Vector Through An Angle of 60 Degrees in The Counterclockwise Direction
Vector Through An Angle of 60 Degrees in The Counterclockwise Direction
Vector Through An Angle of 60 Degrees in The Counterclockwise Direction
Assignment 11, #1 . Find the matrix A of the linear transformation from R2 to R2 that rotates any
vector through an angle of 60 degrees in the counterclockwise direction.
cos 𝜃 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
( )
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 cos 𝜃
1⁄ −√3⁄
2 2
√3⁄ 1⁄
2 2
( )
2. Find the standard matrix of the following linear transformations T from R2 to R2.
𝜋
a) Counter-clockwise rotation by radians.
2
−1 0
Solution: T(1,0) = (-1,0) and T(0,1) = (0,1), so 𝐴 = ( )
0 1
0 1
Solution: T(1,0) = (0, 1) and T(0,1) = (1,0), so 𝐴 = ( )
1 0
𝜋
d) Clockwise rotation by 2 radians.
1 0
Solution: T(1,0) = (1, 0) and T(0,1) = (0,0), so 𝐴 = ( )
0 0
1 0
Solution: T(1,0) = (1,0) and T(0, 1) = (0, -1), so 𝐴 = ( )
0 −1
3. Let T be the linear transformation from R2 to R2 that first rotates points clockwise through 30 degrees
and then reflects points about the line y = x. Find the standard matrix A for T.
√3⁄ −1⁄
2 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜋⁄6 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜋⁄6
Solution: 𝐴1 = ( )=
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜋⁄6 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜋⁄6 1⁄ √3⁄
2 2
( )
0 1
𝐴2 = ( )
1 0
1⁄ √3⁄
2 2
Hence 𝐴 = 𝐴2 𝐴1=
√3⁄ −1⁄
2 2
( )
1 −3 0
4. Find the characteristic polynomial of the matrix 𝐴 = (0 −4 3)
4 −3 0
𝜆−1 3 0
Solution: 𝜆𝐼 − 𝐴 = ( 0 𝜆 + 4 −3)
−4 3 𝜆
= −5 𝑣1 + 2 𝑣2
= (−33, −4)
𝐴(2𝑣1) = 2𝐴(𝑣1) = 2 𝜆1 𝑣1
= 2(−5)𝑣1
= −10 𝑣1
= −10(5,1)
= (−50, −10)
6. Find a basis of the eigenspace associated with the eigenvalue 3 of the matrix A.
Solution:
3 0 3 3
𝐴= [ 0 3 −3 −3]
−2 0 4 1
2 0 −4 −1
𝜆−3 0 −3 −3
First find 𝜆𝐼 − 𝐴 = [ 0 𝜆 − 3 3 3 ]
2 0 𝜆 − 4 −1
−2 0 4 𝜆+1
0 0 −3 −3
When 𝜆 = 3 , 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 [ 0 0 3 3]
2 0 −1 −1
−2 0 4 4
1 0 0 0
Reduce this matrix to RREF. This gives [0 0 1 1]
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
𝑥1 0 0
This gives ⌈𝑥2⌉ = 𝑠 ⌈1⌉ + 𝑡 ⌈ 0 ⌉
𝑥3 0 −1
𝑥4 0 1
So the eigenvalues are (0,1,0,0) and (0,0,-1,1), and since these two vectors are linearly independent they
form a basis for the eigenspace.
7. The matrix A has two real eigenvalues, one of multiplicity 1 and one of multiplicity 2. Find the
eigenvalues and a basis of each eigenspace.
0 0 −2
Solution: 𝐴 = (1 2 1)
1 0 3
𝜆 0 2
𝜆𝐼 − 𝐴 = (−1 𝜆 − 2 −1 )
−1 0 𝜆−3
(𝜆 − 1)(𝜆 − 2)2 = 0
𝜆 = 1 𝑜𝑟 𝜆 = 2
2 0 2
Case 1: If 𝜆 = 2, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜆𝐼 − 𝐴 = [−1 0 −1]
−1 0 −1
1 0 1
This reduces to the matrix [0 0 0]
0 0 0
𝑥1 −1 0
This gives [𝑥2] = [ 0 ] 𝑠 + [1] 𝑡
𝑥3 1 0
So the vectors (-1, 0, 1) and (0, 1, 0) form a basis for the eigenspace corresponding to the eigenvalue 2.
1 0 2
Case 2: If 𝜆 = 1, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜆𝐼 − 𝐴 = [−1 −1 −1]
−1 0 −2
1 0 2
This reduces to the matrix [0 1 −1]
0 0 0
𝑥1 −2
This gives [𝑥2] = [ 1 ] 𝑡
𝑥3 1
So the vectors (-2, 1, 1) is a basis for the eigenspace corresponding to the eigenvalue 1.
8. Given the 2 x 2 matrix A, find an invertible matrix P and a diagonal matrix D such that 𝑃−1 𝐴 𝑃 = 𝐷.
Solution:
25 −7
𝐴= [ ]
84 −24
𝜆 − 25 7
𝜆𝐼 − 𝐴 = [ ]
−84 𝜆 + 24
det( 𝜆𝐼 − 𝐴) = 𝜆2 − 𝜆 − 12
If we set this equal to zero, we obtain the two eigenvalues 𝜆 = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜆 = −3.
−21 7
Case 1: If 𝜆 = 4, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜆𝐼 − 𝐴 = [ ]
−84 28
−3 1
This reduces to [ ]
0 0
−28 7
Case 2: If 𝜆 = −3, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜆𝐼 − 𝐴 = [ ]
−84 21
−4 1
This reduces to [ ]
0 0
We now put these two eigenvectors as the columns of our matrix P. This gives
1 1
𝑃= [ ]
3 4
4 −1
𝑃−1 = [ ]
−3 1
4 0
𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑤𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑃 −1 𝐴 𝑃 = 𝐷 = [ ]
0 −3
Notice that the diagonal entries of D are the eigenvalues of A. Also, notice that since we put the
eigenvector (1,3) in the first column of P and the eigenvector (1,4) in the second column of P, the
eigenvalue 4 associated with (1,3) appears in the first column and the eigenvalue -3 associated with (1,4)
appears in the second column of D.
0 0 −2
9. Let 𝐴 = (1 2 1 ) . 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝐷 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑃−1 𝐴𝑃 = 𝐷
1 0 3
Solution: In problem 7 we have found that A has eigenvalues λ =2 with associated eigenvectors (-1,0,1)
and (0,1, 0) and λ =1 with associated eigenvector (-2, 1,1).
Form the matrix P using these eigenvectors as the columns of matrix P. This gives
−1 0 −2
𝑃= ⌈0 1 1⌉
1 0 1
Next find the inverse of this matrix using any method. This gives
1 0 2
𝑃−1 = ⌈ 1 1 1⌉
−1 0 −1
2 0 0
Next calculate 𝑃−1 𝐴 𝑃 = 𝐷 = ⌈0 2 0⌉
0 0 1
Notice that the diagonal entries of D are the eigenvalues of A. Also, notice that since we put the
eigenvectors (-1,0,1) and (0,1,0) in the first two columns of P and the eigenvector (-2,1,1) in the third
column of P, the eigenvalue 2 associated with (-1,0,1) and (0,1,0) appears in the first two columns and
the eigenvalue 1 associated with (-2,1,1) appears in the third column of D.
4 −4
10. Let A = [ ]. Find formulas for the entries of the matrix 𝐴𝑛 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟.
2 10
𝜆−4 4
Solution: 𝜆𝐼 − 𝐴 = [ ]
−2 𝜆 − 10
det( 𝜆𝐼 − 𝐴) = 𝜆2 − 14𝜆 + 48
2 4
Case 1: If 𝜆 = 6, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜆𝐼 − 𝐴 = [ ]
−2 −4
1 2
This reduces to [ ]
0 0
4 4
Case 2: If 𝜆 = 8, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜆𝐼 − 𝐴 = [ ]
−2 −2
1 1
This reduces to [ ]
0 0
We now put these two eigenvectors as the columns of our matrix P. This gives
−2 1
𝑃= [ ]
1 −1
−1 −1
𝐼𝑓 𝑤𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥, 𝑤𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑃−1 = [ ]
−1 −2
6 0
𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑤𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑃−1 𝐴 𝑃 = 𝐷 = [ ]
0 8
We have that 𝑃−1 𝐴 𝑃 = 𝐷. 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐴 = 𝑃 𝐷 𝑃−1 . 𝑆𝑜 𝐴𝑛 = (𝑃 𝐷 𝑃−1 )𝑛 = 𝑃 𝐷 𝑛 𝑃−1
2 ∙ 6𝑛 − 8𝑛 2 ∙ 6𝑛 − 2 ∙ 8𝑛
This gives the matrix [ ]
−6𝑛 + 8𝑛 −6𝑛 + 2 ∙ 8𝑛