f2 Answers

Section
2
ANSWERS TO OBJECTIVE TEST
QUESTIONS
FINANCING CAPITAL PROJECTS
LONG TERM FINANCE
1 A, C
B – Debt instruments can also be traded in the capital markets.
D – An unlisted entity can issue shares, but not on the stock market.
E – The primary function is to enable entities to raise finance, enabling investors to buy
and sell investments is the secondary function.
2 General assets, less preferable
A floating charge is when debt is secured against general assets of the entity and this type
of charge is considered less preferable from the lenders point of view to a fixed charge.
3 A
B – Raising finance via a rights issue does not cause the flotation of an entity. Non‐listed
entities can issue rights issues to their current private shareholders. Flotation (being
a publically listed entity) is not required to raise finance via a rights issue.
C – Rights issues are made in proportion to shareholders’ existing holdings therefore not
resulting in a dilution to the percentage ownership.
D – A rights issue is offered to all shareholders.
4 D
(5 × $2.75) + $2.25
Theoretical ex rights price = –––––––––––––––– = $2.67
6
5 Cum rights, ex rights
When a rights issue is announced, the existing shares will be traded cum rights up to the
date of the issue. After the issue takes place, the shares will then be traded ex rights.
93
S UB J E CT F2 : A DVAN CED F INAN C IA L RE POR TIN G
6 D
The directors are required to pay the preference dividend if they have sufficient
distributable profits.
7 C, D
C – Preference shareholders would be paid dividends in preference to ordinary
shareholders.
D – Ordinary dividends are not a fixed amount, they are determined by the directors.
8 $7.31
3 × $7.50 + $6.75
Theoretical ex rights price = = $7.31
4
9 D
The liability component of convertible debt must be recognised in the statement of
financial position.
10 More, uncertainty, equity, debt
The providers of equity finance face more risk than the providers of debt finance because
there is greater uncertainty over the level of their return. As a result equity providers will
require a higher level of return on their investment than debt providers.
COST OF CAPITAL
11 8.7%
0.60
ke = ––––––––––– = 8.7%
(7.50 – 0.60)
12 D
0.10 × 1.03
ke = ––––––––––– + 0.03 = 0.15
ex‐div price

0.10 × 1.03
Therefore, ex‐div price = ––––––––––– = 0.86
0.15 – 0.03
13 Ex div market price
When calculating the cost of preference shares, the dividend is divided by the ex div
market price of the preference share.
94
ANSWERS TO O BJ EC T IVE TE ST QUES TIONS : S EC T I ON 2
14 6.3%
Yield to maturity = 6/94.5 × 100 = 6.3%
15 8.9%
0.10 × 1.03
ke = ––––––––––– + 0.03 = 8.9%
1.86 – 0.10
16 $109.50
Cash option = $100 × 102% = $102
Shares option = 15 × ($6 × 1.045) = $109.50
Assume that investor will choose higher value option.
17 B
Post‐tax cost of debt = (5 × 80%)/88 = 4.5%
18 B
The relevant cash outflows would be the annual interest payment net of tax, not gross, and
the redemption value.
19 7.5%
Yield to maturity = 7/92.75 × 100 = 7.5%
20 A
divi × 1.04
ke = ––––––––––– + 0.04 = 0.125
6.50

(0.125 – 0.04) × 6.50
Therefore, divi = –––––––––––––––– = 0.53
1.04
21 $2.73
0.13 × 1.05
ke = ––––––––––– + 0.05 = 0.10
current price

0.13 × 1.05
Therefore, current price = ––––––––––– = 2.73
0.10 – 0.05
22 4.1%
Post‐tax cost of debt = (6 × 70%)/102 = 4.1%
95
23 D
Cash option = $100 × 115% = $115
Shares option = 10 × ($10.22 × 1.025) = $112.84
Assume that investor will choose higher value option.
24 13.2%
WACC = (15% × 4/5) + (8% × 75% × 1/5) = 12% + 1.2% = 13.2%
25 D
Source Market value Cost of capital Weighted cost
$m Proportion % %
Ordinary shares (10 × 1.20) 12 0.632 11.7 7.4
Long dated bonds (8 × 0.875) 7 0.368 6 2.2
––– ––––– ––––
19 1 9.6
––– ––––– ––––
26 D
Kd = (7 × 70%)/96 = 5.1%
Ke = 0.50 / (3.80 – 0.50) = 15.2%
27 6%
Post‐tax cost of debt = (coupon rate × 75%)/92 = 4.89%
Therefore, coupon rate = 0.0489 × 92/0.75 = 6%
28 C
0.12 × 1.05
ke = ––––––––––– + 0.05 = 15.3%
1.22
Dividend per share in above calculation = 120,000/1m = 0.12
29 C
A, B and D are all considered to be benefits/uses of WACC.
C is a limitation as the WACC should ideally reflect market values.
30 8.7%
12.91
Yield to maturity (IRR) = 5% + ––––––––––– × (10% – 5%) = 8.7%
(12.91 + 4.65)
96
FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARDS
IAS 32 & IFRS 9 FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
31 Asset, equity, obligation, unfavourable
‘A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and
a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity.
A financial liability is any liability that is a contractual obligation to deliver cash or
another financial asset to another entity or to exchange financial assets or liabilities under
unfavourable conditions‘(IAS 32, para 11).
32 B
Finance costs recognised by ROB are:
$
Issue costs 100,000
Interest paid (4m × 5%) 200,000
–––––––
300,000
–––––––
The finance costs that should have been recognised are:
$
(4m – 100,000) × 8.5% 331,500
–––––––
Therefore, the correct journal entry to correct the accounting treatment is:
$
Dr Finance costs 31,500
Cr Liability 31,500
33 $9,342,264
Initial recognition of liability will be total cash received less equity component.
Liability should then be subsequently measured at amortised cost.
$
Opening liability (10m – 794,200) 9,205,800
Finance cost at effective rate (9,205,800 × 8%) 736,464
Cash paid (10m × 6%) (600,000)
–––––––––
Liability at 31 December 20X3 9,342,264
–––––––––
97
34 $5,840
$
Initial measurement at acquisition (40,000 × $2.68 × 1.05) 112,560
Fair value at 31 July 20X2 (40,000 × $2.96) 118,400
–––––––
Gain 5,840
–––––––
Transaction costs are added to FVOCI assets upon initial recognition.
35 The liability for this instrument at 31 December 20X1 will be calculated as follows:
Liability $
Opening balance (3.4m – 200,000) 3,200,000
Plus: finance cost (3.2m × 7.05%) 225,600
Less: interest paid (3.4m × 6%) (204,000)
Closing balance X
36 B
A is not appropriate as the loans to employees are not held for trading purposes.
C is not appropriate as the loans to employees are not held with the intention to hold some
and sell some of the loans.
D is not appropriate as the loans are financial assets, not financial liabilities.
37 D
Cumulative preference shares should be recognised as a financial liability as there is an
obligation to pay the dividends (due to them being cumulative). Therefore A is incorrect
and D would be correct. The dividend paid would be recorded as finance costs to match the
treatment of the instrument as a liability.
Cumulative preference shares allow dividends to deferred and paid cumulatively in periods
of poor liquidity. Non‐cumulative irredeemable preference shares would lose their right to
dividend if AB decided to forego a dividend payment. Cumulative preference shares are less
risky than non‐cumulative preference shares. Therefore B is incorrect.
AB has issued the preference shares in order to raise finance, rather than acquiring them as
an investment. Therefore C is incorrect.
98
38 $23,000
As the FVOCI financial asset is an investment in debt, upon disposal of the investment, the
gains or losses held within reserves will be recycled to profit or loss.
$
Sale proceeds 65,000
Less carrying amount of investment at disposal (42,000 + (60,000)
18,000)
Add gain reclassified from other components of equity 18,000
–––––––
Total gain in profit or loss at disposal 23,000
–––––––

Tutorial note: If the FVOCI investment was in shares (equity), the gains or losses held in
reserves would not be reclassified to profit or loss on disposal. They would be reclassified
into retained earnings.

39 The journal entry required to record the subsequent measurement of the shares at
31 December 20X1 is:
Account reference $
Debit Investment in shares 310,000
Credit Profit or loss
Transaction costs are expensed upon initial recognition of a held for trading (fair value
through profit or loss) financial asset.
40 A
$
Contracted purchase price (1,000 × $1,200) 1,200,000
Equivalent purchase price at reporting date (1,000 × $1,280) 1,280,000
––––––––
Gain on contract (therefore favourable terms) 80,000
––––––––
41 C
As the factor can recover the cash advance if the customer fails to settle the receivable
balance after 6 months, RF is still exposed to the significant risks of ownership and
therefore should not derecognise the receivable balance upon receipt of the advance.
Instead, the cash inflow should be recognised as a liability (secured on the receivable
balance). Dr Cash $7,650,000 Cr Liability $7,650,000.The receivable is not derecognised
and no expense is initially recorded. As such C is incorrect. The admin fee is a finance cost
and is recorded using the effective interest rate over the life of the arrangement.
99
42 B
The preference shares are redeemable and should therefore be classified as a financial
liability.
Issue costs are deducted from the initial recognition of the redeemable preference shares:
$
Cash received 5,000,000
Less issue costs incurred (200,000)
–––––––––
Initial measurement of preference shares 4,800,000
–––––––––
The correct journal entry to correct the accounting treatment is therefore:
$
Dr Bank 4,800,000
Cr Financial liability 4,800,000
43 C
The investment is a financial asset which would be measured at amortised cost. MAT’s
intention is to hold until the maturity date, passing the business model test. All cash flows
are capital and interest, passing the contractual cash flow tests. Any transaction costs
should be added to the asset on initial recognition.
$
Amount paid for investment 2,000,000
Transaction costs incurred 100,000
–––––––––
Initial measurement of financial asset 2,100,000
–––––––––
The correct journal entry to correct the accounting treatment is:
$
Dr Investment 2,100,000
Cr Bank 2,100,000
44 B
$
PV of principal after 4 years = $6m × 0.708 4,248,000
PV of interest of 7% on $6m for 4 years = $6m × 7% × 3.24 1,360,800
–––––––––
Initial measurement of liability component 5,608,800
–––––––––
Equity = $6m – $5,608,800 = $391,200
100
45 D
A$
Contracted purchase price (2m/0.64) 3,125,000
Equivalent purchase price at reporting date (2m/0.70) 2,857,143
––––––––
Loss on contract (therefore unfavourable terms) 267,857
––––––––
46 The impact of the investment in the statement of profit or loss for the year ended 30 June
20X1 is:
Statement of profit or loss extract $
Profit from operations X
Finance income (4.2m × 8.4%) 352,800
Finance costs BLANK
––––––
Profit before tax X
Other comprehensive income
Gain on revaluation of FVOCI financial asset 227,200
The debt instrument is classified as fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI)
as the business intends to both sell and hold its debt financial assets.
Initial recognition of the financial asset will be at fair value (typically cost) plus any
transaction costs. For the FVOCI asset = $4,000,000 + $200,000 = $4,200,000,
The subsequent treatment of the FVOCI financial asset is to revalue to fair value, gains or
losses to other comprehensive income.
As this is a debt instrument, finance income and coupon rate receipts will still need to be
recorded.
The effective rate applied to the opening measurement is finance income as the investment
is a financial asset (not a financial liability).
To work out entries to record the FVOCI debt financial asset, the following working will be
required:
B/f Interest at Receipt at Sub‐total Gain held in Fair value
effective coupon (7%) OCI (β)
rate (8.4%)
4,200,000 352,800 (280,000) 4,272,800 227,200 4,500,000

101
47 The journal entry required to record the subsequent measurement of the investment at
30 June 20X2 is:
Account reference $
Debit Investment in shares 122,000
Credit Reserves
The investment is classified as FVOCI. As a result, transaction costs are added to the asset at
initial recognition. Subsequent measurement is at fair value with changes in value being
recorded in reserves.
$
Initial recognition of investment (2,400,000 × 1.02) 2,448,000
Fair value at reporting date 2,570,000
––––––––
Gain on re‐measurement 122,000
––––––––
48 The journal entry required to initially record the convertible bond on 1 January 20x2 is:
Account reference $
Debit Bank 4,000,000
Credit Financial liability 3,689,200
Credit Equity 310,800

Tutorial note:
The calculation of the liability and equity component is provided below however you would
not need to perform this calculation to answer the question. A convertible bond is part
liability and part equity and the liability component will always be the higher of the two
values – if you know this then there is only one valid option which is to include 3,689,200 as
the liability component and 310,800 as the equity component.
Calculation (as proof of figures)
$
PV of principal after 5 years = $4m × 0.65 2,600,000
PV of interest of 7% on $4m for 5 years = $4m × 7% × 3.89 1,089,200
––––––––
Initial measurement of liability component 3,689,200
––––––––
Equity component = $4m – $3,689,200 = $310,800
102
IAS 33 EARNINGS PER SHARE
49 50.7 cents
Basic EPS = $3.8m/(5m × 3/2) = 50.7 cents
50 B
Earnings = $6,582,000 – $420,000 = $6,162,000
Weighted average number of shares:
Brought forward 8,000,000
Market price issue (5/12 × 2,400,000) 1,000,000
––––––––
9,000,000
––––––––
Basic EPS = $6,162,000/9,000,000 = 68.5 cents
51 3,694,349
Prior to rights issue 3m × 1/12 × 7.5/7.3 256,849
After rights issue 3m × 5/4 × 11/12 3,437,500
–––––––––
3,694,349
–––––––––
52 D
Dilutive shares:
Share held under option 1,000,000
Shares that would have been issued at market price (1m × 3.1/4) (775,000)
––––––––
Shares effectively issued for no consideration 225,000
––––––––
Diluted EPS = $3.5m/(7m + 225,000) = 48.4 cents
53 $862,500
Brought forward 10,000,000
Market price issue (9/12 × 2,000,000) 1,500,000
–––––––––– 11,500,000
Bonus issue × 5/4
–––––––––
14,375,000
–––––––––
Basic EPS = 6 cents = profit/14,375,000
Therefore profit = 14,375,000 × $0.06 = $862,500
103
54 28.8 cents
Adjusted earnings: $
Per basic eps 3,000,000
Interest on convertible instrument ($5m × 6% × 75%) 225,000
––––––––
3,225,000
––––––––
Diluted EPS = $3,225,000/(10m + 1.2m) = 28.8 cents
55 A, D
Irredeemable preference dividends relating to previous years will have been deducted from
previous years’ earnings. Therefore B is incorrect.
Ordinary dividends are distributions of earnings, not part of the calculation. Therefore C is
incorrect.
Redeemable preference dividends will be recognised as a finance cost within profit or loss
and therefore will already be reflected in the profit after tax figure.
56 B
Comparative EPS = last years’ EPS × rights bonus fraction inverted
Rights bonus fraction = CRP/TERP = 2.2/2.06
Therefore, comparative EPS = 46.2 cents × 2.06/2.2 = 43.3 cents
57 78.6 cents
Comparative EPS = last years’ EPS × bonus fraction inverted
There is no restatement with respect to a full market price issue
Therefore, comparative EPS = 98.2 cents × 4/5 = 78.6 cents
58 B
Dilutive shares:
Share held under option 1,500,000
Shares that would have been issued at market price (1.5m × 3.5/4.75) (1,105,263)
–––––––––
Shares effectively issued for no consideration 394,737
–––––––––
104
IFRS 16 LEASES
59 For a lessor, an asset leased on an operating lease would be held within the statement of
financial position, and rental receipts and interest income are subsequently recognised
within profit or loss.
60 B
The rental income in relation to an operating lease should be recorded in the statement of
profit or loss on a straight‐line basis over the lease term.
The total amount to be paid is $45,000 (30 months × $1,500 as Hudson receives $1,500 a
month for 3 years, less the first six month rent‐free period).
This would be spread across the 3 year lease period, giving a rental income of $15,000 a
year. As the lease was only agreed six months into the year, only six months rental income
should be recorded in 20X7. This gives a rental income of $7,500 for the year end
31 December 20X7.
As nothing has been paid by the year end, an accrued income balance of $7,500 would also
be shown in the statement of financial position.
61 A, C, E
In accordance with IFRS 16 Leases, lessors must consider whether a lease is a finance lease
or an operating lease. A finance lease is one in which the significant risks and rewards of
ownership of the leased asset have transferred to the lessee.
If the lessor (FL) is responsible for maintenance and repair this would suggest that the risk
of damage and breakdown has not been transferred to the lessee (JS). Therefore B is
incorrect.
The sale at the end of the lease is at normal commercial terms. Being able to buy the asset
at market value does not suggest either a risk or reward of ownership. There is no benefit
or downside from the condition. Therefore D is not an indicator of risk or reward transfer
and, consequently, of the presence of a finance lease.
62 B
B/f Interest 7% Payment c/f
$ $ $ $
31/10/X3 30,000 2,100 (7,317) 24,783
31/10/X4 24,783 1,735 (7,317) 19,201
The figure to the right of the payment in the next year is the non‐current receivable.
105
63 A, D, E
The lease in question is a finance lease. The risk and rewards are transferred to the lessee.
This can be determined as the lease term is the majority of the asset’s useful lifetime and
the present value of the lease payments will make up the majority of the asset’s fair value.
When a lessor enters into a finance lease with a customer it will:
 derecognise the leased asset ( in this case , from PPE)
 record a lease receivable at the net investment in the lease
 record a gain or loss on disposal.
Rental receipts and interest income are recorded subsequently. The rental receipts are
recorded in cash and by reducing the lease receivable. The interest income is recorded in
profit or loss and increases the lease receivable. These balances are unaffected at the initial
point of recording the lease (1 December 20X9).
Right‐of‐use assets are relevant to lessee accounting and not lessor accounting.
IFRS 15 REVENUE FROM CONTRACTS WITH CUSTOMERS
64 A, E
For revenue to be recorded, a contract must exist and the distinct performance obligations
of the contract must be identified.
Performance obligations do not always need to be fully satisfied for revenue to be
recorded. If performance obligations are satisfied over time, revenue from the contract can
be allocated across a period of time. Option B is incorrect.
Variable consideration can be included within revenue if it is highly probable to not reverse.
It is not a requirement for revenue to be recorded. Every contract does not need an
element of variable consideration. Option C is incorrect.
It is the transfer of control, rather than the delivery itself, that are conditions that must be
satisfied in accordance with IFRS 15. It is possible for no control transfer to have occurred
despite the goods already being delivered e.g. sale or return arrangements. D is not always
correct.
65 D
The directors are required to act in the best interests of the shareholders, not themselves.
They are not complying with international accounting standards, which would require the
sale and repurchase agreement to be recognised as a loan and the fact that they have
previously used the correct accounting treatment demonstrates that they are knowingly
overstating profits, rather than it being from a lack of knowledge. This would be considered
unethical.
106
66 B
Revenue can be recorded over time if the customer simultaneously receives and consumes
the benefits provided by the seller. The support service would meet this condition and be
recorded over the 3 years that the support is provided.
Revenue is recorded at a point in time if control of the good is transferred to the customer.
As a result of the software being developed and delivered on 30 June 20X3, then revenue is
recorded in full at that date.
$
Revenue from sale of goods (software) 500,000
Revenue from provision of service (75,000/3 years × 6/12) 12,500
––––––––
Total revenue to be recognised in year ended 31 December 20X3 512,500
––––––––
67 B
The right of return indicates that SB have retained the risk of obsolescence.
A is incorrect as this would suggest that JK are exposed to the risk or benefits from changes
in selling price.
C is incorrect as this would suggest that JK are exposed to the risk of theft and damage.
D is incorrect as this would suggest that JK have benefits of ownership.
68 A
There is a requirement to repurchase the land and therefore DRT should not derecognise it.
If the option to repurchase is not exercised over the next four years then DRT will have an
obligation to repurchase it at the end of the four year period. Therefore, control is not
passed to NKL and revenue is not recorded. Further indications that control has not been
transferred include the requirement for NKL to seek DRT approval before using the land.
DRT should continue to recognise the land as an asset and should record a liability for the
repurchase.
69 C
The sale of goods XZ from to WY would record revenue at a point in time. The revenue
should only be recognised when control of the goods have transferred to WY. Control of
the goods does not transfer to WY until either the end of the 28 day period or the onward
sale to a customer of WY. Therefore, the revenue for the sale of the remaining 38% of the
goods cannot be recognised even if it is considered likely that one of these two events will
occur.
However, XZ would be able to recognise revenue for the goods that WY has sold on and
therefore C is true.
Revenue = 62% × $1,250,000 = $775,000
XZ should continue to recognise the goods not sold on in its inventory until the risks and
rewards transfer.
The cost of these goods = $1,250,000 × 75% × 38% = $356,250, therefore D is not true.
107
70 $1.9M
In 20X1:
Total expected profit = 40m – 7m – 26m = $7 million
Stage of completion = 8/40 = 20%
Profit recognised = 20% × $7m = $1.4 million
In 20X2:
Total expected profit = 40m – 18m – 16m = $6 million
Stage of completion = 22/40 = 55%
Cumulative profit to be recognised = 55% × $6m = $3.3 million
Therefore, profit to be recognised in 20X2 = $3.3m – $1.4m = $1.9 million
71 C
$000
Costs incurred to date 5,100
Profit recognised to date 1,700
Less progress billings to date (6,000)
––––––
Contract asset 800
––––––
72 B
$000 $000
Contract price 3,000
Costs:
Incurred to date – re work completed 1,500
Inventory not yet used 150
To complete 350
––––––
(2,000)
––––––
Total expected profit 1,000
––––––
Percentage complete = 1,500/2,000 = 75%
Therefore profit = 75% × $1,000,000 = $750,000
108
73 A, C, E
$m
Contract price 26
Costs incurred to date (17)
Costs to complete (11)
–––––
Expected loss (2)
–––––
Loss making contract therefore statement of profit or loss extract:
$m
Revenue (= work certified) 14
Cost of sales (balancing figure) (16)
–––––
Loss (2)
–––––
and statement of financial position extract is:
$m
Costs to date 17
Loss (2)
Progress billings (12)
–––––
Asset/amounts due from customer 3
–––––
IAS 37 PROVISIONS, CONTINGENT LIABILITIES AND CONTINGENT ASSETS
74 C
Future operating losses are specifically prohibited by IAS 37 Provisions, contingent liabilities
and contingent assets. No provision should be made as there is no obligation.
75 D
If ES have created a valid expectation that they will incur costs to clean‐up such leaks in
their environmental and social report, they will have created a constructive obligation and
therefore should make a provision. The leak has already occurred and therefore there is a
past event giving rise to the obligation.
A is incorrect as there does not have to be a legal obligation; it could be a constructive
obligation instead as discussed above.
B is incorrect as an estimate has been made of the costs and therefore, provided there is an
obligation, a provision would be required rather than a contingent liability.
C is incorrect as an intention is not sufficient to make a provision; there must be an
obligation.
109
76 The IAS 37 Provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets accounting
treatment can be summarised as follows:
Degree of probability of an outflow/inflow of Liability Asset
resources
Virtually certain Recognise Recognise
Probable Make provision Disclose (in note)
Possible Disclose (in note) Ignore
Remote Ignore Ignore
IAS 38 INTANGIBLE ASSETS
77 C, E, F
Although the other three items are similar to the criteria they are not specific enough.
Probable economic benefit must be generated. The benefits are not restricted to simply
revenue generation.
Costs must be measured reliably, not just measured.
The criteria of the standard states adequate resources, not just adequate cash.
78 A
Research costs are expensed to the statement of profit or loss as per IAS 38.
The purchased goodwill, brand name and the development costs are all intangible assets.
79 D
The options present items of research or development expenditure incurred during various
projects. Research should be expensed in the profit or loss. Development costs are
capitalised under intangible assets.
To be considered as development costs, the following factors are required to be met:
Probable future economic benefit is expected from the project
Intention to use/sell the asset
Resources are available to complete the project
Ability to use/sell the asset
Technically feasible
Expenditure can be reliably identified and measured.
Option A cannot be capitalised because it is not effective currently so cannot be feasible
and will not be expected to generate economic benefit.
Option B is clearly research.
Option C fails to generate future economic benefit (it is loss making) so cannot be deemed
to be development costs.
110
80 B
An intangible is an identifiable asset without physical substance that meets the recognition
criteria of generating a probable economic benefit that can be measured reliably.
To be identifiable, an asset must be capable of being disposed separately from other assets.
Sybil has purchased a subsidiary, Basil, which owns a brand name and a customer list. The
brand can be measured reliably, so this should be accounted for as a separate intangible
asset on consolidation. The customer list cannot be valued reliably, and so will form part of
the overall goodwill calculation. It will be subsumed within the goodwill value recorded on
consolidation.
81 B
A new process may produce benefits other than increased revenues and can still be
capitalised, e.g. it may reduce costs.
Revaluation of intangibles can occur if the intangible can be reliably measured. To be
reliably measured intangible assets will be sold in an active market. For intangible assets,
this is rare but not unheard of (e.g. taxi cab licences). Therefore, revaluation is permissible
for intangible assets.
Internally generated intangibles are not capitalised. Only purchased intangibles or
development costs can be recorded within the statement of financial position.
Goodwill is treated under IFRS 3 Business combinations and not IAS 38 Intangible assets. As
a result it is not amortised. It is reviewed for impairment annually.
IAS 12 TAXATION
82 A, C
In the other three situations, the carrying amount of the asset is greater than its tax base
and therefore a deferred tax liability exists.
83 B
Deferred tax liability at 31 December 20X3 = (470,000 – 365,000) × 20% = $21,000
Therefore, reduction in deferred tax liability in year = $4,000 => credit in profit or loss
111
84 B, C, D
The additional temporary difference created by the revaluation is $350,000. The additional
deferred tax liability arising on this is $70,000. Therefore A is incorrect.
Before After
revaluation revaluation
$000 $000
Carrying amount of PPE 400 750
Tax base (370) (370)
––––– –––––
Temporary difference 30 380
––––– –––––
Deferred tax liability at 20% 6 76
––––– –––––
The increase in liability from $4,000 (b/f) to $6,000 (above) is charged to profit or loss.
The additional $70,000 created by the revaluation is charged to other comprehensive
income and debited to the revaluation reserve.
Therefore, the balance on the revaluation reserve = 350,000 – 70,000 = $280,000
85 C
There is a deductible temporary difference resulting in a deferred tax asset. The temporary
difference is based on the intrinsic value of the share options, rather than the fair value at
grant which is the basis for the profit or loss charge.
86 Taxable, liability
If the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its tax base then there is a taxable temporary
difference and this will result in a deferred tax liability.
IAS 24 RELATED PARTIES
87 A, B, F
The above are specifically defined as related parties.
C and D are specifically excluded from the definition of a related party.
Employees would not be considered to be a related party unless they were members of key
management personnel.
88 B
Subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures are all related parties.
Two venturers who have joint control of an entity are excluded from the definition,
therefore AB and PQ would not be considered to be related parties.

112
IAS 21 FOREIGN CURRENCY TRANSACTIONS
89 D
The sale is recorded at the exchange rate of £400,000/0.65 = $615,385 giving a journal of Dr
Receivables Cr Revenue.
90 On receipt of the payment from the customer, the entity will record a foreign currency gain
of $44,118 which will be recorded within profit or loss.
Workings
The sale is initially recorded at historic rate of $1:€0.8. A receivable of $705,882 is recorded.
The payment is recorded at the exchange rate when the cash was received €600,000/0.85 =
$750,000. This amount is debited to the bank.
The receivables will be credited with $705,882. The difference of $44,118 will be credited to
the statement of profit or loss as a gain.
91 IAS 21 The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates states unsettled monetary items,
e.g. receivables, must be retranslated using the closing rate at the reporting date and non‐
monetary items are left at historical rate.
92 D
Functional currency is defined as the currency of the primary economic environment in
which an entity operates.
93 C
The foreign currency transaction would initially be recorded at historic rate. This is the rate
when Sunshine bought the land (30 June 20X1). Land and a payable are recorded at $10m
(30m dinars/3).
At the year end, the payable would be restated to closing rate as it is a monetary liability
(2 dinars/$). The payable should be recorded at $15m. The foreign currency loss is recorded
in profit or loss. Therefore, Dr profit or loss $5m Cr payables $5m.
The non‐monetary asset is not revalued at the year end.
94 A
Overseas transactions are recorded in the functional currency using the spot rate of
exchange. Therefore, the land is initially recorded at $5 million (15m dinars/3).
Land is a non‐monetary asset and so is not retranslated. It is also not depreciated. Its
carrying amount remains at $5 million as at the year end.

113
GROUP ACCOUNTS
SUBSIDIARIES
95 C
Although the transaction would not affect the consolidated financial statements, it would
affect the subsidiary’s individual financial statements and is an attempt to mislead any
potential acquirers.
The transaction would have to be disclosed as a related party transaction. For users to
understand the impact of the transaction on profit they would need to be made aware of
the inflated prices however LP are not planning to disclose any information about the price
increase.
96 C
In accordance with IFRS 3 Business combinations, any contingent consideration should be
recognised at fair value in the goodwill calculation.

Tutorial note:
The extent of probability would be reflected in the fair value of the contingent
consideration.
97 D
$000
Book value 850
Fair value uplift to PPE 650
Fair value uplift to inventory 25
Contingent liability (100)
––––––
Fair value of net assets at acquisition 1,425
––––––
98 A
The fair value adjustment is subjected to extra depreciation and is expensed within the
group accounts. Additional depreciation = 650,000/5 = $130,000
The machinery is depreciated so the carrying amount at the year‐end is $1.62m (1.75m –
0.13 depreciation). Option B is incorrect.
Fair value adjustments are group adjustments and do not create revaluation surpluses.
They increase the subsidiary’s net assets at acquisition date and consequently goodwill.
Option C is incorrect.
The parent’s share of extra depreciation required on the fair value adjustment reduces the
parent’s share of post‐acquisition profits held in group retained earnings. Option D is
incorrect.
114
99 D
For group purposes, any contingent liabilities held by the subsidiary will be included within
the group accounts at their fair value at acquisition. The contingent liability would reduce
the sub’s net asset at acquisition and increase goodwill. Option D is correct.
In the individual accounts of the subsidiary contingent liabilities are disclosed but not
recognised. However, upon consolidation of the sub, the group will recognised the liability
at its fair value at acquisition. Option A is incorrect.
The contingent liability would be updated to its fair value of $110,000 in the consolidated
statement of financial position. Therefore B is incorrect.
The change in the fair value of the contingent liability should be recognised in post‐
acquisition profit, not as an adjustment to goodwill at acquisition. Therefore C is incorrect.
100 $85,000
$000 $000
Consideration paid 1,750
Fair value of NCI 320
Less fair value of net assets at acquisition:
Share capital 1,000
Retained earnings 920
Fair value uplift (745 – 680) 65
––––––
(1,985)
––––––
Goodwill at acquisition and at reporting date 85
––––––
101 B
Non‐controlling interest: $
Fair value of NCI at acquisition 320,000
NCI share of post‐acquisition reserves
20% × 110,250 (see below) 22,050
–––––––
342,050
–––––––

Post‐acquisition reserves of ZF: $
Retained earnings at reporting date 1,100,000
Less retained earnings at acquisition (920,000)
Fair value depreciation: 65,000/5 × 9/12 (9,750)
Unrealised profit: 300,000 × 20% (60,000)
––––––––
110,250
––––––––
115
102 A, D, E
The group share of EMS’s post‐acquisition earnings will be credited, not debited, to
consolidated retained earnings. Therefore B is incorrect.
The impact that the unrealised profit adjustment has on consolidated retained earnings is
$96,000 (80% × $120,000). As the subsidiary made the profit, 20% of the unrealised amount
will be deducted from non‐controlling interests, with the parent’s share being deducted
from consolidated retained earnings. Therefore C is incorrect.
Tutorial note:
The same applies to the fair value depreciation, with 80% of the amount being charged to
consolidated retained earnings. Therefore both D and E are correct.
103 $4,375,000
Property, plant and equipment at 31 December 20X2: $000
JK 3,300
LM 850
Fair value uplift (1,100,000 FV – (500,000 + 350,000) book value) 250
Fair value depreciation (250,000 above × 1/10) (25)
–––––
4,375
–––––

Tutorial note:
The fair value uplift is calculated by deducting the book value of net assets from the fair
value. The fair value is given in the question as $1,100,000 and the book value is the share
capital of 500,000 plus the reserves at acquisition of $350,000.
104 B
Fair value of consideration paid: $000
Shares 500,000 × $3.50 1,750
Cash 408
Deferred consideration 1,000,000 × 0.842 (9% discount for 2 years) 842
Legal and professional fees – don’t include (should be expensed) –
–––––
3,000
–––––
116
105 $44,000
$
Fair value of non‐controlling interest at acquisition
(20% × 500,000 × $1.80) 180,000
Value of non‐controlling interest using proportion of net assets
(20% × 680,000) (136,000)
––––––––
44,000
––––––––

Tutorial note:
The only difference in goodwill between the two methods is the value used for the non‐
controlling interest at acquisition. Therefore the above calculation is all that’s needed to
answer the question.
106 B
$000 $000
Fair value of NCI 1,325
Less fair value of net assets at acquisition:
Share capital 1,000
Retained earnings 1,500
Fair value uplift (1,600 – 1,200) 400
––––––
(2,900)
––––––
Goodwill at acquisition 1,675
Less impairment (425)
––––––
Goodwill at the reporting date 1,250
––––––
107 C
The fair value adjustment relates to non‐depreciable property and will not affect the post‐
acquisition reserves of HD or the consolidated retained earnings of the ZB group. Therefore
C is incorrect.
As the non‐controlling interest is measured at fair value at acquisition, only ZB’s share of
the impairment will be charged to consolidated retained earnings = 70% × $850,000 =
$595,000.
117
108 C
Non‐controlling interest: $
Fair value of NCI at acquisition 1,325,000
30% × (2,750,000 – 1,500,000) 375,000
NCI share of goodwill impairment
30% × 425,000 (127,500)
––––––––
1,572,500
––––––––
109 A
Post‐acquisition reserves of FG: $
Total comprehensive income for year (acquired one year ago) 125,000
Fair value depreciation (30,000)
Goodwill impairment (15,000)
––––––––
80,000
Group share × 65%
––––––––
52,000
––––––––
Tutorial note:
As the subsidiary was acquired exactly one year ago, the calculation above is similar to that
we would perform to calculate the NCI share of total comprehensive income for the year.
The only difference here is that we are calculating the group share rather than the NCI
share.
If the subsidiary is acquired more than one year ago and we’re calculating the amount that
would appear in consolidated reserves we would need to include cumulative figures to date.
We would start with reserves at the reporting date, deduct reserves at acquisition and then
adjust for cumulative consolidation adjustments to date, i.e. depreciation, impairment etc.
110 A, D, F
Goodwill impairment only affects the non‐controlling interest if the fair value method has
been used to measure the non‐controlling interest at acquisition. Therefore B is incorrect.
Provisions for unrealised profits only affect the non‐controlling interest if the subsidiary
made the profit on the transaction. If the parent made the sales the non‐controlling
interest is not affected, therefore C is incorrect.
The non‐controlling interest’s share of any dividend paid by the subsidiary would be
reflected in the consolidated statement of changes in equity. It is the parent’s share that
would be eliminated upon consolidation. Therefore E is incorrect.
118
111 B
NCI share of total comprehensive income: $
Subsidiary TCI (post‐acquisition) = 90,000 × 9/12 67,500
Goodwill impairment (30,000)
–––––––
17,500
NCI share × 20%
–––––––
3,500
–––––––

Tutorial note:
The provision for unrealised profit is not included in the above calculation as the parent
made the profit and therefore the adjustment does not affect the subsidiary’s total
comprehensive income.
112 B, C, D
Any profit on the sale of goods by the parent to the subsidiary would be deducted from the
total comprehensive income attributable to the parent shareholders, not the NCI.
Therefore A is incorrect.
The dividend paid by SU is reflected as a distribution of profit rather than part of profit in
SU’s financial statements. Therefore its elimination does not affect the NCI calculation and
E is incorrect.
113 $720,000
Net assets of TR at reporting date: $000
Book value 2,500
Fair value uplift 475
Fair value depreciation 475 × 4/20 (95)
–––––
2,880
NCI share × 25%
–––––
NCI at reporting date 720
–––––

119

Tutorial note:
As the NCI is measured using the proportion of net assets method, the NCI at the reporting
date will be the NCI share of the net assets at the reporting date, as shown above. An
alternative way to calculate this is below. Note that goodwill impairment is not included in
the calculation as it is all charged to consolidated reserves when NCI is measured using the
proportionate method.
$000
NCI at acquisition 25% × (1,220 + 475 FV) 423.75
25% × (2,500 – 1,220) 320
NCI share of FV depreciation
25% × (475 × 4/20) (23.75)
––––
NCI at reporting date 720
––––
114 $8,180,000
Property, plant and equipment at 31 December 20X2: $000
ER 5,900
MR 2,000
Fair value uplift 400
Fair value depreciation (400,000 × 3/10) (120)
–––––
8,180
–––––
115 C
NCI share of profit: $
Subsidiary profit (post‐acquisition) = 180,000 × 6/12 90,000
Unrealised profit = 100,000 × 30% × 30% (9,000)
––––––
66,000
NCI share × 25%
––––––
16,500
––––––

Tutorial note:
The goodwill impairment is not included in the calculation as the non‐controlling interest is
measured using the proportionate method and therefore all impairment is allocated to the
profit attributable to parent shareholders.
120
116 C
Group reserves calculation $
100% Reserves of Tom 400,000
Tom % of post‐acquisition reserves of Jerry
80% × ($50,000 – $30,000) 16,000
Impairment (W1) (21,600)
–––––––
Total reserves at 31 December 20X9 394,400
–––––––
(W1) Goodwill (for impairment calculation)
$
Cost of investment 100,000
Reserves at acquisition –
$30,000 + $50,000 (80,000)
NCI (20% × $80,000) 16,000
–––––––
36,000
Impairment 60% (21,600)
–––––––
Goodwill at 31 December 20X9 14,400
–––––––
117 A
$ %
Revenue 33,000 125
Cost of sales ($33,000/125 × 100) (26,400) 100
–––––––
Gross profit ($33,000/125 × 25) 6,600 25
Remaining inventory 50%
–––––––
3,300
Inventory and profit are overstated. As a result, inventory is reduced by $3,300 and cost of
sales is increased by $3,300.
121
118 B
PUP Adjustment calculation
$ %
Revenue 36,000 150
Cost of sales ($36,000/150 × 100) (24,000) 100
––––––––
Gross profit ($36,000/150 × 50) 12,000 50
The PUP adjustment of $12,000 is included in the group accounts by reducing group profits
(by increasing cost of sales – thus reducing group retained earnings in the SOFP) and
reducing inventory.
As the parent sold to the sub, all of the unrealised profit is adjusted in the group profits. NCI
does not take any share of the required PUP. If the sub had sold to the parent, the NCI
would take a share of the PUP.
The revenue and cost of sales would be reduced by the impact of the inter‐group
transactions. However, the adjustments required are for the total revenues figures from
inter‐group trade – $168,000 rather than $36,000.
119 B
The inter‐group sales will require a reduction in revenue and cost of sales for the total
annual revenue from inter‐group trading. $50,000 was sold from the parent to the
subsidiary during the period. This amount will be removed from both revenue and cost of
sales within the consolidated statement of profit or loss.
Revenue of $1,700k (1,000k + 750k ‐50k) and cost of sales of $850k (650k + 250k – 50k) are
shown in the group statement of profit or loss.
120 C
The inter‐group outstanding balances would need to be cancelled out within the group
accounts. The cash‐in‐transit would be recorded before cancellation can arise. As the
$5,000 cash is already included within WX’s $10,000 payable, an amount of $15,000 must
be included in YZ’s receivables.
Cash of the group would increase by $5,000, payables reduced by $10,000 and receivables
reduced by $15,000.
121 B
$ %
Revenue 6,000 133.33
Cost of sales ($6,000/133.33 × 100) (4,500) 100
–––––––
Gross profit ($6,000/133.33 × 33.33) 1,500 33.33
The PUP adjustment of $1,500 is included in the group accounts by reducing group profits
(by increasing cost of sales) and reducing inventory.
122
122 C
While having the majority of shares may be a situation which leads to control, it does not
feature in the definition of control per IFRS 10 Consolidated Financial Statements.
123 C, D
The fair value of deferred consideration is its present value. Fair values are applied to the
subsidiary’s assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities.
While the use of fair value seems to not comply with the historical cost principle, the fair
values of the assets form part of the cost of the subsidiary to the parent, so the principle is
still applied. The new fair values are the cost of the sub’s net assets to the group.
Depreciation will not increase if the fair value of assets is lower than the current carrying
amount or the adjustment is applied to a non‐depreciable asset.
124 $2,780,000
The cost of investment is worked out as follows:
Shares: 800,000 × ¾ × $3.80 = $2,280,000
Deferred cash = $550,000 × 1/1.1 = $500,000
The professional fees cannot be capitalised as part of the cost of investment. Therefore the
total cost of investment is $2,280,000 + $500,000 = $2,780,000
ASSOCIATES AND JOINT ARRANGEMENTS
125 Arrangement, operation, venture
As per IFRS 11 Joint arrangements:
A joint arrangement is an arrangement of which two parties or more have joint control. A
joint operation is where the parties that have joint control have rights to the assets, and
obligations for the liabilities, relating to the arrangement. A joint venture is where the
parties that have joint control have rights to the net assets of the arrangement.
126 C
The associate has made the sales to the parent, therefore the unrealised profit should be
deducted from the associate’s profit and the parent’s (and therefore group) inventory.
The unrealised profit is calculated as follows:
$
Sales value of goods still held: 200,000/2 100,000
Profit on above sales: 100,000 × 25% 25,000
Group share: 25,000 × 35% 8,750
123
127 B
The dividend would not have been in WeeJoe’s statement of profit or loss. Brendan’s share
would be removed from consolidated investment income as Brendan will have recorded
the income in its individual financial statements. The associate’s profits are not affected.
The PUP adjustment is calculated as follows:
$ %
Sales 25,000 125
Cost of sales (20,000) 100
––––––
Gross profit 5,000 25
––––––
80% left in Brendan’s inventory 4,000
––––––
Unrealised element (P%) 30%
––––––
PUP adjustment 1,200
––––––
The unrealised element of the profit from sales between an associate and a parent is the
parent’s share of the total profit from goods left in the group.
The profit needs to be time‐apportioned for the six months of ownership, with the $15,000
impairment then deducted.
Share of profit of associate = 30% × $300,000 ($600,000 × 6/12) ‐ $1,200 ‐ $15,000 =
$73,800
128 B
The investment in associate is calculated as
$
Cost of investment [(20% × 1,000,000)/4] × $4.50 225,000
P% × A’s post acquisition movement [20% × ($4,600,000 – (80,000)

in net assets $5,000,000)]
less
Impairment (100,000)
PUP (when P sells to A) (10,000)
–––––––
35,000
–––––––
Dolph own 20% of Chuck’s shares, therefore Dolph has bought 200,000 shares (20% of
Chuck’s 1,000,000 shares).
As Dolph issued 1 share for every 4 purchased, Dolph issued 50,000 new shares to acquire
Chuck. These had a market value of $4.50 and were worth $225,000.
124
Dolph must include 20% of Chuck’s post‐acquisition movement in net assets. Chuck has
made a post‐acquisition loss of $400,000 (net assets at acquisition were $5,000,000 [share
capital $1,000,000 + retained earnings $4,000,000] and net assets at 31 December 20X8
were $4,600,000).
Post‐acquisition loss = $4,600,000 – $5,000,000 = $400,000 loss.
The impairment in Chuck of $100,000 must be removed from the value of the investment in
the associate.
The PUP adjustment when Dolph (parent) sells to Chuck (associate) is calculated as P% of
inter group profit on goods left in the group = 20% × $50,000 = $10,000. This is removed
from the investment in associate when P sells to A.
129 The answer is $25,900.
Investment in associate
$
Profits after dividends (6,500 – 3,500) × 30% 900
––––––
Investment in associate 25,900
––––––
130 B
Impairment of an associate investment of $1,000 will reduce the parent’s share of the
associate’s profit.
131
30% of the share capital of Hansen Co. The other
70% is owned by Lawro, another listed entity, Subsidiary
whose directors make up Hansen’s board.
80% of the share capital of Kennedy Co, whose
activities are significantly different from the rest Associate
of the Nicol group.
30% of the share capital of Bruce Co. The Nicol
group have appointed 2 of the 5 board members
Investment
of Bruce Co, with the other board members
coming from three other entities.
Normally 30% would suggest that Nicol have significant influence, making Hansen an
associate. However, Lawro having 70% and controlling the entire board would mean that it
is unlikely that Nicol have influence and therefore treat it as a trade investment.
132 $325,000
$
Share of Net Profit: 30% × 1,500,000 450,000
Share of PUP: 30% × ((2m × 50%) × 30%) (90,000)
Current year impairment (35,000)
Total 325,000
125
133 A, B
Items C and D would signify control.
134 $1,335,000
$000
Investment at cost 1,200
Share of post‐acq profit 150 (750 × 8/12 × 30%)
Inventory PUP (15) (300 × 20/120 × 30%)
––––––
1,335
––––––
Tutorial note:
Watch out for the date of acquisition of the associate. The associate was acquired part way
through the year!
135 To consolidate an associated investment, the group would not consolidate the assets and
liabilities of the associate and would not eliminate any outstanding intra‐group balances
between the parent and the subsidiary.
CONSOLIDATED CASH FLOW STATEMENTS
136 D, E, F
Items A, B and C would all appear within the investing activities section.
137 A, C
Items B, D and E would all appear within the operating activities section.
138 A
Movement in inventory $000
Balance b/f 36,000
Disposal of subsidiary (3,600)
–––––––
32,400
Increase in inventory (balancing figure) 2,400
–––––––
Balance c/f 34,800
–––––––
An increase in inventory is shown as a negative adjustment to profit in the operating
activities section of the statement of cash flows.
126
139 $3,800,000
Movement in PPE: $000
Balance b/f 15,600
Depreciation (1,800)
Disposal of subsidiary (800)
–––––––
13,000
Purchase of PPE (balancing figure = cash paid) 3,800
–––––––
Balance c/f 16,800
–––––––
140 C
Movement in NCI: $000
Balance b/f 18,300
NCI share of total comprehensive income 680
Acquisition of subsidiary 30% × 4,400 1,320
–––––––
20,300
Dividends paid to NCI (balancing figure) (800)
–––––––
Balance c/f 19,500
–––––––
141 $2,130,000
Movement in retained earnings: $000
Balance b/f 20,100
Profit attributable to parent shareholders 3,880
––––––
23,980
Dividends paid to parent shareholders (balancing figure) (2,130)
––––––
Balance c/f 21,850
––––––
142 B
Movement in investment in associate: $000
Balance b/f 5,700
Share of associate profit for the year 1,800
Share of associate other comprehensive income for the year 200
––––––
7,700
Dividends received from associate (cash inflow = bal figure) (1,500)
––––––
Balance c/f 6,200
––––––
127
143 A
Movement in goodwill: $000
Balance b/f 7,200
Acquisition of subsidiary (see below) 1,370
––––––
8,570
Impairment (balancing figure) (570)
––––––
Balance c/f 8,000
––––––
Goodwill arising on acquisition of subsidiary:
$000
Cash consideration 500
Shares consideration 1,000 × 3.95 3,950
Value of NCI 30% × 4,400 1,320
Less fair value of net assets acquired (4,400)
––––––
1,370
––––––
FOREIGN CURRENCY CONSOLIDATIONS
144 B, E
The exchange difference arising on translation of a foreign operation is recognised in other
comprehensive income, therefore A is incorrect.
There is no requirement for subsidiaries to present their financial statements in the
presentation currency of the parent although they may choose to do so, therefore C is
incorrect.
The exchange difference on goodwill is only allocated between parent shareholders and
non‐controlling interest if the non‐controlling interest is measured at fair value at the date
of acquisition. Therefore D is incorrect.
145 $9,409
Crowns
Less fair value of net assets at acquisition
(1,000 + 180,000) (181,000)
–––––––
Less impairment (10%) (2,300)
–––––––
–––––––
Goodwill at reporting date translated at closing rate = 20,700/2.2 = $9,409
128
146 C
NCI share of total comprehensive income: A$
Subsidiary’s profit translated at average rate = 800,000/2.1 380,952
Exchange loss on net assets (50,000)
–––––––
330,952
NCI share × 20%
–––––––
66,190
–––––––
Exchange loss on goodwill is fully attributable to parent shareholders, as non‐controlling
interest is measured at acquisition using the proportionate method.
147 Exchange difference on net assets for the year:
Exchange difference on net assets $
Closing net assets at Closing rate X
Less: comprehensive income at Average rate for the year (X)
Less: opening net assets Opening rate (X)
–––––
Exchange difference on net assets for the year X
–––––
148 $54,000
Crowns Exchange rate
000 $000
Fair value of NCI 3,496
–––––––
Goodwill at acquisition 1,680 / 1.61 1,043
Less impairment (20% × 1,680) (336) / 1.58 (213)

Exchange difference (balancing figure) 54
––––––– ––––
Goodwill at the reporting date 1,344 / 1.52 884
––––––– ––––
129
149 C
Dinar Exchange rate
000 $
Net assets at start of year (3,800 – 1,350) 2,450 / 36 68,056
Comprehensive income for year 1,350 / 35 38,571
–––––––
106,627
Exchange difference (balancing figure) 12,123
–––––– –––––––
Net assets at reporting date 3,800 / 32 118,750
–––––– –––––––
150 B
B$000
Consideration paid (5,200 × 0.50) 2,600
Fair value of NCI 600
––––––
Goodwill at acquisition and reporting date 400
––––––
Goodwill at reporting date translated at closing rate = 400,000/0.71 = A$563,380
151 B
Property, plant and equipment Gr $
GD 12,800,000
WR:
Book value 4,300,000
Fair value adjustment 500,000
Fair value depreciation 500 × 3/40 (37,500)
––––––––
4,762,500 /4.1 1,161,585
––––––––––
13,961,585
––––––––––
152 B, D
A is incorrect. As per IAS 21 The effects of changes in foreign exchange rates, the functional
currency of NJ is the currency of the primary economic environment in which it operates
and is therefore set at individual entity level. Therefore A is incorrect (and B is correct).
C is incorrect. Sales prices/revenue is only one of the factors to be considered in
determining the functional currency and this can be outweighed by other factors, as is the
case here. As NJ’s costs are incurred in the Kron, it operates autonomously and raises
finance in the Kron, this should be its functional currency (therefore D is correct).
The directors of NJ can choose the presentation currency. It does not have to be the
functional currency and therefore E is incorrect.
130
INTEGRATED REPORTING
153 An integrated report, external, value
An integrated report is a concise communication about how an organization’s strategy,
governance, performance and prospects, in the context of its external environment, lead to
the creation of value over the short, medium and long term.
154 C, D, E, F
The capitals in the International <IR> Framework are categorised as financial,
manufactured, intellectual, human, social and relationship, and natural capital.
155 A, C and F
B – An integrated report may be either a standalone report or included as a
distinguishable, prominent and accessible part of another report or communication.
D – Although mostly guidance, there are a small number of compulsory requirements for
an integrated report to comply with the <IR> Framework.
E – An organisation preparing an integrated report is not required to adopt the
categorisation of the capitals in the <IR> Framework (nor to structure the report
around the capitals).
156 A
The dilution of the primary focus of users on financial objectives and towards other non‐
traditional reporting areas is deemed an advantage of <IR>. It is argued, by placing a greater
priority on non‐financial implication, <IR> will enable a greater long‐term appreciation of
the ways that value is created by an entity.
Increased understanding of an entity by most users would be a benefit but for
COMPETITORS would be a limitation as the entity may lose competitive advantages.
Increased costs and subjectivity are also limitations.
157 C
As the lake is natural and not man‐made, this could be disclosed as a natural capital which
creates value for the entity.
131
ANALYSING FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
158 75.4%
Debt: $m
Long‐term borrowings 400
Redeemable preference shares 100
––––
500
––––
Gearing ratio = debt/equity = 500/663 × 100 = 75.4%
159 17.3
Profit before interest and tax (PBIT) = 179 + 11 = 190
Interest cover = PBIT/finance costs = 190/11 = 17.3
160 37.4%
Profit before interest and tax (excluding associate) = 268 – 55 = 213
Capital employed (excluding associate) = equity + debt – investment in associate
= 465 + 190 – 86 = 569
Return on capital employed = 213/569 × 100 = 37.4%
161 C
A is incorrect. A significant investment in PPE shortly before the year end would result in a
large increase in capital employed with little effect in profit.
B is incorrect. A revaluation of land and buildings will increase capital employed
(revaluation reserve is part of equity) but will have no positive effect on profit.
C is correct. The impact on capital employed would be in the previous period and therefore
in the current year’s ratio the improvement in profitability would be reflected.
D is incorrect. An issue of shares to repay long‐term borrowings would have no effect on
capital employed (as both equity and debt are included in the calculation). There would be
a saving in finance costs, however the profit used in the ROCE calculation does not include
finance costs and therefore the ratio would not be affected.
162 B, C, D
A is possibly true however the fall in retained earnings could also be caused by a significant
dividend payment.
E is possibly true however the increase in long‐term borrowings could arise from
amortisation of the liability rather than additional borrowings.
132
163 C
There are various ways that gearing can be calculated, so to be comparable we firstly need
to figure out the method used for entity B.
Gearing of entity B = 5.9% and equity = 3,403.
Therefore, the figures used for the numerator must be 5.9% × 3,403 = 200.8
Looking at B’s figures, it appears that only long‐term borrowings have been included in the
calculation (200/3,403 = 5.9%)
Therefore the comparable gearing ratio for A = 1,000/3,754 = 26.6%
164 B
A is incorrect. A’s revenue is significantly lower than B’s and therefore B is more likely to be
benefiting from economies of scale.
B is correct, as follows:
A B
$m $m
Gross profit = 26% × $160m 41.6 Gross profit = 17% × $300m 51
Operating profit = 9% × $160m 14.4 Operating profit = 11% × $300m 33
–––– ––––
Operating expenses 27.2 18
–––– ––––
C is incorrect. Gross profit margins increase with operating profit margins decreases would
suggest that A has high operating expenses. It does not prove any creative accounting or
unethical behaviour on behalf of the directors of A.
D is incorrect. LOP’s gross profit margin is higher than both A’s and B’s and therefore
acquisition of either entity is likely to reduce the overall margin of the combined business
(unless cost savings can be achieved as a result of the acquisition).
165 A
B is incorrect. VVD has higher gearing than ROB and therefore reduced capacity for
additional borrowings.
C is incorrect. VVD has higher gearing than ROB and would therefore be considered a higher
risk by lenders. (The low interest rate may however explain why VVD are using debt finance
in the first place.)
D is incorrect. VVD’s lower operating profit margin does not indicate that ROB operates in
the budget sector of the market. VVD’s higher gross profit margin could suggest that it can
charge higher prices than ROB. Its lower operating margin suggests higher costs. This could
be caused by higher rentals as a result of operating out of more prestigious locations than
ROB. It would appear more likely that ROB would be the budget operator.
166 B
Different tax rates would affect any comparison of the profit after tax margin, but has no
effect on profit from operations and, therefore, the profit from operations margin.
133
167 B
Profit margins: 20X9 20X8
Gross = 372/1,430 26% Gross = 317/1,022 31%
Operating = 130/1,430 9% Operating = 155/1,022 15%
Both gross and operating profit margins have fallen, therefore A and D are correct.
The increase in distribution costs is 68% compared to an increase in revenue of 40%,
therefore B is incorrect and C is correct.
168 A
A’s revenue is similar, and slightly lower, than B’s so economies of scale is not a valid
explanation of the difference in gross profit margins.
169 B, D, E
A potential minority shareholder would not have access to the information suggested in
A or C.
The other information would be readily available.
170 D
An increase in the payables payment period should improve the cash position, as the entity
is delaying cash outflows. (It may be a consequence of a lack of cash, but not the reason for
it.)
171 B
A is incorrect as a significant outflow in investing activities suggest growth.
C is incorrect. It is not a certainty that QW has made a profit, it could have significant non‐
cash items in expenses that, when added back, reconcile a loss to a cash inflow.
D is incorrect as QW still have positive cash and cash equivalents of $590m at the year end.
172 B
Gearing is calculated as debt/equity or debt/debt + equity. If an item of property plant and
equipment is revalued during a period, an increase in revaluation reserve would arise. This
is the case for EE.
The increase in revaluation will cause the equity to increase. In turn, the gearing will be
expected to reduce.
Gearing 20X1 = 585/1,593 = 36.7%
Gearing 20X2 = 553/1,437 = 38.5%
“EE must have made a loss in the year as retained earnings have fallen” is not true. The fall
in retained earnings could also be caused by a significant dividend payment, not necessarily
because EE is loss making.
Bonus issues in shares are free issues of shares. They would cause an increase in share
capital. No cash is received from these shares. No increase in share premium would arise.
As share premium as increased as well as share capital, new shares must have been issued
during the year for cash in excess of the nominal value of the shares.
134
“EE must have secured additional long‐term borrowings of $25m” is not necessarily true.
The increase in long‐term borrowings could arise from amortisation of the liability rather
than additional borrowings.
173 C,E
The following statements are not realistic expectations:
“VB has recorded significant gains on the change in fair value of its FVOCI investments” is
not a realistic explanation as this would decrease gearing. There would be an increase in
VB’s equity caused by an increase in the FVOCI reserve. VB would be expected to have a
lower gearing than JK.
“VB’s management is better at controlling costs than JK’s” is not a valid explanation. VB
would be expected to have higher profits, thus higher retained earnings in equity and lower
gearing.
“VB has reduced its effective tax rate by employing tax accountants” is not a realistic
explanation. The fees for the tax accountants and the tax benefit are held in profits. This
would increase VB’s profits in comparison to JK (assuming the benefits of using the
accountant outweigh the costs). This would increase retained earnings in equity causing a
reduction to gearing.
174 A, D, E
B is incorrect. The gross profit margin for retail operations in 20X2 is 30.0% (1,200/4,004)
compared with 29.6% (1,095/3,700) last year.
C is incorrect. The shop overheads would affect operating profit and profit before tax
margins, but not the gross profit margin.
F is incorrect. The online store has a higher profit before tax margin (138/1,096 = 12.6%)
than the hotel contract (82/900 = 9.1%).
175 0.4 TIMES
Dividend cover = Profit for the year/Dividend paid
$750,000/(3,750,000 × 0.5) = $750,000/1,875,000
176 A, B, E
Non‐current asset turnover = Revenue/NCAs.
C is incorrect. A revaluation of non‐current assets would reduce non‐current asset turnover
and therefore result in A’s being lower than B’s.
D is incorrect. A manufacturing entity would have a higher level of NCAs and therefore a
lower NCA turnover than a service entity.
177 Formula for dividend cover:
Dividend cover
Net profit for the year
––––––––––––––––––––
Dividend paid during the year
135
178 C
Interest cover is not affected as no time has elapsed during 20X6 for the finance costs to
accrue. C is incorrect.
Current ratio considers current assets vs current liabilities. Acquisitions of plant and
machinery and bank loans are considered non‐current assets and liabilities. Current ratio is
not impacted by the transaction.
Gearing would be expected to increase as a result of the higher levels of debt.
ROCE would be expected to reduce as operating profits would be unaffected and capital
employed would increase. No time exists during the year ended March 20X6 for any
discernible benefit to arise from the investment in the PPE. It would be reasonable to
assume that profits are unaffected. The capital employed would increase as a result of the
new long term financing.
179 A, C, D
Profit is not affected as the land is non‐depreciable and the revaluation surplus would be
credited to other comprehensive income rather than profit. Therefore B is incorrect.
The current ratio only includes current assets (and liabilities) and therefore E is incorrect.
180 D
A is not valid. The increase in the long‐term borrowings is from amortising the liability
element of the convertible bonds rather than raising additional finance.
B is not valid. Increased finance costs would not be reflected in the return on capital
employed as the profit used in the calculation is before deduction of finance costs.
C is not valid. Both gross profit margin and profit before tax margin have increased
therefore it would be highly unlikely (although not impossible!) that the operating margin
would have fallen.
181 1.54
Asset turnover = Revenue/capital employed
Asset turnover = 4,800/3,116 (W1) = 1.54
(W1) Capital employed = equity + long term and short term borrowings = 2,600 + 400 + 116
= 3,116
182 A
A is not a limitation when comparing a single entity from one period to the next. If an entity
changes an accounting policy it is required to restate its comparatives to reflect the new
policy and, therefore, comparison will still be made on a like for like basis.

Tutorial note:
This would be a limitation when comparing ratios of two different entities.
136
183 D
Return on capital employed (ROCE) can be calculated either with or without the associate,
as long as the numerator and denominator are consistent.
We therefore need to firstly consider which method has been used for the calculation of B’s
ROCE.
With associate included, B’s ROCE = (509 + 32)/(1,500 + 650) = 25.2%
With associate excluded, B’s ROCE = (509 + 32 – 25)/(1,500 + 650 – 350) = 28.7%
Therefore, the comparable ROCE for A would exclude the associate.
Comparable ROCE for A = (680 + 25 – 148)/(950 + 500 – 570) = 63.3%
184 A reduction, a reduction, an increase
When assessing reasons for changes in cash and cash equivalents a reduction in inventory,
a reduction in receivables and an increase in payables would all explain an improvement in
the cash position.
185 A, B, F
LW are unlikely to have increased selling prices when there has been no growth in sales
volume for the past five years, therefore C is not a realistic conclusion.
An increase in payables payment period would improve rather than worsen the cash
position therefore D is not a realistic conclusion.
The quick ratio does not include inventory and therefore E is not a realistic conclusion.
186 A, B
Breakdown of operating expenses and cash flow forecasts are internal information and
therefore these would not be readily available.
Industry statistics are available for most industries.
Interim financial statements and operating and financial reviews are typically published by
listed entities.
Tutorial note:
BR could approach the directors of WL to try and access the internal information. In
practice, how likely this is to be successful would depend on whether WL are keen for BR to
acquire the entity.
137
187
Return on capital Gross profit margin
employed
Revenue – cost of sales – Revenue – cost of sales
operating expenses
––––––––––––––– ––––––––––––––
Capital employed Revenue
188 B
Dividend cover = Profit for the year/Dividend paid
It would therefore not be distorted by any incomparability of share prices.
189 B, C, D
A, E and F are all examples of information not typically published by listed entities. It would
be highly unlikely that a minority shareholder would be able to obtain copies of these.
190 C
C suggests that X’s cost of sales would be relatively higher than Y and this would result in
X’s gross profit margin being lower rather than higher.
191 B
A revaluation policy would reduce gearing rather than increase it.
192 MORE, X, Y
If further debt finance was required by the new companies, debt finance would be more
likely to be obtained for Y.
Based upon the gearing levels of the two entities, an investment in X would appear to be
riskier than an investment in Y.
193 A, C
Although the current and quick ratios have both reduced, they are still at very comfortable
levels and therefore liquidity is not a significant concern.
Inventory is not included in the quick ratio and therefore would not be the reason for a
change in it.
Tutorial note:
Over‐trading occurs when there is significant growth and a failure to support the growth
with long‐term finance. It will typically result in an increase in working capital ratios and a
reduction in operating cash flows.
138
194 B
The increase in equity and capital employed would result in a reduction on both ratios.
195 A, B, C, D, E, F
All information is likely to be accessible, as the lender can simply turn down the application
for finance if the entity does not provide it.
196 Higher, despite
A is incurring significantly higher operating expenses than B. Its return on capital employed
is higher than B’s despite the revaluation of non‐current assets in the year.
A revaluation will have a negative effect on ROCE. The operating expenses can actually be
calculated from the information provided (although this would not be necessary to answer
the question).
A B
$000 $000
Gross profit = 36% × $5.7m 2,052 Gross profit = 31% × $5.3m 1,643
Operating expenses (bal fig) (1,276) Operating expenses (bal fig) (796)
Finance costs (120) Finance costs (105)
–––––– –––––
PBT = 11.5% × $5.7m 656 PBT = 14% × $5.3m 742
–––––– –––––
197 D
D is incorrect.
A has a lower level of debt but a higher finance cost. This would suggest that either A has
repaid borrowings part way through the year (its average borrowings are higher than at the
year‐end) or B has increased its borrowings during the year (and its finance costs therefore
do not reflect a full year’s worth of interest).
198 B, C, E, F
A is comparable, as the costs of depreciating the computer equipment and the finance
costs on the debt for A Ltd and the rental expenses for the short term lease of B Ltd would
be charged through administrative expenses. This would leave gross profit margins
unaffected.
D is comparable as the current ratio reflects working capital balances and these would not
be directly affected by the method of finance used for the acquisitions.
The other ratios are all affected by debt or finance costs. A Ltd buys the assets with debt
finance, whilst B Ltd finances the computer equipment through low value leases which do
not create a lease liability. The ratios which use finance costs and debt are deemed
distorted for direct comparison.
139
199 B
A is not a valid conclusion. The fall in retained earnings could also have been due to a
significant dividend payment.
C is not a valid conclusion. The reduction in share premium matches the increase in share
capital, suggesting that the issue of shares was a bonus issue which does not raise finance.
D is not a valid conclusion. The increase in borrowings could be amortisation of the existing
borrowings rather than additional borrowings being taken out.
200 Investing, financing
When analysing a statement of cash flows, a cash outflow from investing activities would
suggest that the entity is expanding its operations.
An outflow from investing activities is often matched with an inflow from financing
activities as long term finance should be used to finance investment.
201 A reduction in selling prices
Given the circumstances that TYU finds itself in, the most likely reason for the reduction in
gross profit margin is a reduction in selling prices.
This would be the most obvious response to the new entrant to maintain or regain market
share. Revenue has not fallen which suggests that this has been a successful move.
202 C
A is not a valid conclusion. An increase in inventory holding period would increase the
current ratio (as inventory would be higher).
B is not a valid conclusion. Inventory is excluded from the quick ratio calculation.
D is not a valid conclusion. An increase in inventory at the reporting date would reduce cost
of sales (as closing inventory is deducted from this figure) and therefore increase the gross
profit margin.
203 A
Although the current ratio is greater than 1, the quick ratio is only 0.5 and therefore UYT is
facing significant liquidity concerns. The inventory is not a liquid asset and therefore the
quick ratio provides a better measure of liquidity than the current ratio.
The current ratio is likely to only be greater than 1 because of a significant inventory
holding.

140
204 A, B, D, E, F
The measurement of non‐controlling interest only affects the calculation of goodwill and
the NCI share of equity. Any goodwill impairment would be charged to operating expenses
rather than cost of sales so there would be no effect on gross profit.
All of the other differences could affect the calculation of gross profit.
A revaluation of non‐current assets will affect the amount of depreciation being charged to
profit or loss. If the assets are production related then depreciation should be charged
through cost of sales.
205 C
EBITDA represents earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortisation. Earnings is
calculated as earnings attributable to ordinary shareholders = PAT – NCI share of profit –
irredeemable preference dividends. As no tax is given in the information, earnings can be
approximated to be profit before tax (PBT).
$000
PBT 224
Add back
Finance cost 15
Depreciation (15 + 5) 20
Amortisation 12
––––
EBITDA 271
The fuel costs and staff salaries are normal operating expenses that should be included as
an expense within earnings.
141
RANDOM QUESTION TESTS
RANDOM QUESTION TEST 1
1.1 C
The patent has been acquired and is not internally generated (despite the product itself
being internally invented and developed) therefore should be capitalised and amortised
over its lifetime (20 years).
The customer list is an internally generated intangible asset and not recorded within the
financial statements.
1.2 B
The bonds are a financial liability as they contain an obligation (to pay interest at the
coupon rate of 5% and to repay at a premium of 10% after five years).
The bonds are not a financial asset. The bonds have been issued. This means the business is
selling the bonds to raise finance. A financial liability is created.
The initial recognition would be at a value of $2,975,000 ($3m less the issue costs of
$25,000).
In addition to the coupon payments of 5% each year, there are additional finance costs: the
issue costs and the redemption premium. The effective rate of interest will therefore be
greater than 5%.
The liability is shown at amortised cost over the five years and the carrying amount of the
bond will therefore change at each reporting date. The carrying amount is given as:
B/f Interest at Payment at C/f
effective interest coupon rate
rate
x x (x) x
After 5 years the carrying amount should be $3,300,000 as this is the amount due for
repayment on the redemption date. At each year end, however, the amortised cost will be
a different value (lower than the $3,300,000).
1.3 26%
kd = i(1‐T)/ Po
(kd × Po)/i = 1‐T
T = 1 ‐ ((kd × Po)/i)
T= 1‐[(0.0976 × 91)/12]
T = 26%
142
1.4 A
NCI % × S’s PAT = 20% × $600k $120k
NCI% × PURP (S selling to P) = 20% × 60k ($12k)
NCI% × Impairment (NCI at FV) = 20% × $100k ($10k)
––––––
Total NCI = $120k ‐ $12k ‐ $10k $98k
––––––
1.5 B
The quick ratio is made up of the current assets excluding inventory divided by the current
liabilities. In the case of Coutts Ltd, this will be receivables and cash divided by payables and
the overdraft.
($120,000 + $15,000)/($105,000+$51,000) = 0.87:1.
1.6 B
A new share issue would increase the level of equity. This would therefore decrease the
level of gearing.
Revaluation losses would either reduce revaluation reserve (if the asset had been
previously revalued upwards) or profits. Either way, equity would reduce (any impact to
profits would reduce retained earnings). Consequently, gearing would increase.
New loans increase debt and, therefore, gearing.
Assets under leases would create a lease liability. Hence, gearing would increase.
1.7 A, D
EMI group consists of a 75% sub, LI which is consolidated from 31 July 20X9.
Therefore, the date of control for LI is 31 July 20X9, not 31 Dec 20X8. Goodwill will include
the fair value of the net assets of LI as at 31 July 20X9, not the 31 Dec 20X8. Option B is not
correct.
EMI has paid for LI using deferred consideration. For cash paid in the future this would be
recorded at the present value of the cash paid. The $10m paid in one year’s time is
discounted to its present value within the goodwill calculation. Option C is incorrect.
As the sub, LI, is 75% owned by the parent, EMI, 75% of the post‐acquisition profits of LI are
taken to group retained earnings. Option D is correct.
Consolidation of profit or loss will only occur from the date of acquisition. For LI, being
acquired on 31 July 20X9 means that 100% consolidation of only 5 months of income and
expenses will occur within the EMI group financial statements.
1.8 B
Total revenue = 65% × $12m = $7.8m.
The amount to be recorded in year 2 will be $7.8m less the amounts recorded in year 1.
Revenue recorded in year 2 = 7.8m – 3.25m = $4.55m.
143
1.9 D
Intra group outstanding balances must be eliminated from consolidation. Elimination will
only occur once the outstanding balances (payables and receivables) agree,
In this case, the sub (RAT) has despatched goods to the parent, (SHA) prior to the year‐end
which have not been received by the parent. The goods are in transit at the year end.
Before elimination of the intra group outstanding balances can occur, the goods in transit
must be recorded as if they were delivered before the year end.
Dr Inventory $2.5m Cr Payables $2.5m.
SHA had $45m owing to RAT before this transaction was recorded. Therefore, $47.5m is
now shown as outstanding to RAT after the effects of the above entry. Assuming no other
items are in transit, this means that RAT must have a receivable of $47.5m.
To eliminate the intragroup outstanding, Dr Payables $47.5m Cr Receivables $47.5m.
The overall result is:
Dr Inventory $2.5m (increasing inventory)
Dr Payables $45m (decreasing payables)
Cr Receivables $47.5m (decreasing receivables)
1.10 A, C, F
Option B states that Y is paying their suppliers on time. Y is actually paying its suppliers
earlier than is required, which means it is not maximising the advantages of this cheap
source of finance. This could be beneficial if it is taking advantage of settlement discounts.
There are no settlement discounts available. Therefore, Y would be better served taking
further advantage of the credit available from their suppliers.
Z should not exceed the payment terms offered to it by suppliers. As such, it is not being
managed in the best manner. If Z's suppliers do not get paid on time, they may not deliver
raw materials when needed. This would interrupt Z's production and may lead to stock‐
outs. The supplier could even force Z into liquidation if the failure to pay what is owed
continues.
We cannot conclude whether Y requires a bank overdraft from the information provided.
144
2.1 C
Deferred tax arises due to temporary differences between the carrying amount and the tax
base. The carrying amount of the provision is a $1m liability. This causes the carrying
amount to be lower than the tax base. This will create a deferred tax asset within the
financial statements. Suarez will get tax relief when paying the costs associated with the
damages. This tax relief creates a deferred tax asset.
Therefore, to record an increase in a deferred tax asset, a debit will be posted to the
deferred tax asset/liability account.
The deferred tax ASSET, not liability will have a value of $1m × 25% = $250k as at the year
ended 31 Dec 20X5. A is incorrect.
The movement in the deferred tax asset is $125k (DT asset at y/e 31 Dec 20X5 ‐ DT asset at
y/e 31 Dec 20X4 = [$1m × 25%] ‐ [500k × 25%] = $250k ‐ $125k = $125k. This movement is
taken to profit or loss NOT reserves. This is to ensure the tax impact is matched against the
accounting treatment of the provision. B is incorrect.
The temporary difference is calculated as the Carrying amount ‐ Tax Base = $1m – 0 = $1m.
The tax base of a liability is given as CV – amounts written off in future tax computations.
For y/e 20X5, the CV is $1m, the tax base = 0 ($1m ‐$1m). The temporary difference is $1m,
not $500k. D is incorrect.
2.2 B
The correct statement is “Upon liquidation of a company, the shareholders will receive a
pay‐out after all other finance providers have been paid”. Ordinary shareholders are
subordinate to all other finance providers so they will receive their pay‐out last.
Dividends are paid at the discretion of the directors.
Dividends are a distribution of earnings and paid out of post‐tax profits. Dividends paid are
represented in the financial statements through retained earnings, rather than in the profit
or loss account.
The ordinary shareholders have voting rights.
145
2.3 A
To calculate basic earnings per share, the weighted average number of shares must be
calculated as shown below.
Date Number Fraction of year Weighted Average
1 January 4,000,000 3/12 1,000,000
1 April 5,000,000 9/12 3,750,000
–––––––––
4,750,000
–––––––––
Basic EPS = $3,400,000/4,750,000 = $0.72
Diluted EPS calculates the interest saved, net of tax, and adds that to the earnings figure.
The number of additional shares to be issued is calculated by working out the maximum
shares that could be issued. In this case, the maximum number of shares that can be
received is if the shareholders convert the loan into 40 shares for every $100.
To work out any interest saved the carrying amount, not the par value, should be used. The
carrying amount of the liability element is $2m. Also, the effective interest rate, not the
coupon rate, is used. The effective interest rate is 8%.
Additional earnings = Interest saved – additional tax.
Interest saved = $160,000 ($2m × 8%)
Additional tax = $160,000 × 26% = $41,600.
Additional earnings = (160,000 – 41,600) = $118,400
Additional shares = $2.5million × 40/100 = $1m new shares.
Diluted EPS = ($3,400,000 + $118,400)/ (4,750,000 + 1,000,000) = 61.2 cents
2.4 A
While the website is new in the year, the additional delivery costs are likely to be incurred
every year in the future, meaning it is not a ‘one‐off’ item.
2.5 C
No non‐controlling interest is shown for associates (as no 100% consolidation occurs). As
the subsidiary, DP, was 100% owned, non NCI is shown for the subsidiary either.
SJ only prepares group accounts from the point it controls another entity. This would be
from the date SJ acquired DP (1 January 20X5) not from when it acquired the associate, JB.
Option A is incorrect.
JB would be treated as an equity financial asset before consolidation. This would be valued
to fair value at each reporting date (either as a FVOCI or FVPL financial asset). Only upon
acquisition of DP does SJ start consolidating. SJ will include JB as an associate within the
group accounts. The investment in associate will include the fair value of the financial asset
as at 1 January 20X5 within the investment in associate calculation rather than the original
cost of £937,500. Option B is incorrect.
Associates apply equity accounting. The assets and liabilities and income and expenses are
not 100%
146
2.6 D, E
The supplier payments should be considered as revenue under IFRS 15. The payments are
in return for providing advantageous shelf space and offering discounted deals on supplier
products. Therefore, there are 2 performance obligations for which revenue must be
recorded. This contract provides the suppliers with a service rather than transferring goods.
The supplier will receive and consume benefit simultaneously, resulting in the need to
recognise revenue over time.
Therefore, revenue is recognised not in advanced as per the policy of Bellamy Ltd because
control is not transferred (relevant for revenue being recorded at a point in time).
When revenue is recorded over time, the stage of completion of the contract is used to
determine the level of revenue recorded. As the discounted offers and the advantageous
shelf space are provided over the 12months, a proportion of the total revenue should be
recorded.
The Finance Director may be trying to deliberately overstate revenue by recording the
payments in advance. The Finance Director (FD) could be trying to hit bonus targets and
misstate the financial statements. Even if the FD was unaware of the stipulations of IFRS 15
for this payment, a person in this important role should investigate the opinions of the
Financial Controller to determine the appropriate course of action. The FD does not
investigate and sticks with the status quo. This is unethical. The Financial Controller would
be in his rights to contact the CIMA ethics helpline.
Revenue recognition on a risk and reward basis occurs on the sale of goods. No goods are
transferred in this arrangement so option C is not applicable.
The Financial Controller (FC) will follow the orders of the FD unless those orders are in
direct conflict with the regulatory environment that the professional operates in. The FC
will be applying IAS’s in their day to day role and should comply with the ethical guidelines
of their chosen profession. Accountants have strict ethical guidelines to comply with. The
FC would not be following that guidance if they followed orders that they deemed to be
unethical.
2.7 B
Operating margin = Profit from operations/revenue = $120,000/975,000 = 12.3%
Revenue 975,000
Cost of sales (555,000)
––––––
Gross profit 420,000
––––––
Operating expenses (300,000)
––––––
Operating profit 120,000
Dividends received are held under investment income which would be below operating
profit.
Dividends paid are accounted for within retained earnings and not the profit or loss
account. The do not impact operating profits.
Finance costs and interest received (within investment income) are below operating profits
within the profit or loss account.
As a result, dividends received, dividends paid and finance costs are irrelevant for the
calculation of operating profit margins.
147
2.8 B
Growth rate is given via g = r × b
r = return = 8%
b = proportion of profits retained = (1.8 – 0.6)/1.8 = 66.7%
g = 8% × 66.7% = 5.3%
2.9 A
Parent’s share of profits $000
100% P’s (KR’s) profit 9,500
P’s % of S’s (AP’s) profit for the year 720
75% × (3,000k – 2,040k)
–––––
10,220
Non‐controlling interest share of profit
NCI share of S’s profit for the year 240
25% × (3,000k – 2,040k)
2.10 G
The cash flow related to NCI that should be shown in the consolidated statement of cash
flows for the year ended 31 December 20X8 is:
Non‐controlling interests
Removed on disposal of the 64,500 Brought forward 525,000
subsidiary
Dividends paid to NCI 58,500 Total comprehensive income 201,000
shareholders β
Carried forward 603,000
726,000 726,000
Dividends paid to NCI are treated as financing activity cash flows. Dividends paid are
outflows.
148
3.1 More, higher, shorter
H is more liquid than C due to higher levels of current assets compared to current liabilities.
C’s liquidity could be improved if C could make its receivable days shorter.
Explanation:
H's current and quick ratios are higher than C’s which indicates that H is more liquid than C
and has greater current assets.
C’s receivable days are higher than H’s. If C received cash from customers earlier liquidity
would improve and receivable days would be shorter.
3.2 D
The higher of the:
(i) cash paid at redemption
(ii) the share price converted at redemption date
is used to work out the “cash flow” on redemption in an IRR calculation for a convertible
bond.
Cash option = 100 × 1.1 = $110.00
Shares option = 12 × ($8.50 × 1.043) = $114.74
Assume that investor will always choose the higher value option so $114.74 is the cash flow
on redemption.
3.3 D
Annual foreign currency translation gain or loss can be calculated by:
$
Closing NA’s at closing rate (CR) 3,000,000/20 150,000
less
Opening NA’s @ opening rate (OR) (3,000,000‐812,500)= 2,187,500/25 (87,500)
Comprehensive income at average rate 812,500/22 (36,932)
(AR)
–––––––
Forex gain on translation of NA’s 25,568
3.4 C
Liabilities are valued at their fair value. The fair value for a financial liability is the net
proceeds (the nominal value less any issue costs).
The finance cost in the profit or loss account is based on the effective interest rate.
Therefore the initial liability is $45,000‐$750 = $44,250.
Based on the effective interest rate, the finance charge in the statement of profit or loss
will be $44,250 × 8.5% = $3,761.
149
3.5 B
Moose has entered into a lease. It should record a right‐of‐use asset and a lease liability.
The lease liability is recorded at the present value of minimum lease payments ($87,000).
Interest will increase the liability at the rate implicit with the lease of 4.8%. Lease payments
will reduce the liability.
b/f Finance cost at Lease rental c/f
implicit rate
associated with
lease (4.8%)
20X6 87,000 4,176 (20,000) 71,176
20X7 71,176 3,416 (20,000) 54,592
The current liability at year end 20X6 will be the total liability at 31 December 20X6
($71,176) less the total liability after the rental payments in the next year, 20X7 ($54,592).
Current liability = 71,176 – 54,592 = $16,584.
3.6 C
The dividends to include in the consolidated statement of changes in equity are:
$
100% of LI’s (P) dividend paid 1,800,000
Non‐controlling interests share of VE’s 144,000
(Subs) dividend paid (20% × 720,000)
––––––––
1,944,000
––––––––
RP is an associate. Dividends paid by an associate are not separately included within the
group CSOCIE. The parent’s (LI) share of the dividend paid by RP is cancelled out of the
group profit or loss and, instead, the parent’s share of the associates profit after tax (which
includes the dividend received from the associate) is included upon equity accounting of
the associate. This affects the parent’s share of total comprehensive income and not the
dividend paid within the CSOCIE.
3.7 D
Inventory days give the average time it takes to sell inventory. If inventory selling prices are
reduced, it would be reasonably expected that the time it took to sell inventory would
decrease. It would be expected that more sales of the inventory lines would occur.
Inventory obsolescence and a slowdown in trading suggest that the entity would struggle to
sell the inventory lines. Thus inventory days would increase.
A change in supplier could cause changes to payable days as credit terms may change.
However, inventory days would not be expected to be directly impacted.
150
3.8 B, D
Key management personnel of a company are deemed to be related parties of the entity.
The chief executive officer would meet this definition and as such is a related party.
Entities controlled by close family members of key management personnel are also deemed
to be related parties. AR, the entity controlled by the chief executive officers wife is
deemed a related party.
Key customers, banks and joint venturers who share joint control in a joint venture are
specifically identified by IAS 24 Related party disclosures as NOT being related parties to an
entity.
3.9 C
WACC is weighted based on market values, not nominal values.
Market value Cost Weight × Cost Weighted
average
Equity $15 million 13.2% 15/32.5 × 13.2% 6.1%
Irredeemable debt $7.5 million 8.4% 7.5/32.5 × 8.4% 1.9%
Redeemable debt $10 million 9.6% 10/32.5 × 9.6% 3.0%
Total $32.5 million 11.0%
3.10 C
Goodwill in PL: $
Consideration paid for in cash 5,625,000
Fair value of contingent consideration 1,387,500
––––––––
7,012,500
Fair value of NCI at acquisition 1,800,000
Less fair value of net assets acquired (3,750,000)
––––––––
5,062,500
––––––––
151
4.1 A
Due to the extra competition within the market sector, it would be a reasonable strategy
for SH to combat the competition by reducing their sales prices. If SH did lower their sales
prices gross profit margin would be expected to reduce.
An increase in cost prices would cause gross profit margins to decrease. However, there are
no indications within the scenario that suggest that cost prices would increase.
On this basis, whilst A & C would both contribute to gross profit margin reductions, a
decrease in sales price is the most likely contributing factor. Option C is not as valid as
option A.
Gross profit margin gives the % gross profit per sale. Gross profit is affected by changes in
sales prices, cost prices, inefficiencies and changes in sales mix. Gross profit margins are
never impacted simply through changes in volumes of sales or purchases. For volumes to
impact gross profit margins, discounts on price would have to be offered in conjunction
with the increase in sales volumes. Therefore, reductions in sales volumes only will not
reduce GP%. Also, it can be noted that SH’s sales have gone up. Option B would not be a
valid conclusion.
Finance costs are included below operating profits. Gross profit margins only consider gross
profits. Finance costs do not impact gross profit. Option D is not valid.
4.2 C
Despite facing more competition, HS’s revenue has still increased. An increase in revenue
would reasonably be expected to cause reductions in the inventory holding period (the
time it takes to sell inventory on average).
The time it takes to sell inventory should not impact directly on the time it takes to repay
the suppliers of HS. It could be argued that a reduction in the time it takes to sell inventory
will lead to quicker eventual receipt of the cash from the customers. This could enable
payables to be paid off quicker. This would cause a decrease in the payable payment
period, not an increase. Option A is incorrect.
Quick ratio is calculated as current assets – inventory/current liabilities. Inventory is not
included within the calculation. Quick ratio is unaffected by inventory movements. Option B
is incorrect.
A decrease in inventory holding period would be expected to cause a reduction in closing
stock. Reductions in closing stock would see an increase in cost of sales. As such, option D is
incorrect.
152
4.3 A
Group retained earnings as at 31 January 20X9
$000

100% of P 10,800
Plus P% of subsidiary’s post acquisition movement in 1,200
net assets (75% × (6,700k (W1) – 5,100k (W2))
Plus P% of associate’s post acquisition movement in (285)
net assets (30% × (3,250k – 4,200k)
Impairment in OB (associate) (500)
––––––
Groups retained earnings at 31 January 20X9 11,215
(W1) Net assets of VI as at reporting date 31 Jan 20X9
$000
Share capital 1000
Fair value adjustment – non‐depreciable land 450
––––––
6,700
––––––
(W2) Net assets of VI as at acquisition 31 Jan 20X8
$000
Share capital 1,000
––––––
5,100
––––––
153
4.4 C
NB. This question requires the cum div share price. That is the share price before the
dividend payment.
ke with dividend growth =
d0 × (1+g)
ke = P0 + g

d0 × (1+g)
P0 = ke ‐ g

0.5 × 1.07
P0 = 0.149 – 0.07 = 6.77
Ex div price = 6.77
Cum div price = 6.77 +0.5
Cum div price = 7.27
4.5 A
$000
Parent dividend paid – 100% P 1,000
Dividend paid to non‐controlling interest
NCI % × S’s dividend paid 250
25% × $1,000k
4.6 D
CD has made an investment in bonds that would be treated as a financial asset.
The asset would be classified and measured at amortised cost. The bonds are debt financial
assets and CD has the intention to hold them until the maturity date. This is consistent with
CD’s overall business model for similar financial assets.
The transaction costs of $12,800 (0.5% x $2,560,000) would be added to the asset at initial
recognition. (NB. Both the $2,560,000 and $12,800 are outflows of cash).
The transaction costs would only be treated as an expense if the asset was classified as
FVPL.
154
4.7 F
The sale is recorded using the historic rate as at 1 October 20X1. This is translated at the
exchange rate of 400,000/1.65 = $242,424. Dr Receivable 242,424 Cr Revenue 242,424.
The payment is recorded at the exchange rate when the cash was received of 400,000/1.91
= $209,424. This is to settle the receivable of $242,424. Therefore, a foreign currency loss
on translation of $33,000 is taken to profit or loss.
Dr Cash 209,424
Dr P/L 33,000
Cr Receivable 242,424
4.8 B
The cost of investment is included at the fair value of consideration.
The fair value of shares issued as consideration is the market value at the acquisition date.
The market value of HI’s shares issued at 30 June 20X4 was $3.80.
Shares in HI: 800,000 × ¾ × $3.80 = $2,280,000
The fair value of deferred cash is the present value of the payments.
Deferred cash = $550,000 × 1/1.1 = $500,000
The professional fees cannot be capitalised as part of the cost of investment. Therefore the
total fair value of the consideration is $2,280,000 + $500,000 = $2,780,000
4.9 B, D
The share price is only one way of measuring a company's value. Its market capitalisation
(share price multiplied by number of shares) is widely used by investment analysts but
there is no “exact” measure of a company's value.
A stock market flotation is expensive and time consuming due to, for example, advisor fees
and legal fees.
The original owners must dilute their shareholding by making shares available for the public
to buy on the flotation.
4.10 D
Option A is incorrect. It is accurate so far as to say that impairment is not a cash flow – it is
an expense. However, the impairment expense will cause an adjustment to the
reconciliation from profit before tax to cash generated from operations. The impairment
does affect the cash flow statement.
Option B is incorrect. The NET cash outflow from acquiring a subsidiary is included in “cash
flows from investing activities” not the GROSS cash flow. The net cash flow includes the
gross amount paid to acquire the subsidiary less the cash held by the sub at acquisition
(that is 100% consolidated as part of the CSOFP).
Option C is incorrect. The dividend received from the associates is an actual cash inflow for
the group and is included within “cash flows from investing activities”. The parent’s share of
associate’s profits will be adjusted as part of the reconciliation to calculate “cash generated
from operations”, not the dividend received.
155
5.1 B
Goodwill of VI as at 31 Jan 20X9
$000

Fair value of non‐controlling interest at acquisition 1,650
(20X8)
Less fair value of net assets at acquisition (W) (5,100)
––––––
Less impairment 0
––––––
––––––
(W) Net assets of VI as at acquisition 31 Jan 20X8
$000
Share capital 1,000
––––––
5,100
5.2 C
Non‐controlling interest as at 31 Jan 20X9
$m
Fair value of non‐controlling interest at acquisition 3.3
(20X8)
Plus NCI % of S’s post acquisition movement in net 0.8
assets (25% × [13.4m (W1 ) – 10.2m (W2) )
––––––
NCI at 31 January 20X9 4.1
––––––
(W1) Net assets of VI as at reporting date 31 Jan 20X9
$m
Share capital 2.0
Retained earnings 10.5
Fair value adjustment – non‐depreciable land 0.9
––––––
13.4
––––––

156
(W2) Net assets of VI as at acquisition 31 Jan 20X8
$m
Share capital 2.0
Retained earnings 7.3
Fair value adjustment – non‐depreciable land 0.9
––––––
10.2
––––––
5.3 A
Investment in associate (BO) as at 31 January 20X9
$000
Plus P% of associates’ post acquisition movement in (285)
net assets (30% × (3,250k – 4,200k)
Impairment (500)
––––––
Investment in associate at 31 January 20X9 7,215
––––––
5.4 B
If SH’s market share has been reduced by the new product on the market, yet SH’s revenue
has still increased in comparison to last year, this would suggest that the overall sporting
technology market is in growth.
Option A is incorrect as it appears SH has reduced their operating costs. This is indicated by
the gross profit margin reducing during the year yet the operating profit margin has
increased. Increased marketing expenditure would be expected to reduce the operating
margin during the year. It is possible that the marketing spend did increase but operating
costs savings occurred elsewhere, however there is not enough information given to make
that conclusion.
Option C cannot be concluded from the information given. An increase in payment terms
from suppliers may have caused the increase in SH’s payable days. However, the payables
increase could also be caused by the lack of cash to pay suppliers. This is evident due to the
use of an overdraft during the period. It cannot be concluded that an increase in supplier
credit terms caused the increase.
Option D is not a valid conclusion. SH is using an overdraft which can be an indicator of
some liquidity issues. There is no evidence to suggest that the overdraft usage is in breach
of SH’s authorised limits. As such, it cannot be concluded that SH is insolvent.
157
5.5 D
A lease will initially record the lease liability and the right‐of‐use asset. The lease liability is
recorded at the present value of remaining lease payments. The right‐of‐use asset is
recorded at the lease liability plus initial direct costs ($2.000) plus payments already made
(deposit of 5,000).
The right of use asset is recorded on 1 July 20X7 as 29,844 (W1) + 2,000 + 5,000 = $36,844
(W1) The present value of remaining lease payments discounted at 10% = $12,000 × 2.487 =
$29,844
This is depreciated over the lower of the lease term or the economic lifetime of 3 years.
Only 6 months of depreciation would be charged to the right‐of‐use asset during the year
ended 31 December 20X7.
The carrying amount at 31 December 20X7 is:
Initial right‐of‐use asset 36,844
Depreciation 36,844/3 × 6/12 (6,141)
––––––
30,703
5.6 B
Published financial statements should not contain material errors, as, for most companies,
they have been audited. Non‐material errors will be contained within the financial
statements but should not be of a magnitude that will impact the trends of ratio analysis.
Errors are not a limitation of ratio analysis; they are a problem with the preparation of
financial statements.
5.7 B
Earnings per share
EPS = $4,200,000/4,713,333 (W1) = 89.1c
(W1) Weighted average number of shares
Step 1 – Theoretical ex‐rights price (TERP)
2 shares @ $2 = $4
1 share @ $1.40 = $1.40
3 shares $5.40
TERP = $5.40/3 = $1.80
Step 2 – Rights issue bonus fraction
Cum rights price 2.00
Theoretical ex rights price 1.80
Step 3 – Weighted average number of shares
Date Number Fraction of year Rights fraction Weighted
Average
1 January 3,360,000 3/12 2/1.8 933,333
1 April 5,040,000 9/12 3,780,000
4,713,333
158
5.8 9.61%
Year Cash flow Discount Present value Discount Present value
factor at 5% factor at 10%
0 –98 1.000 –98 1.000 –98
1–3 5 2.723 13.62 2.487 12.44
3 112.5 0.864 97.20 0.751 84.49
12.82 –1.07
YTM = 5% + [(10%‐5%) x 12.82/(12.82 + 1.07)] = 9.61%
5.9 D
Non‐monetary asset are initially recorded at historic rate and require no further adjustment
as at the reporting date. Option A is incorrect.
Foreign currency gains or loss arising from the translation of a foreign subsidiary within the
group accounts are recorded within other comprehensive income. Option B is incorrect.
The functional currency is the currency used in an entity’s primary economic environment.
The presentation currency is the currency used to prepare the financial statements.
Typically they are one and the same but not exclusively so. For example, the functional
currency of a foreign subsidiary may be different to the currency used to present the group
financial statements (the group’s presentation currency).
5.10 D
Human capital is affected by the staff of an entity. It will include staff’s competencies and
motivation to work within an organisation. High staff turnover indicates a dissatisfaction of
staff to work for the company and thus will decrease human capital.
159
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