A. Probability Sampling 1. .Simple Random Sampling

A.
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
1. .Simple Random Sampling
Each element in the population has an equal and independent chance to be
included as the sample.
Randomization is done by means of tossing, lottery, blind fold methods,
using the table of random table, throwing a dice.
Strengths:
o It requires the minimum knowledge of population.
o Free from subjective and personal error.
o Observation of sample can be used for inferential purpose.
Limitations:
o Cannot ensure representativeness of the samples
o Its inferential accuracy depends upon the size of the sample.
2. Systematic Sampling
Enhanced simple random sampling.
Complete information of the population is vital. There should be a list of
information of all the individuals of the population in any systematic way.
Elements are randomly selected using a sampling interval. The sampling
interval (i.e., Kth is some number) tells the researcher how to select elements
from a sampling frame by skipping elements in the frame before selecting one
for the sample. For example, a researcher would have a list of 1,000 elements
in her or his population. Let’s assume the sample size is 100. In this case, the
researcher would select every 10th case. There are two tricks to this that must
be followed: first, the sample frame must have the elements ordered in a
random way and second; the starting point (the point at which the first element
is selected for inclusion into the sample) must be determined randomly.
Strengths:
o Reduces the field cost
o Inferential statistics may be used
o Sample is comprehensive
o Sample is a representation of the population
o Observations can be used to draw conclusion
Limitations:
o Due to subjectivity in ways of systematizing the list, this is not a free
from errors.
o Knowledge of the population is essential
o Individual information is necessary.
3. Stratified Sampling
In stratified random sampling, a researcher first divides the population into
subpopulations (strata: defined as a characteristic of the population. For
example, female and male on the basis of supplementary information. After
dividing the population into strata, the researcher draws a random sample from
each 25 subpopulation. In general, stratified sampling produces samples that
are more representative of the population than simple random sampling if the
stratum information is accurate.
Types:
o Disproportionate. Means that the size of the sample in each unit is not
proportionate to the size of the unit but depends upon considerations involving
personal judgement and convenience. This method of sampling is more
effective for comparing strata which have different error possibilities. It is less
efficient for determining population characteristics.
o Proportionate. It refers to the selection from each sampling unit of a
sample that is proportionate to the size of the unit. Advantages of this
procedure includes representativeness with respect to variables used as the
basis of classifying categories and increased chances of being able to make
comparisons between strata. Lack of information on proportion of the
population in each category and faulty classification may be listed as
disadvantages of this method
o Optimum Allocation. Stratified sampling is representative as well as
comprehensive than other stratified samples. It refers to selecting units from
each stratum. Each stratum should be in proportion to the corresponding
stratum the population. Thus sample obtained is known as optimum allocation
sample.
Strengths:
o A representative of the population
o Objective method sampling
o Observations can be used for inferential assessment
Limitations:
o Difficulty deciding the criterion for stratification
o Only one criterion for stratification
o Selected samples may be representative with reference to the used criterion
but not for the others.
4. Multiple or double Repetitive Sampling.
Generally this is not a new method but only a new application of the
samplings. This is most frequently used for establishing the reliability of a
sample. When employing a mailed questionnaire, double sampling is
sometimes used to obtain a more representative sample. This is done because
some randomly selected subjects who are sent questionnaires may not return
them. To eliminate this bias, a selected sample may be drawn at random from
the non-respondents and the people interviewed to obtain the desired
information. Thus this technique is also known as repeated or multiple
sampling. This double sampling technique enables one to check on the
reliability of the information obtained from first sample. Thus, double sampling,
where in one sample is analyzed and information obtained is used to draw the
next sample to examine the problem further.
Strengths:
o Thus sampling procedure leads to the inferences of free determine precision
based on a number of observations.
o Reduces error
Limitations:
o Only applicable to small samples
o Time consuming and costly
o Complicated with regards planning and administration
5. Multi Stage Sampling
More comprehensive and it is a representative of the population.
In this type of sampling primary sample units are inclusive groups and
secondary units are sub-groups within these ultimate units to be selected which
belong to one and only one group
Stages of a population are usually available within a group or population,
whenever stratification is done by the researcher. The individuals are selected
from different stages for constituting the multi stage sampling.
Strengths:
o Representative of the population
o Objective procedures in identifying samples
o May be used in inferential purposes
Limitations:
o Difficult and complex
o Involves errors when considering the primary stage
6. Cluster Sampling
To select the intact group as a whole is known as a cluster sampling.
In cluster sampling the sample units contain groups of element (cluster)
instead
of individual members or items in the population. Rather than listing all
elementary school children in a given city and randomly selecting 15 % of these
students for the sample, a researcher lists all of the elementary schools in the
city, selects at random 15 % of these clusters of units, and uses all of the
children in the selected schools as the sample.
Strengths:
o Good representative of the population
o Easy method
o Economical
o Observations can be used for inferential s
Limitations:
o Not free from errors
o No comprehensive

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