect as the iris does not play a role in
focusing light
D is incorrect as the pupil does not play a role in
focusing light

(b) (i) Points as follows:

150:2.7
200:3.2
250:2.3; 1

Clip (ii) Line of best fit missing out point at 150:2.7 Ignore lines that 1
(b)(i) extended beyond
with points
(b)(ii)
and
(b)(iii)

(iii) 150 lux/150:2.7/2.7 diameter; 1

does not follow the pattern of other 1

points/trend/not on the line of best fit;

(iv) As light intensity increases diameter decreases; ORA 1

(c) Idea that distant/far away objects are Reject can’t see 1
blurred/difficult to see/ORA;
as (light) rays do not meet on the retina/focused in 1
front of retina/meet before the retina/light rays
refracted too much;

Total question 3 = 8 marks

 
 

Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
4 (a) (i) A (psychrophiles); 1

B is incorrect as the temperature of a fridge is not

between 12 and 45 degrees
C is incorrect as the temperature range is too high
for a fridge
D is incorrect as the temperature range is too high
for a fridge

(ii) increase in growth/maximum growth; Allow optimum growth. 1

(near) optimum/best temperature; 1

(b) (i) measure diameter/area of inhibition/of the clear Allow observe size of 2
zone/area of no bacterial growth; the clear zone.
greater the diameter, the more effective the
antibiotic;

(ii) wash hands/work surface after carrying out Max 4 if no explanation

procedure; given.
reduces transfer of bacteria;

Heat inoculating loop/spreader;

To kill bacteria/to prevent contamination;

do not open dish following incubation/seal the

Petri dish (prior to incubation);
reduces risk of bacteria being transferred to
student/infection;

do not incubate over 25oC;

prevents growth of pathogenic bacteria;

Sterilise/clean all equipment before/after use;

Reduces cross contamination;

Seal petri dish/do not open lid of petri dish too 6 max
far/reduce exposure of contents of dish to air;
Reduces contamination by airborne bacteria/to
prevent bacteria escaping;

Total question 4 = 11 marks

 
 Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
5 (a) (i) 175.9 + 178.5 + 166.3 + 167.6 ÷ 4; 1
Clip 172.1; Full marks for correct 1
with final answer
table Reject 172

(ii) Height increases with age (for males / females /

both);
Males are taller/females are shorter (at all ages);
Females increase in height greater compared with
males between the ages of 12 and 18; Max 2
Greatest height increase between ages 12 to 14;
(iii) 1
Use more students in each age group; Allow other valid 1
Use a greater age range of students; improvements
Use ages with 1 year gap/13,15,17; Ignore repeats
(b) (i) 71 ÷ 1.462; 1
33/33.3; Full marks for final 1
Clip correct answer
with One mark for correct
table calculation with
incorrect figures

(ii) student Y is obese; ECF from b(i) 1

CLIP higher risk of diabetes/heart Allow other medical 1

(b)(i) disease/arthritis/cancers; condition linked to
with obesity
(b)(ii)

Total question 5 = 10 marks

 

Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
6 (a) (i) Increase/goes up; allow equivalent 1

(ii) Information required about other factors, such as Allow one mark for
diet/exercise/alcohol reference to lifestyles 2
consumption/age/gender/exposure to only
pollution/(genetic) history/smokers or non
smokers;;

(b) Less mucus removed by cilia/more mucus/build

up of mucus in lungs/blocks airways/bacteria not 1
removed;
Increased risk of (lung/respiratory) 1
infection/coughing;

(c) (i)
Surface area Volume SA:V ratio

54; 27; 2:1; Allow for SA:V ratio 6:3 3

ECF

(ii) Smaller surface area to volume ratio (in lungs with

emphysema);
Reduced/less efficient gas exchange/diffusion of Max 3
oxygen/carbon dioxide;
Less oxygenated blood/less oxygen transferred (to
cells);
Less (aerobic) respiration;

 
 

Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
7 (a) Letters can be
anywhere within
x; outline shown.
Allow labels in place of
than letters.

Z;  Y;

(b) (i) Motor; 1

(ii) Any one from the following: Answer must be

comparative and state
(sensory neurone): which type of neurone
longer dendrites/shorter axon/cell body outside of is being referred to
spinal cord/CNS/in middle of neurone/transmit
impulse to the CNS/brain/spinal cord
1
(motor neurone)
shorter dendrites/longer axon/cell body at one
end of neurone/inside spinal cord/transmit
impulses from CNS/brain/spinal cord

(iii)  chemicals/neurotransmitters; 3
 diffuse;
 across a synapse;
 bind to receptors (on post-synaptic
membrane);

(c)  stem cells are 1

undifferentiated/unspecialised/can
differentiate;
 could be made to form nerve cells; 1
 to replace damaged cells in brain; 1

Total question 7 = 11 marks

 
 

Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
8 (a) Three from:

 (parasite) carried by mosquito/mosquito is

a vector;
 mosquito bites human;
 parasite/infected blood drawn/sucked up Max 3
into mosquito;
 infected blood transmitted to other
people;

(b)(i)  fewer deaths caused by P.vivax in R than Q 1

 (but) more deaths caused by P.vivax in R 1
than in Q as a proportion of the total;
 190 000 fewer deaths caused by P.vivax in 1
R/300 less deaths in Q caused by P.vivax;
 0.5% deaths caused by P.vivax in Q/62.5%
of deaths caused by P.vivax in R;

(ii) more mosquitoes in one region than 1

another/climate favours breeding of
mosquitoes/more dense population of
people/better health care/use of (named)
preventative measures;

(c) Three from:

Fewer people with malaria/reduced incidence of

malaria;
Immunity/antibodies against parasite/herd Max 3
immunity;
Reduction in population of/death of parasite;
Less transmission (from one person to another);

(d) Three from: Answer must contain

at least one advantage
(sexual reproduction) of each method
 gives rise to variation in offspring;
 variation provides a survival advantage;
 parasite more likely to survive in a
changing environment;

(asexual reproduction)
 parasite can reproduce faster; Max 3
 no need to find a mate/only one parent
needed;
 larger number of offspring produced;

 
 

Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
9 (a) (i) A (the inheritance of two different alleles, 1
both of which are expressed)

B is incorrect as one allele is not expressed in

codominant inheritance
C is incorrect as the ABO inheritance does not
involve the inheritance of multiple alleles
D is incorrect as ABO inheritances does not
involve the inheritance of multiple alleles

(ii) IAIA and IAIo 1

(b) (i)  blood group O contains no antigens;

 antigens removed/digested (by enzyme);
 carbohydrase digest carbohydrates;
 protease digest proteins; Max 3

(ii) reduces need to find donor/cheaper/blood readily 1

available/less chance of transfusing incorrect
blood group/less risk of disease/infection;

(c) (i) parent genotypes One mark for parent 1

XhXH and XHY; genotypes and one
mark for gametes and
gametes and linkage linkage
Xh XH XH Y

; 1
Xh XH XH Y

XhXH XhY XHXH XHY

(ii)
1 in 4/25%/quarter/1/4 /1:3/0.25; 1

Total question 9 = 9 mark

 
Mark Scheme (Results)

Summer 2019

Pearson Edexcel International

GCSE Human Biology (4HB1)
Paper 01R
Paper 1: Subject Human Biology

Question Answer Mark

Number
1
Feature

Blood has a contains carries engulfs produces helps

component nucleus haemoglo hormones pathogens antibodies blood
bin clotting


red blood
cell

 
phagocyte
(6)
 
lymphocyte


platelets


plasma
; ; ; ; ;
;

Total 6 Marks
Paper 1: Subject Human Biology

Question Answer Additional Mark

Number guidance
2(a) Any two from: Ignore
named
carbohydrates/proteins/lipids/mineral salts (or examples
named example)/fibre;;
(1 mark for
each two (2)
correct)

Question Answer Additional Mark

Number guidance
2(b) Any two from:
 lack of it causes scurvy;
 (lack of vitamin C causes) damage to
membranes/bleeding gums;
 makes connective
tissue/maintains/strengthens cell (2)
linings/gums/sticks/joins cells/tissues
together;

Question Answer Additional Mark

Number guidance
2(c)(i) Any five from:

 Add fresh juice/long-life juice (to a test tube);

 add DCPIP drop by drop/slowly;
 until blue colour disappears/solution turns
colourless;
 count number of drops/measure volume of
DCPIP added; (5)
 repeat (to obtain mean);
 compare volumes of DCPIP added;

Question Answer Additional Mark

Number guidance
2(c)(ii) Any two from: Allow amount
 volume of juice; for mp1. (2)
 temperature; Ignore
 concentration DCPIP; concentration

Total 11 marks
Paper 1: Subject Human Biology

Answer Additional Mark

Question guidance
Number
3(a) D; (virus) (1)
Question Answer Additional Mark
Number guidance
3(b) Any three from:

 wear protective masks/clothes/goggles;

 avoid contact with bodily fluids / avoid direct
contact with infected person;
 isolate/quarantine infected person; (3)
 safe burial;
 disinfect surfaces to kill pathogen;

Question Answer Additional Mark

Number guidance
3(c) Any three from:

 few pathogens enter body at infection;

 large numbers required to cause symptoms;
 incubation;
 need to reproduce/increase numbers; (3 max)
Ignore
reference to
virus
 time taken to do this; spreading

Question Answer Additional Mark

Number guidance
3(d)  symptoms include severe diarrhoea /
vomiting;
 loss of water/salts/dehydration; (3)
 ORT replaces water/rehydrates/replaces
salts;

Question Answer Additional Mark

Number guidance
3(e)  causative pathogen found in bats/bats are
vectors/carriers;
 causes no ill effects/symptoms/disease; (2)

Total 12 Marks
Paper 1: Subject Human Biology

Question Answer Additional Mark

Number guidance
4(a)(i) A protein; (1)

Question Answer Additional Mark

Number guidance
4(a)(ii) A the molecules are too large;
(1)

Question Answer Additional Mark

Number guidance
4(a)(iii)
 more glucose in blood/filtrate;
 as little/no insulin to lower blood glucose
(3)
levels/glucose not converted to glycogen;
 not all/too much to be reabsorbed;
 some found in urine;

Question Answer Additionalg Mark

Number uidance
4(a)(iv) 25 × 100 ; Full marks
53 for correct
final (2)
47%; answer

Allow
47.2% /
47.17

Ecf allow
one mark
for correct
answer
using
incorrect
figures in
calculation
Question Answer Additional Mark
Number guidance
4(b) Any five from:

Advantages

 transplant permanent/carried out once;

 can return to normal life;
 not connected to machine for long periods/no (5 max)
need for frequent hospital visits;

Disadvantages

 risk of rejection;
 risk of infection (during/after surgery)/reduced
immunity;
 difficulties in finding donor/long waiting lists for
donor;

Total 12 Marks
Paper 1: Subject Human Biology

Question Answer Additional Mark

Number guidance
5(a)  correct labels on correct axes;
 correct/appropriate scale;
 correct plotting;
 suitable lines; Allow line of best
fit (5)
 lines labelled;

Question Answer Additional Mark

Number guidance
5(b) 12.5 - 2.5; ECF from 5a (2)
10;

Question Answer Additional Mark

Number guidance
5(c) Any three from:

 exercise requires more energy; Reject energy

produced/made
 from respiration; Ignore anaerobic
respiration (3 max)

 more heat released raising body

temperature;
 more sweat released to cool body;

Total 10 Marks
Paper 1: Subject Human Biology

Question Answer Additional Mark

Number guidance
6(a)  holds DNA/chromosomes/genetic
information in nucleus;
 controls what enters and leaves nucleus /
allows movement of substances/named
substance out of/into the nucleus/exchange
of substances between nucleus and (2)
cytoplasm;

Question Answer Additional Mark

Number guidance
6(b) B CCG;
(1)

Question Answer Additional Mark

Number guidance
6(c) threonine;
(1)
Question Answer Additional Mark
Number guidance
6(d) Any six from:

 tRNA has anticodons;

 translation;
 of mRNA; Mp3 must
be in context
of (6)
translation
 amino acids carried by tRNA;
 joined together;
 by peptide bonds;
 forming polypeptide/protein;
 (final) protein released;

Question Answer Additional Mark

Number guidance
6(e)  causes change in base sequence/genetic
code/named type of mutation;
 of DNA; (2)

Total 12 Marks
Paper 1: Subject Human Biology

Question Answer Additional Mark

Number guidance
7(a) Any four from:

 volume of lactose/sugar solution used; Allow

 concentration of lactose/sugar solution; amount (4)
 volume of enzyme solution used;
 concentration of enzyme;
 type of enzyme used;
 how to measure amount/concentration of lactic
acid / apparatus to measure amount /
concentration of lactic acid;

Question Answer Additional Mark

Number guidance
7(b)(i) 25 °C; accept 20 °C to
45 °C (1)

Question Answer Additional Mark

Number guidance
7(b)(ii) Any two from:

 too few results/temperatures investigated /

temperatures are too far apart/large gaps between (2)
temperatures;
 peak/maximum lactic acid production could be
below 25°C / could be above 25°C;

Question Answer Additional Mark

Number guidance
7(c) Any three from:

 little/no increase in lactic acid concentration / lactic (3)

acid concentration would reach a
maximum/peak/become constant;
 enzyme denatures (due to decrease in pH);
 all substrate converted/broken down/used up;
 so reaction /slows down/stops;
Question Answer Additional Mark
Number guidance
7(d) Any five from:

 not possible (to be completely certain);

 due to (low) number of pH/temperature values
tested/more pH/temperature values need to be
tested; (5)
 pH5 appears to be optimum pH;
 because most sugar broken down/converted at
this pH;
 optimum pH could be between 5-8/2-5; Allow value
stated within
ranges given
 optimum temperature not known;
 no repeats carried out/no means calculated;
 anomalies not identified;
 there could be other components in milk that
increase enzyme activity/control variables not
taken into account;

Total 15 Marks
Paper 1: Subject Human Biology

Question Answer Additional Mark

Number guidance
8(a)

Rate of blood flow

in cm3 per minute
Mass through per 100g
Organ
in kg the of the
whole organ
organ correct
answer
kidneys 0.3 1200 400 award full
marks

skeletal
25.0 750 3
muscles Ecf for each
calculation
liver 1.5 1500 100 allow
correct (4)
answer to
kidney 1200÷3; wrong
400; figures

skeletal muscle 250 × 3;

750;

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

Number
8(b) Any four from: For mp 1 and 2 allow
receives blood from
 (receives blood from) hepatic artery; two vessels for one
 (receives blood from) hepatic portal vein; mark
 homeostasis;
 reference to blood sugar regulation;
 detoxification (of alcohol)/urea
formation/deamination;
(4)
Question Answer Additional Mark
Number guidance
8(c) Any four from:

 less blood flow to kidney/liver;

 increased blood flow to skeletal muscles;
 (muscles have) greater energy demand/more
energy needed/to reduce oxygen debt/lactic
acid;
 (so) more oxygen/glucose needed;
 for (aerobic) respiration; (4)

Total 12 Marks

Paper Total 90 Marks

Mark Scheme (Final)

January 2020

Pearson Edexcel International GCSE

in Human Biology (4HB1)
Paper 01
 Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
1 (a) The only correct answer is C to slow down the 1
growth of bacteria

A is incorrect because taste is personal preference

B is incorrect because it does not kill the bacteria

D is incorrect because the appearance is not

affected

(b) (i) protein 1

(ii) The only correct answer is D it does not contain

energy from fat
1
A is incorrect because vitamins have no effect on
body mass

B is incorrect because cholesterol has no effect on

body mass

C is incorrect because it does contain energy from

carbohydrates

(c) • add Benedict’s solution (to a sample of R if adding to

yogurt) (1) glucose/reducing sugar
• heat gently (1) 3
• brick red colour indicates the presence of Allow yellow, green,
sugar (1) orange

Total for Question 1 = 6 marks

 Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
2 (a) (i) The only correct answer is A 1

B is incorrect because it is the cervix

C is incorrect because it is the oviduct

D is incorrect because it is the uterus wall

(ii) The only correct answer is D 1

A is incorrect because it is the vagina

B is incorrect because it is the cervix

C is incorrect because it is the oviduct

(iii) • oestrogen (1)

• lining (1) 3
• ovulation (1)

(b) needed for the growth of bones (1) 1

(c) ref antibodies (passed to baby)/contains the correct

balance of nutrients/reduced risk of
diabetes/allergies/obesity later in life/reference to 1
bonding between mother and baby (1)

(d) (i) more breastfed babies in 2010 compared with 1940 Allow reverse argument 1
(1) A 78% vs 42% difference
of 36%

(ii) • life expectancy shows a constant increase (1) 2

• despite number of babies breastfed increasing
and decreasing (1)

Total for Question 2 = 10 marks

 Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
3 (a) (i) Reject more than one
Structure Function line from each structure

protection against One mark for each

pathogens correct line

cell membrane
helps the cell to
move

ribosomes make proteins

holds the genetic

flagellum code

controls which 3
substances enter
and exit the cell

(ii) Any two from:

• (bacterial cell) has a cell wall (1)
• (bacterial cell) does not have a nucleus (1) 2
• (bacterial cell) has a plasmid (1)

(b) (i) The only correct answer is B diffusion 1

A is incorrect because it is down a diffusion

gradient

C is incorrect because it is not removal from the

bacterium

D is incorrect because osmosis only involves

movement of water

(ii) • glucose (1) Answers must be in the

• carbon dioxide (1) correct order 2
Allow correct chemical
formulae

(iii) Any two from:

• to provide energy (1)
• for movement (1)
• for growth/reproduction/divide/mitosis (1) 2
• for chemical reactions/producing
organelles/named organelle (1)
 Total for Question 3 = 10 marks

Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
4 (a) • C (left) atrium( 1) Maximum of one mark
• D (left) ventricle (1) if right atrium/ventricle 2
given

(b) Any four from the following:

• (blood vessels) A and F are arteries (1)
• A is the aorta/F is the pulmonary artery (1)
• arteries carry blood away from the heart (1) 4
• blood vessels B and E are veins (1)
• B is the vena cava/E is the pulmonary vein (1)
• veins carry blood towards the heart (1)

(c) the heart pumps blood around the body/liver 1

detoxifies the blood/involved in digestion /
homeostasis/liver not muscular/liver has no chambers
(1)

(d) (capillaries) exchange of materials( between the

blood and body tissues/cells)/allows diffusion (1) 2
named substance (1)

Total for Question 4 = 9 marks

 Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
5 (a) (i) 12 x 50 = 600 (1) Allow 600 without
working out.
600 ÷ 1000 = 0.6 (1) Allow full marks for
correct final answer. 2

(ii) provides insulation/prevents nerve impulse 1

dispersing/speeds up nerve impulse (1)

(b) (i) • hormones are transported in blood (1) Allow reverse argument
• speed of blood flow is determined by heart for both marking points
rate/hormones can only travel at the speed
blood is moving/blood flow slower (1) 2

(ii) • recognition of distance divided by time (1) Allow full marks for
• 1.0 ÷ 1.2 x 102 / 1.0 × 106 ÷ 1.2 × 108 (1) correct final answer
• 0.0083(3) / 8.3 × 10-3 (s) (1) 3

Total for Question 5 = 8 marks

 Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
6 (a) bronchus/bronchi (1) 1

(b) (i) • inhale and exhale/breathe in an out (1)

• through mouthpiece (1) 4
• floating air chamber rises/falls (1)
• pen records a trace on (the rotating) graph
paper/drum (1)

(ii) Do not share the mouthpiece with another 1

person/disinfect mouthpiece before use by another
person/after use (1)

(iii) Any two from:

• airways /bronchi/bronchus 2
constricted/obstructed/reduced diameter (1)
• less/reduced airflow (1)
• per unit time (1)

(c) (i) cannot be transmitted from one person to

another/not contagious/not caused by a 1
pathogen/bacteria/virus/microorganism (1)

(ii) 9.5 - 7 = 2.5(1) Full marks for correct

2.5 ÷ 7 x 100(1) final answer 3
36(%) (1) Allow 35.7 for final
answer

(iii) people taking less exercise/

consuming too much fat/sugar/ taking in more Allow other valid lifestyle
energy than is being used/ factor
increase in the number of people smoking/drinking 1
more alcohol/obesity (1)

Total for Question 6 = 13 marks

 Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
7 (a) (i) • 67.5 ÷ 48.3 (1) Full marks for correct 2
• 1:1.4 (1) final answer

Any two from

(ii) • more males than females are overweight in
all countries (1) 2
• lowest percentage of people between the
ages of 18-24 in all countries are
overweight (1)
• increased in all countries 18 - 64 (1)

(iii) sample size too small (1) 2

not all overweight people identified/sample not
representative (1)

(b) (i) Any three from:

• pancreas (1)
• releases insulin (1) 3
• reference to the liver taking up glucose (1) R sugar
• glucose converted to glycogen (1) R breaks down glucose

(ii) Any two from:

• high blood glucose increases the
concentration of the blood (1) 2
• water moves out of cells (1)
• by osmosis (1)
• excess water in blood excreted in urine (1)

Total for Question 7 = 11 marks

 Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
8 (a) (i) X = urethra (1) 2
Y = ureter (1)

(ii) Any two from: 2

• transports oxygenated blood from the heart

(1)
• to the body/named organ (1)
• maintains high blood pressure (1)

Any two from

(iii) • blood in A/renal artery contains more Allow reverse
oxygen/oxygenated (1) argument for B/renal 2
• blood in A/renal artery contains more urea vein
(1)
• blood in A/renal artery contains more ions (1)
• similar concentration of glucose/B renal vein
has less glucose (1)
• blood in A/renal artery contains less carbon
dioxide (1)

(b) (i) Any four from:

• dialysis fluid/dialysate contains a low(er)
concentration/no urea/waste products/ions ORA
(1)
• urea/waste/ions diffuse from blood (1)
• through dialysis membrane (1)
• from high(er) concentration (in the blood) to
a low(er) concentration (in the
dialysate)/down a concentration gradient (1) allow selectively 4
• dialysis membrane is partially-permeable(1) permeable membrane

(ii) • to prevent blood from clotting whilst in the

machine (1)
• (added as it enters the machine) to prevent 3
clots from blocking the machine (as blood
flows through) (1)
• (not added at the end) as blood clotting
properties need to return to normal before
passing back into patient (1)

Total for question 8 = 13 marks

 Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
9 (a) (i) gives competitors an unfair advantage/form of 1
cheating (1)

Any four from

(ii) • increases heart rate (1)
• for greater blood flow/increases blood
pressure (1)
• glycogen to glucose (in muscles/liver)(1)
• causes dilation of air passages/increased
rate/depth of breathing for increased oxygen
uptake (1) 4
• redirects blood flow to
muscles/brain/heart/lungs (1)
• increases aerobic respiration (1)

(b) (i) • beta-blocker attaches to/binds with ignore ref to active

(adrenaline/norepinephrine/epinephrine) site
receptor sites (1)
• binding of adrenaline/norepinephrine /
epinephrine inhibited/prevented/reduced (1)
• reduced response in cardiac muscle/tissue 3
cells/named reduced response e.g. lower
heart rate (1)

(ii) Any two from:

• slower heart beat (1)
• reduced blood flow/oxygen/glucose to
skeletal muscles (1) 2
• slower rate of aerobic respiration (1)
• less energy (for activity) (1)

Total for Question 9 = 10 marks