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Physical Science
Quarter 1- Module 2
Week 4 : Biological Macromolecules

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

 Lesson

4 Biological Macromolecules

What I Know

Direction: Read each statement carefully. Write the letter of your answer in your
notebook.
1. The following compounds are biological macromolecules EXCEPT
A. Carbohydrates C. Lipids
B. Carbon Dioxide D. Proteins
2. Which of the following biomolecules is important in muscle building?
A. Carbohydrates C. Nucleic Acid
B. Lipids D. Proteins
3. Carbohydrates contains the following elements EXCEPT
A. Carbon C. Nitrogen
B. Hydrogen D. Oxygen
4. Which of the following monosaccharide is most abundant in nature?
A. Glucose C. Maltose
B. Lactose D. Sucrose
5. A disaccharide which is mainly found in milk and other milk products is
A. Glucose C. Maltose
B. Lactose D. Sucrose
6. Which of the following is the building block of proteins?
A. Amino Acid C. Nucleic acid
B. Enzymes D. Phosphate
7. What macromolecule is represented in the figure below?

Image Retrieved: June 19, 2020 at

https://rb.gy/f7d1ig

A. Carbohydrates C. Nucleic Acid

B. Lipids D. Proteins

8. Proteins found in connective tissues like tendons and ligament is

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 A. Collagen C. Keratin
B. Fibroin D. Myoglobin
9. A type of protein which carries oxygen from the lungs to the bloodstream is
A. Collagen C. Hemoglobin
B. Keratin D. Myoglobin
10. A type of lipid which contain a hydrophilic end and a hydrophobic end is
A. Fatty acids C. Phospholipids
B. Oils D. Wax
11. The following are the nitrogenous bases found in DNA EXCEPT
A. Adenine C. Guanine
B. Cytosine D. Uracil
12. Proteins are polypeptide that contains repeating units of
A. Amino acids C. Glucose
B. Fatty acids D. Phosphate
13. Amino acids in proteins are joined together by __________
A. Glycosidic bond C. metallic bond
B. Hydrogen bond D. Peptide bond
14. Enzymes are substances that catalyze a reaction. Which of the following is NOT
an enzyme?
A. Glycopase C. Pepsin
B. Lipase D. Sucrase
15. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) carries genetic information of the cell. A DNA
molecule contains the following EXCEPT
A. Fatty acids C. Pentose sugar
B. Nitrogen bases D. Phosphate group

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 What’s In

Every living organism is made up of cells, the very tiny units of life. Within the
cells are organic molecules which joined to form larger molecule.
There are four classes of macromolecules as you have learned in your Grade
10 Chemistry. These include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acid forming
a chainlike structure called polymers. Recall that these macromolecules composed
mainly the elements like carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and other macromolecules have
nitrogen and phosphate in their structure.
In this module, the structure of these macromolecules will be given emphasis.
The students will then explain how the structure affects the properties and functions
of macromolecules.

What’s New

Activity 1. Carbohydrates
Study the structure and answer the question below.

Fig. 1. Structure of simple monosaccharides.

Image: Retrieved June 15, 2020 from https://rb.gy/cigwad

1. What are the elements you notice in the structures? ___________________

2. What do you notice with the carbon: hydrogen: oxygen (C: H: O) ratio in each
structure? (Note: To answer these count the number of C, H, and O in the
structure.

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 3. Now, look at the structure below.
a. Did you see any similarities with the three structures? _____________
b. Do they have same kind of elements? _________________________
c. What differences did you noticed with their structures? ____________

A. B.

C.

Figure 2. Different Structures of Carbohydrates

Images retrieved: June 16, 2020 from (a) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Beta-D-

Glucopyranose.svg (b) https://rb.gy/qglpvk, (C) https://rb.gy/enzuad

1. Carbohydrates
In the activity above, you noticed that all the structures contain the same
elements C, H, and O. These structures are carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are one
of the macromolecules which contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only with a ratio
1:2:1.This can be written as CnH2nOn, where n corresponds to the number of carbon
atoms. The term carbohydrate comes from the Latin word saccharum which means
sugar.

The carbohydrate that we eat which is our main source of energy is converted
into glucose which is readily used in the body. It is classified as simple sugars
(monosaccharides and disaccharides) and complex sugars (polysaccharides).

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 Monosaccharides are sugar with one saccharide units. Glucose (used as
dextrose and sugar found in blood), galactose (found in milk and other milk
products), and fructose (sugar found in fruits and honey) are monosaccharides. They
are isomers which mean, they have the same molecular formula but different
structural formula. The difference in their structures (Figure 2) is the one that made
also difference in their properties like boiling point galactose has higher boiling point
than glucose. Glucose is sweeter than galactose.
Disaccharides are sugar with two saccharide unit joined by a glycosidic
bond. Maltose is a disaccharide formed from 2 Glucose units and is found in malt.
Sucrose found in regular table sugar contains glucose and fructose units. Lactose
found in milk and milk products is a disaccharide containing Glucose and Galactose
units.
Polysaccharides are sugar contains many saccharide units. Starch and
Cellulose are polysaccharides. Starch, a storage form of glucose in plants and
cellulose, the structural material in plant cell wall composed of 250 - 400 glucose
molecules connected via α-1-4-glycosidic bond.

Fig. 3. Starch
. Retrieved June 19, 2020 from http://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-
Modules/PH/PH709_BasicCellBiology/PH709_BasicCellBIology_print.html

5
Activity 2. Pair Me
Pair column A with the description in column B. Write the letter of your answer
in the space provided.
Column A Column B

______ 1. Collagen A. carries oxygen from the lungs to the

Bloodstream

______ 2. Keratin B. Substance used to speed up a reaction

______ 3. Hemoglobin C. major insoluble fibrous protein found in

connective tissues

______ 4. Enzymes D. fibrous protein in hair, skin, and nails

______ 5. Fibroin E. strongest natural fibers found in silk

2. Protein
Protein was believed to be the beginning of life. It comes from the Greek word
proteios which means first. Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen are the
elements that make up a protein. Sulfur and other metals can also be found in some
proteins. Proteins as one of the macromolecules that are made from multiple units of
simple molecules called amino acids (shown in figure below). Combination of 20
amino acid joined by a peptide bond makes a protein. Thus, proteins are called
polypeptides. The structure of amino acid is shown in the figure 4.

Fig 4. Structure of Amino Acid

Retrieved June 19, 2020 from https://www.researchgate.net/figure/General-structure-of-amino-
acids_fig1_322686460

Each type of protein is made up of different combination of amino acid

arranged in specific way. The order to which the amino acids are arranged

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determines the configuration and function of protein. Examples of proteins as
mentioned in the activity are the following:
Collagen - found in connective tissues such as tendons, ligaments, skin, cartilage
and the cornea of the eye.
Fibroin/Silk protein – one of the strongest natural fibers found in silk
Keratin - a fibrous protein in hair, skin, and nails.

Myoglobin - contains a heme group contains an iron (II) ion at its center where
oxygen is being stored.

Hemoglobin - is a globular protein that carries oxygen from the lungs to the
bloodstream

Enzymes on the other hand, are substances that catalyze a reaction. The following
are examples of enzymes and their specific function.

1. Lipase - help in digestion of fats

2. Pepsin - help in breaking down proteins into peptides (smaller units)
3. Sucrase - help in the digestion of sugars and starches

Activity 3.
Study the structure below and answer the following question.

Fig 5. Structure of Triglyceride

Image Retrieved June 19, 2020 from
https://courses.ecampus.oregonstate.edu/ans312/one/lipids_story.htm

1. What have you notice with the structure of triglyceride?

__________________________________________________

2. What elements compose the structure? __________________

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 3. The structure below is a phospholipid.

Fig. 6. Structure of Phospholipid

Retrieved June 19, 2020 from https://rb.gy/yzlhjw

a. What did you notice with the structure of phospholipid compared to

glyceride? ___________________________________________
b. Does it have the same components with glycerides? _____________
c. Have you notice any difference at all? _________________________
3. Lipids
Lipids come from the Greek word lipos meaning fat. Lipids are family of
biomolecules group together because of its property of being hydrophobic (water-
fearing). Lipids are non-polar molecules making it soluble to non-polar solvents like
acetone, ether and benzene. It is classified into four categories: (1) triglycerides,
(2) Phospholipids, (3) Steroids.

Fatty acid
Fatty acid is a chain-like molecule containing a long chain of carboxylic acid.
Fatty acid can be saturated (contains single bonds) in its long chain hydrocarbon
chain or unsaturated (contains double bond). Since lipids are non-polar molecule, it
is insoluble in water. Saturated fatty acid is a straight chain where all the carbon
atoms in the chain have two hydrogen singly bonded to making the molecules to
form a strong attraction. Because of this strong attraction, saturated fatty acid have
high melting point and are solid at room temperature Unsaturated fatty acid on the
other hand, tends to bend due to the presence of a double bond in one of the carbon
in the chain. The molecule will not be as close as that of the saturated fatty acid.
Unsaturated fatty acids have low melting points than saturated fatty acids.

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 Fig. 7. Fatty Acid
Retrieved: June 19, 2020 from https://dlc.dcccd.edu/biology1-3/lipids

Triglycerides
Are lipids that contain glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acids. The 3 fatty acids
connected to the glycerol backbone are not necessarily of the same kind.

Fat and oils are example of triglycerides. Fats are usually from animal
sources contain mostly saturated fatty acid making it solid at room temperature. Oil
refers to a triglyceride from plant sources. It contains unsaturated fatty acid and is
liquid at room temperature.

Phospholipids

Is another type of lipids that contains glycerol, two fatty acids, and a
phosphate group. Phospholipids (Fig.8), unlike other kind of lipids, it has a polar end
(hydrophilic end) which is the phosphate group and non-polar end (hydrophobic
end), the fatty acid group. The dual property of liquid allows the phospholipid to form
a bilayer.

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 Fig. 8. Phospholipid
Image retrieved: June 19, 2020 from
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/molec
ular-structure-of-phospholipid

Activity 4.

Study the structure of DNA and answer the questions below.

Fig. 9.DNA Structure.

Retrieved June 19, 2020 from https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-2-molecular-
biology/26-structure-of-dna-and-rna/dna-structure.html

1. What are the common parts of the nucleotide? ___________________

________________________________________________________

2. Name the different kinds of nitrogenous bases found in the DNA molecule.
___________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

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 3. In DNA what is the paring arrangement of the bases?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

4. Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acid is important macromolecules that serve as storage of genetic

information of the cell. It is made up of nucleotide monomers that contain a
nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. DNA and RNA are the
two types of nucleic acid with specific functions.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), the blueprint of life carries the genetic material
and provides information for its own replication. It is a double helix structure
composed of a sugar and phosphate backbone and complementary bases Adenine-
Thymine and Cytosine-Guanine pair.
RNA (ribonucleic acid) on the other hand, carries the information from DNA
for protein synthesis. There are three types of RNA namely:
1. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
3. Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Figure 9. Structure of Nucleic Acid

Retrieved June 19, 2020 from https://www.britannica.com/science/nucleic-acid

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 What’s More

Do this….
Matching Type: Match the structure in column A with the Macromolecules in column
B. Write the letter of your answer in your notebook.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. A. carbohydrates

2. B. Lipids

Retrieved June 19, 2020 from https://rb.gy/s79lc0

3.
C. Nucleic Acid

4.
D. Proteins

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 What I Have Learned

Let’s summarize…..

• Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids and Nucleic acid are the four classes
of macromolecules.
• Carbohydrates composed mainly carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. It is
categorized as simple sugar (monosaccharides and disaccharides) and
complex sugar (polysaccharides). Glucose, Galactose and Fructose
are examples of monosaccharides. Disaccharides are carbohydrates
composed of 2 saccharides units and a polysaccharide with many
saccharide units. The saccharide units in disaccharides and
polysaccharides are bonded via glycosidic bond.
• Proteins composed C, H, O, and N. Sulfur and other metals can also
be found in some proteins. Proteins as one of the macromolecules that
are made from multiple units of simple molecules called amino acids.
• Collagen, Keratin, Hemoglobin, Myoglobin, and Fibroin are examples
of Proteins. It properties and function is determine by their structures.
Enzymes are also a kind of protein which catalyzes a reaction without
being used up.
• Lipids are family of biomolecules group together because of its
property of being hydrophobic (water-fearing). Lipids are non-polar
molecules making it soluble to non-polar solvents like acetone, ether
and benzene. It is classified into four categories: (1) triglycerides, (2)
Phospholipids, (3) Steroids.
• Nucleic Acid is important macromolecules that serve as storage of
genetic information of the cell. It is made up of nucleotide monomers
that contain a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate
group. DNA and RNA are the two types of nucleic acid with specific
functions.

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 Assessment

Direction: Read each statement carefully. Write the letter of your answer in your
notebook.
1. The biological macromolecules composed of multiple units of amino acids is
A. Carbohydrates C. Lipids
B. Proteins D. Cellulose

2. Which of the following sugars is a disaccharide?

A. Fructose C. Glucose
B. Galactose D. Sucrose

3. Carbohydrates contains the following elements EXCEPT

A. Carbon C. Nitrogen
B. Hydrogen D. Oxygen

4. Which of the following polysaccharide is found in the cell wall of plants?

A. Amylose C. Cellulose
B. Amylopectin D. Starch

5. A disaccharide which is mainly found in milk and other milk products is

A. Glucose C. Maltose
B. Lactose D. Sucrose

6. What macromolecule is represented in the figure below?

A. Carbohydrates C. Nucleic Acid

B. Lipids D. Proteins

7. Proteins found in hair, skin and nails is

A. Collagen C. Keratin
B. Fibroin D. Myoglobin

8. A type of protein which carries oxygen from the lungs to the bloodstream is
A. Collagen C. Hemoglobin
B. Keratin D. Myoglobin

9. A type of lipid which contain a hydrophilic end and a hydrophobic end is

A. Fatty acids C. Phospholipids
B. Oils D. Wax

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10. In DNA, Thymine is paired with _________________________
A. Adenine C. Guanine
B. Cytosine D. Uracil

11. The following statement describes saturated fatty acid EXCEPT

A. It contains a carbon to carbon single bond.
B. It has high melting point.
C. It is solid at room temperature.
D. It contains a carbon to carbon double bond.

12. Amino acids in proteins are joined together by __________

A. Glycosidic bond C. Metallic bond
B. Hydrogen bond D. Peptide bond

13. Which of the statements below DOES NOT describe an enzyme? Enzymes
A. are proteins C. being used up during the reaction
B. catalyzes a reaction D. speeds up a reaction

11. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) carries genetic information of the cell. A DNA
molecule contains the following EXCEPT
A. Fatty acids C. Pentose sugar
B. Nitrogen bases D. Phosphate group

15. It contains an unsaturated fatty acid commonly found in plant and is liquid at
room temperature. This lipid being describe is
A. Fats C. Steroids
B. Oils D. Wax

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 References
Books

• Rody Bayoang, Ma. Lourdes Coronacion. Physical Science for Senior High
School. Quezon City, Philippines. Education Resources Corporation.2016.

• Gian Karlo R. Dapul, Maria Kristina Salazar.” Teaching Guide for Senior High
School PHYSICAL SCIENCE. Quezon City, Philippines. Commission on
Higher Education.2016.

Images:

• https://dlc.dcccd.edu/biology1-3/carbohydrates.June 15, 2020

• https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Beta-D-Glucopyranose.svg. June 16,
2020
• http://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-
Modules/PH/PH709_BasicCellBiology/PH709_BasicCellBIology_print.html.
June 16, 2020
• https://www.researchgate.net/figure/General-structure-of-amino-
acids_fig1_322686460. June 19, 2020
• https://courses.ecampus.oregonstate.edu/ans312/one/lipids_story.htm June
19, 2020
• https://dlc.dcccd.edu/biology1-3/lipids. June 19, 2020
• https://www.researchgate.net/figure/molecular-structure-of-phospholipid. June
19, 2020
• https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-2-molecular-biology/26-
structure-of-dna-and-rna/dna-structure.html. June 19, 2020
• https://www.britannica.com/science/nucleic-acid. June 19, 2020

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Division of Cagayan de Oro City

Office Address: Fr. William F. Masterson Ave Upper Balulang
Cagayan de Oro
Telephone Nos.: (08822)855-0048
E-mail Address: cagayandeoro.city@deped.gov.ph

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