IOT BASED AGRICULTURAL FIELD MONITORING SYSTEM

USING MICROCONTROLLER WITH REMOTE ACCESS

Abstract

Agriculture is done in every country from ages. Agriculture is the science and art of
cultivating plants. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human
civilization. Agriculture is done manually from ages. As the world is trending into new
technologies and implementations it is a necessary goal to trend up with agriculture also. IOT
plays a very important role in smart agriculture. IOT sensors are capable of providing
information about agriculture fields. we have proposed an IOT and smart agriculture system
using automation. This IOT based Agriculture monitoring system makes use of wireless sensor
networks that collects data from different sensors deployed at various nodes and sends it through
the wireless protocol. This smart agriculture using IOT system is powered by NODEMCU, it
consists of Temperature sensor, Moisture sensor, Ac Pump Motor, Dc Fan.
Internet of things (IoT) plays a crucial role in smart agriculture. Smart farming is an
emerging concept, as IoT sensors are capable of providing information about their agriculture
fields. Our focus is to provide farmers with an IoT-based Web application for monitoring the
agriculture fields and its conditions. With the arrival of open supply NodeMCU boards beside
low-cost wet sensors, it is viable to make devices that monitor the temperature/humidity sensor
and soil wet content associated, consequently irrigating the fields or the landscape as and when
required. The projected system makes use of microcontroller NodeMCU platform and IoT that
alert farmers to remotely monitor the standing of sprinklers placed on the agricultural farms by
knowing the sensing element values, thereby making the farmers’ work a lot of easier when
considering different farm-related activities.
1 Introduction

We read in the newspapers for many days about farmers losses and farmers used to work out the
soil maturity and suspicions for the production of yield. They won't worry about the temperature,
water level and simply climate conditions that are terrible to farmers.. The Internet of Things
(IOT) is reconstructing the agri-business which enables farmers to deal with challenges in the
field, for example through the broad range of strategies, such as accuracy and practical farming.

IOT assists in the assembling of information regarding conditions such as climate, humidity,
temperature and soil fertility, a IOT-based examination enables the discovery of wild plants,
water levels, exact location, field interruption, field development, horticulture. IOT helps in
assembling information IOT uses farmers to connect from anywhere to anywhere to his house.
Remote sensors are used to track household conditions and smaller controls are used to control
and mechanize the house shapes The world population is increasing at a daunting pace. Providing
the basic necessities of life for such a huge population is a great challenge. The most basic
requirement for any human being is good nutrition. However, due to the increasing population,
the old and traditional farming methods are proving insufficient for providing food in bulk
quantities. Fortunately, by making use of the latest agricultural techniques as well as smart
electronics technology we can increase efficiency and productivity too far higher levels which
can ensure our food security.

For the purpose of increasing the efficiency and productivity of agricultural crops, an IOT based
smart agriculture monitoring project using Arduino is proposed. The project consists of three
sensors for the measurement of various parameters crucial for the crop. These sensors include a
temperature sensor, a water level sensor, and a soil moisture sensor. The project also contains a
GSM modem and a WiFi module. The project also includes output devices such as a dc motor,
relays and a buzzer.

There are three sensors present in the circuit which are used for measuring the ambient
temperature, water level of the crop and the soil moisture level. Based on the monitoring of these
sensor values the smart agriculture monitoring system provides air and water to the crop. The
data from the sensors is sent to an Arduino controller which stores and processes this data and
then sends it to the IOT platform as well as GSM module. A WiFi module is interfaced with the
Arduino which sends the sensor values to the remote IOT platform using WiFi connection. The
GSM modem receives the sensor values from the Arduino board and sends these values to the
user via SMS after every 5 minutes. Some output devices are also connected to the Arduino
outputs. These devices include DC motor, relays, and buzzer. If any of the sensor values crosses
a certain predefined threshold then the buzzer is turned on to notify the user. One relay is
connected to the fan while the other is connected to the water pump. If the ambient temperature
is too hot then the fan is turned on by the controller in order to maintain the desired temperature
for the crop. If the soil moisture level is low then the water pump is turned on by the Arduino
controller to provide water to the crops. The crop status can be monitored remotely by means of a
remote IOT platform.

Internet of things (IoT) plays a crucial role in smart agriculture. Smart farming is an emerging
concept, as IoT sensors are capable of providing information about their agriculture fields. Our
focus is to provide farmers with an IoT-based Web application for monitoring the agriculture
fields and its conditions. With the arrival of open supply NodeMCU boards beside low-cost
wet sensors, it is viable to make devices that monitor the temperature/humidity sensor and soil
wet content associated, consequently irrigating the fields or the landscape as and when
required. The projected system makes use of microcontroller NodeMCU platform and IoT that
alert farmers to remotely monitor the standing of sprinklers placed on the agricultural farms by
knowing the sensing element values, thereby making the farmers’ work a lot of easier when
considering different farm-related activities.
Literature Review
1.1 Experts have analysed collected data for finding correlation between environment work
and yield for standard work. They are concentrated on crop monitoring, information of
temperature and rainfall is collected as initial spatial data and analysed to reduce the crop
losses and to improve the crop production. An IOT Based Crop-field monitoring an
irrigation automation system explains to monitor a crop field. A system is developed by
using sensors and according to the decision from a server based on sensed data, the
irrigation system automated. By using wireless transmission the sensed data forwarded
towards to web server database. If the irrigation is automated then that means if the
moisture and temperature fields fall below the potential range. The user can monitor and
control the system remotely with the help of application which provides a web interface to
user. [1] Prof. K.A.Patil and Prof. N.R.Kale propose a wise agricultural model in irrigation
with ICT (Information Communication Technology).The complete real-time and historical
environment is expected to help to achieve efficient management and utilization of
resources. [2] IOT Based Smart Agriculture Monitoring System develops various features
like GPS based remote controlled monitoring, moisture and temperature sensing, intruders
scaring, security, leaf wetness and proper irrigation facilities.[3] Mahammad shareef
Mekala, Dr.P.Viswanathan demonstrated some typical application of Agriculture IOT
Sensor Monitoring Network Technologies using Cloud computing as the backbone. [4]
Prathibha S.R., Anupama Hongal Jyothi M.P. Created monitoring temperature and
Humidity in agriculture field through sensor using CC3200 Single chip. Camera is
interfaced with CC3200 to capture images and send that pictures through MMS to farmers
mobile using Wi-Fi [5]
1.2 Remote Communications
The creation of remote communications in wide and moderate distances has been
prevalent in the last few years. The usage of Wi-Fi, GSM, or GPRS is so popular they they barely
noticed. But, in the form of device to system communications, these are not as normal, e.g. the
connectivity required between a container moving through the Atlantic ocean and a server
situated thousands of kilometers away, even further taken into consideration that there are
hundreds of thousands of containers being transported everyday in the world. Jedermann et al.
(2014b) provide a comprehensive overview of technological problems and strategies for a
wireless tracking in transport, talking about pros and cons in system connectivity, protocols,
energy use and data usability. On the contrary, Badia-Melis et al. (2015) demonstrate how a
warehouse with a cold room with an equal volume of 1848 m3 can be instrumented using RFID
and WSN in a way where both technologies can benefit from each other and provide
complementary knowledge.

Today, the most advanced technology in usage is RFID and it's the most commercially
available. On the other side, WSN hasn't advanced as quickly as anticipated in the agro food
market, because it has to cover several important aspects such as unit capacity, battery life, and
encapsulation (Badia-Melis et al., 2014). The first wireless sensor nodes in the industry,
including those offering monitoring of refrigerated logistics, such as temperature, humidity and
acceleration (vibration and shocks). Its downside was that it was operating in the microwave
band (2.4 GHz) and was too poor power at 1mW. (Figure 4.2). The 2.4GHz microwave band has
the benefit of being usable anywhere over the world however the biggest drawback is the
coincidence with the water resonance frequency (than is the cause of the food heating), thus its
transmission is problematic through the water and the air with strong relative humidity. That is to
suggest in a fruit and vegetable transportation, the air is 90% RH and water content in fruit and
vegetables is typically more than 90%. (RuizGarcia & Lunadei, 2011).

1.3 Internet of Things

The Internet of Things is a network of ordinary items that can feel, understand, connect,
and collaborate with one another to achieve a shared purpose (Giusto et al., 2010). The aim of the
framework is that all the objects and functions can be managed centrally and coupled with the
Internet to form a distributed system. IoT depicts a society in which humans are continually
surrounded by computers that are capable of interacting with each other. IoT splits the existing
theories and launches a modern sector in knowledge industry, which would set about a fresh
revolution in the world software industry.

The internet of things, or "internet of things," is a knowledge sharing infrastructure for

goods (Amaral et al., 2011; Atzori et al., 2010). The framework consists of three dimensions, its
constituents are information objects, networks which contain information, and intelligent
applications. Knowledge objects are ones that are capable of defining and perceiving their own
message; intelligent applications indicate the application with the capability of intelligent control
and processing.

1.4 Intelligent Traceability

After an exhaustive analysis of several articles, the researchers concluded that food
traceability can be deemed an important part of logistics management, because the knowledge is
kept on the go and can be recovered at any time. The word "intelligent" is becoming increasingly
relevant in the food supply chain; as defined by Jedermann et al. (2014b), intelligent food
logistics was named to minimize the perishable loss along the food supply chain by means of
reducing the variance from the ideal cold chain, to do so it is crucial to measure these variations,
allowing shelf life difference realize and remote tracking. Ruiz-Garcia et al. (2010b) suggested
an open portal for data collection and conversion. It incorporates all knowledge regarding food
and feed into an easy-to-consume index. Studies of this kind contribute to improved food logistic
production. At the other hand, traceability as is defined in the introduction of this paper, is an
integral part of food safety, food quality and food defense which render it part of the food
supply-chain, pretends to be of high potential for the protection of consumers. Both intelligent
supply chain logistics is occurring as the supply chain advances.

As Scheer (2006) mentioned in his paper, the details gathered in the conventional
tracking and tracing (T&T) systems are generally used only to remember management,
nonetheless the proposed quality based tracking and tracing framework (QTT) uses the
information collected with what we might term intelligent logistic instruments, such as wireless
sensors (temperature and humidity for instance).

1.5 State of the art

Recent developments in RFID technology and the integration of integral components
such as data logger capabilities and embedded sensors have brought the implementation of RFID
technology in food traceability systems a new dimension, as reflected in the Ruiz-Garcia and
Lunadei (2011) paper, there are numerous and varied applications of RFID to food traceability.
RFID has emerged as a leading player in the growth of food supply chain traceability systems
over the last decade and its deployment is growing at a rapid speed (Costa et al., 2013). Food
traceability systems can become more accurate and effective with the introduction of RFID
technology, since RFID makes a higher reading performance than standard barcodes (Hong et al.,
2011). The RFID technology delivers powerful knowledge exchange for accurate customization
and managing through the recognition of items without any physical interaction (M. Zhang & Li,
2012). In contrast with conventional lot numbering and internal information systems, Kelepouris
et al. (2007) suggested an architecture utilizing RFID; it has the advantages of automated
detection, standardized EPC for all stakeholders, limited expenditure in equipment and easily
accessed information.

A variety of scholars have been exploring agro-food logistics and supply chain
management processes for food traceability using RFID since a few years back, i.e. Angeles
(2005); Attaran (2007); Jones et al. (2004); Sugahara (2008); Twist; Ngai et al. (2007); (2005). A
method of RFID temperature monitoring for fighting feeding logistics was developed by Amador
and Emond (2010). The capacity to host tag sensors makes it possible to transport the so-called "
cold traceability " principle that has been implemented to trace groups of temperature-sensitive
items in various requirements of the atmosphere (Ruiz-Garcia et al., 2010b). A cattle/beef
traceability device was built and tested by Feng et al. (2013), which combined RFID technology
with a PDA and barcode printer. They acquired real-time and precise data collection and
delivery, and the high productivity of cattle/beef supply chain monitoring and tracing of details.
The term used in this case by Zou et al. (2014) is an Internet of Things (IoT) framework,
consisting of a two-layer network architecture; it is a creative way to incorporate RFID for
traceability in what is considered as "intelligent food logistics" consisting of an asymmetric tag-
reader connection (RFID layer) and an adhoc link between readers (WSN layer), which are
further linked to the Internet via Wifi or cellular network.

Temperature Estimation
Some of the papers presented the actual possibility of temperature prediction years earlier
(Jedermann et al., 2011a; Jedermann & Lang, 2009; Jedermann et al., 2009), which implies
measuring the temperature in crucial positions where there is no likelihood of positioning a
sensor or there is no luxury for such a matter.
 Project Description
1.6 AIM:

The main of this project is to develop a sensor interface device is essential for sensor
data collection of agriculture field data through wireless sensor networks (WSN) in IOT
environments.

EXISTING SYSTEM:

We physically measure physical parameters in the environment like temperature, Co2, fire
sensor and light recognition which is exceptionally troublesome and mistaken. A typical
individual can't demonstrate any enthusiasm to gauge those physical parameters esteem.
To maintain a strategic distance from this trouble we are going for our proposed
framework.

PROPOSED SYSTEM:

The proposed framework portrays the advancement of a remote modern condition

estimating temperature, moisture and light. Where the remote association is actualized to
secure information from the different sensors, in addition to allow set up difficulty to be as
reduced. By using IoT technology we send the sensors data to authorized person.

Hardware: NodeMCU, TEMPERATURE SENSOR, MOISTURE SENSOR, LDR

SENSOR

Software: Arduino IDE

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Node section:

POWER SUPPLY

MOISTURE SENSOR

IOT
MODULE
NODE
LDR SENSOR MCU

TEMPERATURE SENSOR
AC PUMP MOTOR

CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR

Monitoring section:

MOBILE PHONE

In the era of technical progress, all science requires supervision and oversight. In order to
encourage food protection and food conservation, we propose an IoT device such that it can not
be contaminated during preparation and transport due to environmental conditions. In the current
situation, the work undertaken is in terms of the sensed values reported and a detailed analysis
has been conducted, but there are no automated alternatives to monitor. Efficient regulation of
temperature, humidity, light and other variables helps us to achieve promising productivity
without guaranteeing personal availability at the venue. Here, our key objective is to map,
manage and monitor the cold storage setting, enabling the operator to manage the information in
real time. A central node, which is a web browser, is responsible for providing information to the
management mode through a tablet or mobile phone.

The project includes the creation and programming of microcontrollers for IoT-based
cold chain management device monitoring and control.

In order to monitor environmental adjustments, different temperature and humidity

sensors may also be included in the project. The numerous IoT systems use Arduino or
Raspberry-pi as their parent controller, however utilizing NodeMCU offers the benefit of using
an Arduino along with a very efficient 2.4 GHz wifi module. As this is supposed to be a
demonstration project, and much further research is needed in real life, regular breadboards and
jumper wires will be used to validate the functions. Figure 3 depicts the necessary materials used
for this study.

4. HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

Node MCU:

NodeMCU is a low-cost open source IoT platform. It initially included firmware which runs on

the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from Espressif Systems, and hardware which was based on the ESP-12
module.[6][7] Later, support for the ESP32 32-bit MCU was added.

NodeMCU is an open source firmware for which open source prototyping board designs are
available. The name "NodeMCU" combines "node" and "MCU" (micro-controller unit). The
term "NodeMCU" strictly speaking refers to the firmware rather than the associated development
kits.

Both the firmware and prototyping board designs are open source.

The firmware uses the Lua scripting language. The firmware is based on the eLua project, and
built on the Espressif Non-OS SDK for ESP8266. It uses many open source projects, such as lua-
cjson and SPIFFS. Due to resource constraints, users need to select the modules relevant for their
project and build a firmware tailored to their needs. Support for the 32-bit ESP32 has also been
implemented.

The prototyping hardware typically used is a circuit board functioning as a dual in-line
package (DIP) which integrates a USB controller with a smaller surface-mounted board
containing the MCU and antenna. The choice of the DIP format allows for easy prototyping
on breadboards. The design was initially was based on the ESP-12 module of the ESP8266,
which is a Wi-Fi SoC integrated with a Tensilica Xtensa LX106 core, widely used in IoT
applications

NodeMCU was created shortly after the ESP8266 came out. On December 30, 2013, Espressif
Systems began production of the ESP8266. NodeMCU started on 13 Oct 2014, when Hong
committed the first file of nodemcu-firmware to GitHub. Two months later, the project expanded
to include an open-hardware platform when developer Huang R committed the gerber file of an
ESP8266 board, named devkit v0.9. Later that month, Tuan PM ported MQTT client library
from Contiki to the ESP8266 SoC platform, and committed to NodeMCU project, then
NodeMCU was able to support the MQTT IoT protocol, using Lua to access the MQTT broker.
Another important update was made on 30 Jan 2015, when Devsaurus ported the u8glib [16] to the
NodeMCU project,[17] enabling NodeMCU to easily drive LCD, Screen, OLED, even VGA
displays.

1.6.1 ESP8266 Arduino Core

As Arduino.cc began developing new MCU boards based on non-AVR processors like the

ARM/SAM MCU and used in the Arduino Due, they needed to modify the Arduino IDE so that
it would be relatively easy to change the IDE to support alternate toolchains to allow Arduino
C/C++ to be compiled for these new processors. They did this with the introduction of the Board
Manager and the SAM Core. A "core" is the collection of software components required by the
Board Manager and the Arduino IDE to compile an Arduino C/C++ source file for the target
MCU's machine language. Some ESP8266 enthusiasts developed an Arduino core for the
ESP8266 WiFi SoC, popularly called the "ESP8266 Core for the Arduino IDE". [18] This has
become a leading software development platform for the various ESP8266-based modules and
development boards, including NodeMCUs.

WI-FI: The WI-FI module used in this project is ESP8266. It follows TCP/IP stack and is a microchip
which is less in cost. This microchip allows microcontroller to connect to a WI-FI network, by using
Hayes style command connections are done or made through TCP/IP connection. ESP8266 has 1MB of
built in flash, single chip devices able to connect WI-FI. Espressif systems are the manufacturers of this
module, it is a 32 bit microcontroller. There are 16 GPIO pins in this module. This module follows RISC
processor. It has 10 bit DAC. Later Espressif systems released a software development kit(SDK) which is
used to programme on the chip, so that another microcontroller is not used. Some of the SDK’s are Node
MCU, Arduino, Micro Python, Zerynth and Mongoose OS. SPI, I2C, I2S, UART are used for
communicating between two sensors or modules.
Figure : Wi-Fi module

NodeMCU is an open-source IoT platform. It includes firmware that runs on the

ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from Espressif Systems, and hardware which is based on the ESP-
12 module. The term “NodeMCU” by default refers to the firmware rather than the
DevKit. The firmware uses the Lua scripting language. It is based on the eLua project and
built on the Espressif Non-OS SDK for ESP8266. It uses many open source projects, such
as lua - cjson, and spiffs.

Fig Node MCU

Specifications:

 Breadboard Friendly

 Light Weight and small size.

 3.3V operated, can be USB powered.

 Uses wireless protocol 802.11b/g/n.

 Built- in wireless connectivity capabilities.

 Built- in PCB antenna on the ESP-12E chip.

 Capable of PWM, I2C, SPI, UART, 1-wire, 1 analog pin.

 Uses a CP2102 USB Serial Communication interface module.

 Arduino IDE compatible (extension board manager required).

 Supports Lua (alike node.js) and Arduino C programming language.

Fig Node MCU Pin Configuration

Pin Functions:
 Pin numbers in the Arduino IDE correspond directly to the ESP8266 GPIO pin
numbers. pinMode, digitalRead, and digitalWrite functions work as usual, so to read
GPIO2, call digitalRead(2) or its alias name digitalRead(D10).

At startup, pins are configured as INPUT. Digital pins 0-15 can be INPUT,
OUTPUT or INPUT_PULLUP. Pin 16 can be INPUT, OUTPUT or
INPUT_PULLDOWN_16 and is connected to the build-in LED.

It can be addressed with digitalRead(D0), digitalRead(16) or digitalRead

(LED_BUILDIN).

Pins may also serve other functions, like Serial, I2C, SPI. These functions are
normally activated by the corresponding library. The diagram above shows the pin
mapping for the popular ESP8266 NodeMcu module.

Pin interrupts are supported through attachInterrupt, functions. Interrupts may be

attached to any GPIO pin, except GPIO16. Standard Arduino interrupt types are
supported: CHANGE, RISING, FALLING.

Reserved Pins:

GPIO pins 6—11 are not shown on this diagram because they are used to connect
flash memory 'chips on most modules. Trying to use these pins as IOs will likely cause
the program to crash.

Note that some boards and modules (ESP-12ED, NodeMCU 1.0) also break out
pins 9 and 11. These may be used as IO if flash chip works in DIO mode (as opposed to
QIO, which is the default one).

Vin, 3V3, GND:

 Vin is the NodeMcu's voltage input that is connected to its internal voltage
regulator allowing an input voltage range of 4.75V to10V. It will be regulated to 3.3V.
Alternative ly, an external voltage source of 3.3V can be directly connected to the Node
MCU's 3V3 pins. The 3V3 pin can be also a voltage source to other components such as
LEDs. GND is the common ground of the board.
 Analog Input:

ESP8266 has a single ADC channel available to users. It may be used either to
read voltage at ADC pin or to read module supply voltage (VCC).

To read external voltage applied to ADC pin, use analogRead(A0).

The input voltage range is 0 — 1.0V.

To read VCC voltage, use ESP.getVcc() while the ADC pin must be kept
unconnected. Additionally, the following line has to be added to the sketch:
ADC_MODE(ADC_VCC);

Analog Output:

analogWrite(pin, value) enables software PWM on the given pin. PWM may be
used on pins 0 to 16. Call analogWrite(pin,0) to disable PWM on the pin. the value may
be in the range from 0 to PWMRANGE, which is equal to 1023 by default. A value of 0,
512 and 1023 sets the PWM duty cycle to 0%, 50% and 100%, respectively. Optionally,
the PWM range may be changed by calling analogWriteRange(new_range).

PWM frequency is 1kHz by default. Call analogWriteFreq(new_frequency) to

change the frequency. The unit representation is in [Hz].
 IoT Technology and Applications

IoT development speedily assist the IoT application that focused on the heap industry and
specific users, while networks and devices allow connectivity of physical things. IoT application
gives reliable vital device-to-human and device-to-device communication. IoT device
applications need to ensure that information is received and properly acted according to a
suitable specific way, a simple example is that of logistic application monitoring that has the
transported status of goods such as organic products, fresh products, meat and dairy terms.
Furthermore, during logistics, quality control of climate change, shock and humidity is regularly
monitored and suitable movements are strategically and naturally made to preserve goods
spoilage from a long distance when connection is out of courage. To claimed that "some
examples of IoT applications in existence can be found in Smart Environment, Smart
Greenhouse, Smart Cities, Smart Water, Smart Metering, Security and Emergency, Industrial
Control, Home Automation and Electronic Health". 'IoT' is therefore stationed on devices that
can examine sensed data and then transmit it to the user. K. IoT Challenges As stated in a
previous study, there are some challenges that IoT design would face in the coming future
generation. All the devices, nodes connected in associate in nursing IoT design needs to have
terribly low latency over reliable links. Because of the vast variety of IoT devices and the use of
various frequency bands, there would be a crisis in spectrum house. Although IoT devices are
expanding on a daily basis that consumes terribly lesser power, still there'll be a big quantity of
greenhouse gas emission because of all of these devices. Finally, IoT architecture not solely must
be price effective however additionally they have to be capable of supporting heterogeneous
applications and devices. As stated above on IoT challenges, IoT applications will have some
more basic needs to tackle, for example, Device addressing, Security, Scalability, Mobility,
Anchor-less sending and so on. As mentioned, IoT applications contains numerous
heterogeneous devices, and however, content security is a key concern that plays a great roles. A
previous study has indicated the challenges of both IoT and ICN in their past study, this past
study endeavours to combine them where IoT illustrate the different challenges and on the other
hand, ICN illustrates the positive solutions. Nonetheless, their study explained initially how
different ICN features can address IoT issues and after that, some use cases and contextual
investigations are examined.

LIMITATIONS

The system has following limitations:

1. Compatibility: As of now, there is no standard for tagging and monitoring with sensors. A
uniform concept like the USB or Bluetooth is required which should not be that difficult to do.

2. Complexity: There are several opportunities for failure with complex systems. For example,
both you and your spouse may receive messages that the milk is over and both of you may end
up buying the same. That leaves you with double the quantity required. Or there is a software bug
causing the printer to order ink multiple times when it requires a single cartridge.

3. Privacy/Security: Privacy is a big issue with IoT. All the data must be encrypted so that data
about your financial status or how much milk you consume isn’t common knowledge at the work
place or with your friends.

4. Safety: There is a chance that the software can be hacked and your personal information
misused. The possibilities are endless. Your prescription being changed or your account details
being hacked could put you at risk. Hence, all the safety risks become the consumer’s
responsibility.

Ethernet :

Ethernet is a family of computer networking technologies for local area networks

(LANs) commercially introduced in 1980. Standardized in IEEE 802.3, Ethernet has largely
replaced competing wired LAN technologies.
 Systems communicating over Ethernet divide a stream of data into individual packets
called frames. Each frame contains source and destination addresses and error-checking data so
that damaged data can be detected and re-transmitted.

The standards define several wiring and signaling variants. The original 10BASE5
Ethernet used coaxial cable as a shared medium. Later the coaxial cables were replaced by
twisted pair and fiber optic links in conjunction with hubs or switches. Data rates were
periodically increased from the original 10 megabits per second, to 100 gigabits per second.

ETHERNET CABLE RJ45

Since its commercial release, Ethernet has retained a good degree of compatibility.
Features such as the 48-bit MAC address and Ethernet frame format have influenced other
networking protocols

Ethernet initially competed with two largely proprietary systems, Token Ring and Token Bus.
Because Ethernet was able to adapt to market realities and shift to inexpensive and ubiquitous
twisted pair wiring, these proprietary protocols soon found themselves competing in a market
inundated by Ethernet products and by the end of the 1980s, Ethernet was clearly the dominant
network technology. In the process, 3Com became a major company. 3Com shipped its first
10 Mbit/s Ethernet 3C100 transceiver in March 1981, and that year started selling adapters for
PDP-11s and VAXes, as well as Multibus-based Intel and Sun Microsystems computers. This
was followed quickly by DEC's Unibus to Ethernet adapter, which DEC sold and used internally
to build its own corporate network, which reached over 10,000 nodes by 1986, making it one of
the largest computer networks in the world at that time.

Evolution:

Ethernet evolved to include higher bandwidth, improved media access control methods,
and different physical media. The coaxial cable was replaced with point-to-point links connected
by Ethernet repeaters or switches to reduce installation costs, increase reliability, and improve
management and troubleshooting. Many variants of Ethernet remain in common use.

Ethernet stations communicate by sending each other data packets: blocks of data
individually sent and delivered. As with other IEEE 802 LANs, each Ethernet station is given a
48-bit MAC address. The MAC addresses are used to specify both the destination and the source
of each data packet. Ethernet establishes link level connections, which can be defined using both
the destination and source addresses. On reception of a transmission, the receiver uses the
destination address to determine whether the transmission is relevant to the station or should be
ignored. Network interfaces normally do not accept packets addressed to other Ethernet stations.
Adapters come programmed with a globally unique address. An Ethertype field in each frame is
used by the operating system on the receiving station to select the appropriate protocol module
(i.e. the Internet protocol module). Ethernet frames are said to be self-identifying, because of the
frame type. Self-identifying frames make it possible to intermix multiple protocols on the same
physical network and allow a single computer to use multiple protocols together. Despite the
significant changes in Ethernet, all generations of Ethernet (excluding early experimental
versions) use the same frame formats (and hence the same interface for higher layers), and can be
readily interconnected through bridging.
 ETHERNET (TCP/IP PROTOCOL)

Ethernet is a family of computer networking technologies commonly used in local area

networks (LAN), metropolitan area networks (MAN) and wide area networks (WAN).[1] It was
commercially introduced in 1980 and first standardized in 1983 as IEEE 802.3,[2]and has since
been refined to support higher bit rates and longer link distances. Over time, Ethernet has largely
replaced competing wired LAN technologies such as token ring, FDDI and ARCNET.

The original 10BASE5 Ethernet uses coaxial cable as a shared medium, while the newer Ethernet
variants use twisted pair and fiber opticlinks in conjunction with hubs or switches. Over the
course of its history, Ethernet data transfer rates have been increased from the original
2.94 megabits per second (Mbit/s)[3] to the latest 100 gigabits per second (Gbit/s). The Ethernet
standards comprise several wiring and signaling variants of the OSI physical layer in use with
Ethernet.

Systems communicating over Ethernet divide a stream of data into shorter pieces called frames.
Each frame contains source and destination addresses, and error-checking data so that damaged
frames can be detected and discarded; most often, higher-layer protocols
trigger retransmission of lost frames. As per the OSI model, Ethernet provides services up to and
including the data link layer.[4]

Since its commercial release, Ethernet has retained a good degree of backward compatibility. Features
such as the 48-bit MAC address and Ethernet frame format have influenced other networking protocols.
The primary alternative for some uses of contemporary LANs is Wi-Fi, a wireless protocol standardized
as IEEE 802.11.
HISTORY :

Ethernet was developed at Xerox PARC between 1973 and 1974.[6][7] It was inspired
by ALOHAnet, which Robert Metcalfe had studied as part of his PhD dissertation. [8] The idea
was first documented in a memo that Metcalfe wrote on May 22, 1973, where he named it after
the disproven luminiferous ether as an "omnipresent, completely-passive medium for the
propagation of electromagnetic waves".[6][9][10] In 1975, Xerox filed a patent application listing
Metcalfe, David Boggs, Chuck Thacker, and Butler Lampson as inventors.[11] In 1976, after the
system was deployed at PARC, Metcalfe and Boggs published a seminal paper.[12][a]

Metcalfe left Xerox in June 1979 to form 3Com.[6][14] He convinced Digital Equipment

Corporation (DEC), Intel, and Xerox to work together to promote Ethernet as a standard. The so-
called "DIX" standard, for "Digital/Intel/Xerox", specified 10 Mbit/s Ethernet, with 48-bit
destination and source addresses and a global 16-bit Ethertype-type field. It was published on
September 30, 1980 as "The Ethernet, A Local Area Network. Data Link Layer and Physical
Layer Specifications".[15] Version 2 was published in November, 1982 [16] and defines what has
become known as Ethernet II. Formal standardization efforts proceeded at the same time and
resulted in the publication of IEEE 802.3 on June 23, 1983.[2]

Ethernet initially competed with two largely proprietary systems, Token Ring and Token Bus.
Because Ethernet was able to adapt to market realities and shift to inexpensive and
ubiquitous twisted pair wiring, these proprietary protocols soon found themselves competing in a
market inundated by Ethernet products, and, by the end of the 1980s, Ethernet was clearly the
dominant network technology.[6] In the process, 3Com became a major company. 3Com shipped
its first 10 Mbit/s Ethernet 3C100 NIC in March 1981, and that year started selling adapters
for PDP-11s and VAXes, as well as Multibus-based Intel and Sun Microsystems computers.
[17]:9
 This was followed quickly by DEC's Unibus to Ethernet adapter, which DEC sold and used
internally to build its own corporate network, which reached over 10,000 nodes by 1986, making
it one of the largest computer networks in the world at that time. [18] An Ethernet adapter card for
the IBM PC was released in 1982, and, by 1985, 3Com had sold 100,000. [14] Parallel port based
Ethernet adapters were produced for a time, with drivers for DOS and Windows. By the early
1990s, Ethernet became so prevalent that it was a must-have feature for modern computers, and
Ethernet ports began to appear on some PCs and most workstations. This process was greatly
sped up with the introduction of 10BASE-T and its relatively small modular connector, at which
point Ethernet ports appeared even on low-end motherboards.

Since then, Ethernet technology has evolved to meet new bandwidth and market requirements.
[19]
 In addition to computers, Ethernet is now used to interconnect appliances and other personal
devices.[6] It is used in industrial applications and is quickly replacing legacy data transmission
systems in the world's telecommunications networks.[20] By 2010, the market for Ethernet
equipment amounted to over $16 billion per year.

STANDARDIZATION:

In February 1980, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) started

project 802 to standardize local area networks (LAN).[14][22] The "DIX-group" with Gary
Robinson (DEC), Phil Arst (Intel), and Bob Printis (Xerox) submitted the so-called "Blue
Book" CSMA/CD specification as a candidate for the LAN specification. [15] In addition to
CSMA/CD, Token Ring (supported by IBM) and Token Bus (selected and henceforward
supported by General Motors) were also considered as candidates for a LAN standard.
Competing proposals and broad interest in the initiative led to strong disagreement over which
technology to standardize. In December 1980, the group was split into three subgroups, and
standardization proceeded separately for each proposal.[14]

Delays in the standards process put at risk the market introduction of the Xerox Star workstation
and 3Com's Ethernet LAN products. With such business implications in mind, David
Liddle (General Manager, Xerox Office Systems) and Metcalfe (3Com) strongly supported a
proposal of Fritz Röscheisen (Siemens Private Networks) for an alliance in the emerging office
communication market, including Siemens' support for the international standardization of
Ethernet (April 10, 1981). Ingrid Fromm, Siemens' representative to IEEE 802, quickly achieved
broader support for Ethernet beyond IEEE by the establishment of a competing Task Group
"Local Networks" within the European standards body ECMA TC24. On March 1982, ECMA
TC24 with its corporate members reached an agreement on a standard for CSMA/CD based on
the IEEE 802 draft.[17]:8Because the DIX proposal was most technically complete and because of
the speedy action taken by ECMA which decisively contributed to the conciliation of opinions
within IEEE, the IEEE 802.3 CSMA/CD standard was approved in December 1982. [14] IEEE
published the 802.3 standard as a draft in 1983 and as a standard in 1985.[23]
Approval of Ethernet on the international level was achieved by a similar, cross-partisan action
with Fromm as the liaison officer working to integrate with International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) Technical Committee 83 (TC83) and International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) Technical Committee 97 Sub Committee 6 (TC97SC6). The ISO 8802-3
standard was published in 1989.

EVOLUTION

Ethernet evolved to include higher bandwidth, improved media access control methods, and

different physical media. The coaxial cable was replaced with point-to-point links connected
by Ethernet repeaters or switches.[25]

Ethernet stations communicate by sending each other data packets: blocks of data individually
sent and delivered. As with other IEEE 802 LANs, each Ethernet station is given a 48-bit MAC
address. The MAC addresses are used to specify both the destination and the source of each data
packet. Ethernet establishes link level connections, which can be defined using both the
destination and source addresses. On reception of a transmission, the receiver uses the destination
address to determine whether the transmission is relevant to the station or should be ignored. A
network interface normally does not accept packets addressed to other Ethernet stations.
[b]
Adapters come programmed with a globally unique address.[c]

An EtherType field in each frame is used by the operating system on the receiving station to
select the appropriate protocol module (e.g., an Internet Protocol version such as IPv4). Ethernet
frames are said to be self-identifying, because of the frame type. Self-identifying frames make it
possible to intermix multiple protocols on the same physical network and allow a single
computer to use multiple protocols together.[26] Despite the evolution of Ethernet technology, all
generations of Ethernet (excluding early experimental versions) use the same frame formats.
[27]
 Mixed-speed networks can be built using Ethernet switches and repeaters supporting the
desired Ethernet variants.[28]

Due to the ubiquity of Ethernet, the ever-decreasing cost of the hardware needed to support it,
and the reduced panel space needed by twisted pair Ethernet, most manufacturers now build
Ethernet interfaces directly into PC motherboards, eliminating the need for installation of a
separate network card.
 Ethernet LAN Features:
 Bus topology, Wired LAN in IEEE 802.3 physical layer standard
 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps (Unshielded and Shielded wires) and 4 Gbps (in twisted pair wiring
mode)
 Broadcast medium─ Passive, Wired connections based.
 Frame format like the IEEE 802.2

 SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) Open system (therefore allows equipment
of different specifications)
 Each one connected to a common communication channel in the network listens and if the
channel is idle then transmits. If not idle, waits and tries again.
 Multi access is like in a Packet switched network
 Ethernet LAN

 Passive, connection based

 Media access control (MAC) 48-bit address for transmitting and forwarding frames on
same LAN only.
 Can also use multicast addressing─for sending frames to all or few select types of
Ethernet devices
Connectivity to Internet
 Outside a LAN the Internet Protocol addresses sent
 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) for resolving 32 bits Internet protocol
Addresses with the 48 bit destination host media address. RARP (reverse ARP)
for vice versa

Header Bytes in Ethernet Frame

 A data for transmission fragments into the frames.

 Frame has a header.
 Firstly, the header has eight bytes, which defines a preamble.
 The preamble is for indicating start of a frame and is used for synchronization.
 Then the header has six bytes (48-bits) of destination MAC address.
 Six bytes (48-bits) of the source MAC address follow the destination MAC.

Data in Ethernet Frame:

 Then there are six bytes. These are for the type field. These are meaningful only for the
higher network layers and the length definition.
 Minimum 72 bytes and maximum 1500 bytes of data follow the length definition.
 Lastly, there are 4 bytes for CRC check for the frame sequence check

Power Supply:

The input to the circuit is applied from the regulated power supply. The a.c. input
i.e., 230V from the mains supply is step down by the transformer to 12V and is fed to a
rectifier. The output obtained from the rectifier is a pulsating d.c voltage. So to get a pure
d.c voltage, the output voltage from the rectifier is fed to a filter to remove any a.c
components present even after rectification. Now, this voltage is given to a voltage
regulator to obtain a pure constant dc voltage.
 Light Dependent Resistor:

LDRs or Light Dependent Resistors are very useful, especially in light/dark sensor
circuits. Normally the resistance of an LDR is very high, sometimes as high as 1,000,000
ohms, but when they are illuminated with light, the resistance drops dramatically.

Thus in this project, LDR plays an important role in switching on the lights based
on the intensity of light i.e., if the intensity of light is more (during daytime) the lights
will be in off condition. And if the intensity of light is less (during nights), the lights will
be switched on.

Fig LDR

This is an example of a light sensor circuit: When the light level is low the
resistance of the LDR is high. This prevents current from flowing to the base of the
transistors. Consequently, the LED does not light. However, when light shines onto the
LDR its resistance falls and current flows into the base of the first transistor and then the
second transistor. The LED glows. The preset resistor can be turned up or down to
increase or decrease resistance, in this way it can make the circuit more or less sensitive.
2 Soil Moisture Sensor
The moisture of the soil plays an essential role in the irrigation field as well as in gardens
for plants. As nutrients in the soil provide the food to the plants for their growth. Supplying water
to the plants is also essential to change the temperature of the plants. The temperature of the plant
can be changed with water using the method like transpiration. And plant root systems are also
developed better when rising within moist soil. Extreme soil moisture levels can guide to
anaerobic situations that can encourage the plant’s growth as well as soil pathogens. This article
discusses an overview of the soil moisture sensor, working and it’s applications.

The soil moisture sensor is one kind of sensor used to gauge the volumetric content of
water within the soil. As the straight gravimetric dimension of soil moisture needs eliminating,
drying, as well as sample weighting. These sensors measure the volumetric water content not
directly with the help of some other rules of soil like dielectric constant, electrical resistance,
otherwise interaction with neutrons, and replacement of the moisture content.

The relation among the calculated property as well as moisture of soil should be adjusted & may
change based on ecological factors like temperature, type of soil, otherwise electric conductivity.
The microwave emission which is reflected can be influenced by the moisture of soil as well as
mainly used in agriculture and remote sensing within hydrology.

These sensors normally used to check volumetric water content, and another group of sensors
calculates a new property of moisture within soils named water potential. Generally, these
sensors are named as soil water potential sensors which include gypsum blocks and tensiometer.
Soil Moisture Sensor Pin Configuration

The FC-28 soil moisture sensor includes 4-pins

 soil-moisture-sensor

 VCC pin is used for power

 A0 pin is an analog output
 D0 pin is a digital output
 GND pin is a Ground
This module also includes a potentiometer that will fix the threshold value, & the value can be
evaluated by the comparator-LM393. The LED will turn on/off based on the threshold value.

Working Principle

This sensor mainly utilizes capacitance to gauge the water content of the soil (dielectric
permittivity). The working of this sensor can be done by inserting this sensor into the earth and
the status of the water content in the soil can be reported in the form of a percent.

This sensor makes it perfect to execute experiments within science courses like environmental
science, agricultural science, biology, soil science, botany, and horticulture.

LM35 TEMPERATURE SENSOR

 LM35 is a precision IC temperature sensor with its output proportional to the
temperature (in oC). The sensor circuitry is sealed and therefore it is not subjected to oxidation
and other processes. With LM35, temperature can be measured more accurately than with a
thermistor. It also possess low self heating and does not cause more than 0.1 oC temperature rise
in still air.   

The operating temperature range is from -55°C to 150°C. The output voltage varies by
10mV in response to every oC rise/fall in ambient temperature, i.e., its scale factor is 0.01V/ oC

Pin No Function Name

1 Supply voltage; 5V (+35V to -2V) Vcc
2 Output voltage (+6V to -1V) Output
3 Ground (0V) Ground

FIG: TEMPERATURE SENSOR LM35

TEMPERATURE SENSOR

 This project uses IC LM35 as a sensor for detecting accurate centigrade temperature.
Linearity defines how well over a range of temperature a sensor’s output consistently changes.
Unlike thermistor, Linearity of a precision IC Sensors are very good of 0.5°C accuracy and has
wide temperature range. its output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade)
temperature.
 The LM35 is rated to operate over a -55° to +150°C temperature range.It draws only 60
µA from its supply, it has very low self-heating, less than 0.1°C in still air. LM35 Operates from
4 to 30 volts.

Output of IC is 10mv/degree centigrade for eg if the output of sensor is 280 mV then

temperature is 28 degree C. so by using a Digital multimeter we can easily calculate the degree
temperature. For trigger point you should set the voltage of pin 2 of IC 741 by using preset or
potentiometer.
Our aim of this project is not to construct a thermometer but to activate or deactivate a device at a
particular margin temperature. For simplicity we have used 2 LED for indication  of both low
(Green) and high (Red) temperature.

                                                      Circuit Diagram of temperature sensor

Working: The output of IC2 increases in proportion to the temperature by 10 mV per

degree. This varying voltage is feed to a comparator IC 741 (OP Amplifier). OP Amplifier are
among the most widely used electronic devices today.The op-amp is one type of differential
amplifier. It has two input inverting (-) and non-inverting (+) and one output pin. We have used
IC741 as non-inverting amplifier which means pin 3 is the input and the output is not reversed.
This circuit amplifies the difference between its input terminals.
 As a comparator, Bistable output of an op amplifier is as follows :-

Part list:
IC LM35, IC LM741
Resistance: 10K Ohms, 470 Ohms X 2Pcs
Preset or P.O.T of 2K Ohms
LED 2pcs (Red and Green)
9V Battery with Snap
Switch, wire
*By making this Temperature Sensor Project, student will be capable of making many similar
project   i.e  Automatic room heater controller, determine hotness of Tea or Coffee to
avoid burning your tongue,Automatic Fan Controller etc
 Limitations and Challenges
For the food sector, the most critical subject is to calculate the temperature at the most
feasible points without a significant expenditure. Through introducing RFID semi passive
tags that include temperature sensors, this accomplishment is feasible. The major
disadvantage is that it operates at a frequency of 13.56 MHz and the reading range does not
go beyond 2 to 3 cm with this low emission power. Despite tracking the date and time of
these tags and recording them in their internal memory, it is necessary to wait until the end of
the trip to download the details one by one. It takes time to retrieve this data, and the data is
not live.

With regard to the cattle/beef market, the key obstacles for the implementation of
RFID in their traceability scheme are the inapplicable knowledge input process, the
unreliable data input sequence and contact mechanism associated with RFID readers, and the
high cost of implementation (Feng et al., 2013). It is still not a preferable option for most
businesses with many benefits of RFID technology as it leads to additional costs for the
business. The compromise between the company's advantages and safety criteria, however, is
the primary motivating factor for the introduction of technologies such as RFID (M. Zhang &
Li, 2012). Almost every difficulty that has been surpassed by these innovations is another
problem. For certain WSN and RFID class 4, the basic ZigBee protocol may follow net
topology with point-to-point data transference (PtP). This ensures that without heading
straight to the portal, the data may be hopped from one node to the next; it enables contact to
go through some item, such as metals or liquids. It must be taken into account that this would
require an increase in the number of nodes, an increase in complexity and a consequent
increase in costs. Despite the comparatively low price of sensing equipment (from €15 to
€100), the usage of routers, gateways, concentrators and often even specialized computers is
important and makes the whole system more costly.

In the logistics of fruit and vegetables, the identification of explosive gases linked to
the condition of maturation of the cargo poses a significant problem, with ethylene and
ethanol being the two most relevant gases. The development of specific sensors for these two
gases is an issue that has been investigated since a few years ago, and there has been no
adequate solution. Some sensors have been developed to detect both gases, but when it is
necessary to differentiate them into the same air mass, the detectors fail. This reality renders
it difficult to use these fruit sensors, since ethylene implies the ripening of the fruit, and
ethanol, on the other side, indicates the rotting of the fruit. Therefore, the use of a non-
specific sensor could lead to severe mistakes in the management of freight, such as discarding
legitimate containers or accepting rotting shipments.
 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

Arduino IDE compiler:

Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware

and software. Arduino boards can read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button,
or a Twitter message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an
LED, publishing something online. You can tell your board what to do by sending a
set of instructions to the microcontroller on the board. To do so you use the Arduino
programming language (based on Wiring), and the Arduino Software (IDE), based on
Processing.

Over the years Arduino has been the brain of thousands of projects, from
everyday objects to complex scientific instruments. A worldwide community of
makers - students, hobbyists, artists, programmers, and professionals - has gathered
around this open-source platform, their contributions have added up to an incredible
amount of accessible knowledge that can be of great help to novices and experts alike.

Arduino was born at the Ivrea Interaction Design Institute as an easy tool for fast
prototyping, aimed at students without a background in electronics and programming. As
soon as it reached a wider community, the Arduino board started changing to adapt to
new needs and challenges, differentiating its offer from simple 8-bit boards to products
for IoT

Applications, wearable, 3D printing, and embedded environments. All Arduino

boards are completely open-source, empowering users to build them independently
and eventually adapt them to their particular needs. The software, too, is open-source,
and it is growing through the contributions of users worldwide.

The advantages of Arduino IDE application are

1. Inexpensive
2. The simple clear programming environment
3. extensible software and hardware
Arduino IDE

Fig Using Arduino IDE app

 Advantages:

Fewer electricity bills:

As the amount of energy being consumed is reduced, the amount of electric ity
associated with that energy consumed will also be decreased. This results in the
saving of both energy and electricity since the equipment is only operated when and
where needed.

Easy Installation:

Adding a WSN to an existing building can lead to a double-digit percentage decrease in

operating costs over a period of years. Not only do energy costs decline significantly,
but wiring costs and hassles become a thing of the past.

Safety and Security:

Safety and security are the other benefits of a wireless sensor network. Wireless sensor
network systems are incredible in security, thereby ensuring the safety of the people
residing in the building.

Comfort:

By more closely monitoring temperature, humidity, and ventilation, environme nta l

control helps improve comfort level depending on the number of people involved. One
study indicated a 3% increase in employee productivity when optimizing the comfort
level.

Applications:

In a wireless sensor network, there are device sensors wirelesses capable of sending
information to another sensor device in a mesh network, however, most applications just
involve the delivery of data and information from each sensor device to a central data
collection point. Emerging wireless sensor technology promises to enable enhanced conditions
monitoring in and around buildings, not only because of the ease and the low cost by which
the sensors can be deployed, but also due to the true self-reconfiguration of a system without
any rewiring that becomes possible as ever didn’t before.

They play an important role in the flexibility and self-reconfiguration systems. Wireless
sensors could be placed on critical pieces of equipment in buildings to help detect and
diagnose faults. Some of the applications are listed below.

Fire/Smoke Detection and Alarm:

In hazardous situations such as fires, deployment of wireless sensors could provide more
information about the conditions within and around a building for first responders.

Energy Information Management:

An energy management information system (EMIS) is a performance management system

that enables individuals and organizations to plan, make decisions and take effective
actions to manage energy use and costs.

Flood Management Assistance:

Sensors collect data from multiple sources such as rain gutters, sewer systems and pump
stations, to monitor fluctuations in water levels and water quality. If an alert triggers,
having a network camera in proximity to visually verify the situation helps responders
determine the best course of action.

Lighting systems:

Smart lighting is to cover the automation of lamp responses, such as dimming or on/off
control to enhance user comfort and save energy. An ambient light sensor (ALS) can be
used to detect the amount of natural light available, allowing a lamp's output to be adjusted
accordingly.

Parking Assistance:

Working in conjunction with weight sensors network cameras can count vehicles coming into
and leaving a lot or garage and verify when the facility has reached capacity. License plate
recognition and video analytics can be used to ascertain that a vehicle entering a reserved
parking space doesn’t match the credentials and vehicle attributes in the database.
BLYNK APP

How Blynk Works?

Blynk was designed for the Internet of Things. It can control hardware remotely, it can display sensor
data, it can store data, visualize it and do many other cool things.
There are three major components in the platform:
1. Blynk App - allows to you create amazing interfaces for your projects using various
widgets we provide.
2. Blynk Server - responsible for all the communications between the smartphone and
hardware. You can use our Blynk Cloud or run your private Blynkj server locally. It’s open-
source, could easily handle thousands of devices and can even be launched on a Raspberry Pi.
3. Blynk Libraries - for all the popular hardware platforms - enable communication with the
server and process all the incoming and out coming commands.

Fig 4.1: Blynk interfacing

Arduino Ide Setup Process

Arduino IDE is an open source software that is mainly used for writing and compiling the code

into the Arduino Module. The main code, also known as a sketch, created on the IDE platform will

ultimately generate a Hex File which is then transferred and uploaded in the controller on the board.

The node MCU needs some external libraries for accessing the commands for it. For instating

node MCU library the fallowing link must be placed in the board manager which is present in options

tools of the arduino IDE software.

The link is : http://arduino.esp8266.com/stable/package_esp8266com_index.json

Fig 4.2 : Installation of nodeMCU board

blynk library

Download the latest Blynk_Release_vXX.zip file from the GitHub page:

Blynk library should be installed manually. Follow the instructions:

1. Unzip the Blynk_Release_vXX.zip archive. You will notice that archive contains

several folders and several libraries.
2. Copy all of these libraries to your sketchbook folder of Arduino IDE. 
To find the location of your sketchbook folder, go to top menu in Arduino IDE:
Windows:  File → Preferences

The structure of your your sketchbook folder should now look like this, along with your
other sketches (if you have them):

Fig 4.3 : Installing Blynk library

PROCEDURE FOR CREATION AND CONNECTING BLYNK TO
MICRO CONTROLLER
1. Create a Blynk Account
After you download the Blynk App, you’ll need to create a New Blynk account. This account is separate
from the accounts used for the Blynk Forums, in case you already have one.
We recommend using a real email address because it will simplify things later.

Fig 5.1 : Creation of blynk account

2. Create a New Project

After we have successfully logged into our account, start by creating a new project.

Fig 5.2 : Creation of a project

3. Choose Hardware
Select the hardware model that we will use.
 Fig 5.3 : Selection of controller

4. Auth Token
Auth Token is a unique identifier which is needed to connect our hardware to our smart phone. Every
new project that we create will have its own Auth Token. We will get Auth Token automatically on your
email after project creation. we can copy it manually. Click on devices section and selected required
device : and we see the token.

Fig 5.4 : Generation of auth token

5. Blynk Tools Creation

 Required tools are taken and laced in proper positions. Various tools, Switches, joysticks, sliders,

etc are available. The required video display, two joysticks, one button and GPS tools are taken.

Fig 5.5 : App Appearance

CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE

Conclusion:
This paper describes automated irrigation system using IOT. Internet on things and cloud
computing collectively makes a system that control agriculture sector effectively. This system
will sense all the environmental parameters and send the data to the user. User will take
controlling action according to that this will be done by using actuator. This asset allows the
farmer to improve the cultivation in a way the plant need. It leads to higher crop yield,
prolonged production period, better quality and less use of protective chemicals.

Future Scope:

It is important that any further work in developing the technology core in the field of sensor
networks is done keeping in mind the potential users of these networks, and what their needs
are. This project is based on Wi-Fi but can be further continued by adding advanced
technologies like Zigbee and GSM. Low-power design should be the mantra at all levels, be
it hardware or software.

References
[1]. Rajalakshmi.P, Mrs.S.Devi Mahalakshmi “IOT Based Crop-Field Monitoring And
Irrigation Automation” 10th International conference on Intelligent systems and control
(ISCO), 7-8 Jan 2016 published in IEEE Xplore Nov 2016.

[2]. Prof. K. A. Patil And Prof N. R. Kale proposes “A Model For Smart Agriculture Using
IOT” 2016 International Conference on Global Trends in signal Processing, Information
Computing And Communication.

[3]. Dr.N.Suma, Sandra Rhea Samson, S. Saranya, G. Shanmugapriya, R. Subhashri „IOT

Based Smart Agriculture Monitoring System‟ 2017 International Journal on Recent and
Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication.

[4]. Mahammad shareef Mekala, Dr.P.Viswanathan „A Survey: Smart agriculture IoT with
cloud Computing ‟ 978-1-5386-1716-8/17/$31.00 ©2017 IEEE

[5]. Prathibha S R1, Anupama Hongal 2, Jyothi M P3‟ IOT BASED MONITORING
SYSTEM IN SMART AGRICULTURE‟ 2017 International Conference on Recent
Advances in Electronics and Communication Technology [6]. Ibrahim Mat, Mohamed
Rawidean Mohd Kassim, Ahmad Nizar Harun, Ismail Mat Yusoff “IOT in Precision
Agriculture Applications Using Wireless Moisture Sensor Network” 2016 IEEE Conference
on Open Systems (ICOS), October 10-12- 2016, Langkaw, Malaysia.

[7]. Zhaochan Li, JinlongWang, Russell Higgs, LiZhou WenbinYuan4 “Design of an

Intelligent Management System for Agricultural Green houses based on the Internet of
Things” IEEE International Conference on Embedded and Ubiquitous Computing (EUC)
2017.

References
[1]. Rajalakshmi.P, Mrs.S.Devi Mahalakshmi “IOT Based Crop-Field Monitoring And
Irrigation Automation” 10th International conference on Intelligent systems and control
(ISCO), 7-8 Jan 2016 published in IEEE Xplore Nov 2016.

[2]. Prof. K. A. Patil And Prof N. R. Kale proposes “A Model For Smart Agriculture Using
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