CHEMISTRY

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Chemistry Solids
Weightage = 7 Marks 2 Marks – 1Q 5 Marks – 1Q
1. Write any 2 differences between crystalline and amorphous solids.
Ans : Crystalline solids Amorphous solids
1. They have sharp melting point They do not have sharp melting point
2. They have definite geometry They do not have definite geometry
3. They are anisotropic They are isotropic
2. What are ionic crystalline solids? Give an example.
Ans : In which the constituent particles are cations and anions linked through ionic
bonds Ex : NaCl.
3. What are covalent (or) network crystalline solids? Give an example.
Ans : In which the constituent particles are atoms linked through covalent bonds
Ex : Diamond
4. What are metallic crystalline solids? Give an example.
Ans : In which the constituent particles are metal ions linked through metallic bonds
Ex : Na
5. What are the molecular crystalline solids? Give an example.
Ans : In which the constituent particles are molecules Ex : Solid CO2, Solid SO2
6. Define co-ordination number. What is the co-ordination number in
(a) simple cube (b) bcc c) fcc
Ans : The number of nearest neighbours for a particular particle.
a) 6 b) 8 c) 12
7. Calculate number of particles present in simple cubic unit cell.
1
Ans : No of particles = 8 𝑥 8=1
1
Contribution of a particle from the corner =
8
Number of particles at the corner = 8
8. Calculate the number of particles present in body centred cubic lattice (bcc)
1
Ans : Number of particles = 8 x 8 + 1 = 2
1
Contribution of a particle from the corner =
8
Number of particles at the centre =1
9. Calculate the number of particles present in fcc (face centred cubic) lattice.
1 1
Ans : Number of particles = 8 x 8 + 6 x =4
2
1
Contribution of a particle from the corner =8
Number of particles at the corners = 8
1
Contribution of a particle at the face = 2
Number of particles at the faces = 6
10. Explain Schottky defect with an example.
Ans : In which equal number of cations and anions are missed out of crystal lattice.
Density decreases Ex : KCl
11. Explain Frenkel defect with an example.
Ans : In which cation is displaced from the normal site and occupies interstitial site
Density remains same Ex : AgCl.
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Chemistry Solids
12. Write the equation to calculate density of a crystal.
𝑍𝑀
Ans : d = 𝑁𝐴 𝑎 3
D = density of crystal Z= number of particles
M = molar mass NA = Avagadro’s number
a = Edge length of unit cell
13. Silver forms (fCC)lattice and x-ray studies of its crystals show that the edge length
of its unit cell is 408.6Pm. Calculate the density of Silver(atomic mass = 107.9u,
NA= 6.022x1023)
𝑍𝑀
Ans : d = d = z=4 M = 107.9 a= 408.6pm = 408.6x10-10cm
𝑁𝐴 𝑎 3
= 4.086x10-8cm
4 x 107.9
= = 10.5528 g /cm3 (1gcm-3=103kgm-3)
4.086 x 10 3 x 6.022 x 10 23
= 10.5528 x 103 Kgm-3. G Br
14. Calculate the packing efficiency in simple cubic lattice Ar
H
ans : In simple cube two atoms touch each other along the edge. B

Number of atoms per unit cell is one.

4
Volume of one atom = r3 F C
3
Let, r – radius of atom a= edge length of unit cell
a = 2r : volume of unit cell = a3=(2r)3=8r3 E D
4
a
𝜋𝑟 3
Packing efficiency = 3
𝑥 100 = 52.4 %
8𝑟 3
15. Calculate the packing efficiency in face centred cubic (or) CCP(or) hcp lattice
Ans : In fcc the atoms touch each other along the face G B
Diagonal Number of atoms per unit cell is 4
Let H A
r= Radius of atom b
A = edge length of unit cell b
4
Volume of one atom = r3 F < C
3
4 16𝜋 𝑟 3
Volume of 4 atoms =4 x r3 = E a< D
3 3
z
b= face diagonal : b =4r
In  ABC (AC)2 = (𝐵C)2 + 𝐴𝐵 2 z
𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑎2  𝑏 2 = 2𝑎2 z
(4r)2 = 2a2  2a2 = (4r)2 z
4𝑟
2 a = 4r  a = z
2
4𝑟 3
Volume of unit cell = a3 = z
2
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 4 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 z
Packing efficiency = x 100
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙
16𝜋 𝑟 3 z
3
= 4𝑟 x 100 = 74%
2

16. Calculate the packing efficiency in body centred cubic (bcc) lattice.
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Chemistry Solids
Ans : In bcc three atoms touch each other along with body diagonal
i) Number of atoms per unit cell is 2. G B
Let
ii) r = Radius of atom H A
b
a= edge of length of unit cell
b= face diagonal <
c = body diagonal = 4r. F < c
In EFD , (FD)2 = (EF)2 = (ED)2 b
z
b2 = a2 + a2 E a D
z
b2 = 2a2 (1)
In AFD z
𝐴𝐹 2 = 𝐴𝐷 2 + 𝐹𝐷 2 z
C = a +b (2)
2 2 2
z
Substitute (1) in (2)
z
(2)  C2 = a +2a2  C2 = a +2a2  C2 = 3a23a2=C2
z
3𝑎 = 𝐶
4𝑟 z
a= 3
4𝑟 3
Volume of unit cell = a3 = 3
4 3
Volume of one atom = 𝜋𝑟
3
4 8
Volume of 2 atoms = 2 x 𝜋𝑟 3 = 𝜋𝑟 3
3 3

𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠

Parking efficiency = x 100
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙

8 3
𝜋𝑟
3
= x 100 = 68 %
4𝑟 3
3

Note : If ‘ N is the number of octahedral voids then ‘2N’ will be the number of tetrahedral
voids.

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3
Chemistry Solutions
Weightage = 7 Marks 1 Mark – 2Q 5 Marks – 1Q
I. Answer the following questions. Each question carries one mark.
1. Ornamental gold is an example for what type of solution?
Ans : Solid Solution
2. Define Molality of a solution.
Ans : Number of moles of a solute dissolved in 1 Kg of the solvent.
3. Define Molarity of a solution.
Ans : Number of moles of a solute present in one litre of the solution.
4. How does molarity varies with temperature?
Ans : Molarity decreases with increase in temperature.
5. What is the effect temperature on molality?
Ans : Molality does not change with temperature.
6. Out of Molality and Molarity which is temperature dependent?
Ans : Molarity
7. What is the effect of rise in temperature on the solubility of a gas in liquid?
Ans : Solubility decreases
8. What is the effect of increase in pressure on the solubility of a gas in liquid?
Ans : Solubility increases
9. Aquatic animals are more comfortable in cold water than in warm water. Give
reason.
Ans : Solubility of oxygen is more in cold water.
10. State Henry’s law.
Ans : At constant temperature the parital pressure of the gas in vapour phase is
proportional to the mole fraction of the gas in solution.
11. Write the mathematical form of Henry’s law.
Ans : P = KHg
12. Name the law behind the dissolution of CO2 in gas in soft drinks under pressure.
Ans : Henry’s law
13. Soda water bottles are sealed under high pressure. Give reason.
Ans : To increase solubility of the gas in liquid.
14. At a given temperature O2 gas is more soluble in water than N2 gas. Which one of
them has higher value of KH?
Ans : N2
15. State Raoult’s law of binary solution for two volatile components.
Ans : For a solution containing two volatile liquids the partial pressure of each
component is directly proportional to its mole fraction.
16. What are ideal solutions?
Ans : Solutions which obey Raoult’s law over the entire range of concentration are
known as ideal solutions.
17. How does volume change on mixing two volatile liquids to form an ideal solution?
Ans : No change in volume or Vmix = 0
18. On what factor the value of colligative property depends?
Ans : Colligative property depends on the number of solute particles.

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Chemistry Solutions
19. 10ml of liquid A is mixed with 10ml of liquid B. The volume of resultant solution is
19.9ml. What type of deviation is expected from Raoult’s law?
Ans : Negative deviation
20. What are isotonic solutions?
Ans : Two solutions having same osmotic pressure at a given temperature are
called isotonic solutions.
21. What is hypertonic solution?
Ans : A solution having higher osmotic pressure than the other solution is called
hypertonic solution.
22. What is hypotonic solution?
Ans : A solution having lower osmotic pressure than the other solution is called
hypotonic solution.
23. How does the size of blood cells changes when placed in an aqueous solution
containing more than 0.9 %(m/v) sodium chloride.
Ans : Size of blood cells decreases/ shrinks
24. How does the size of blood cells changes when placed in an aqueous solution
containing les than 0.9% (m/v) sodium chloride?
Ans : Size of blood cells increases / swells.
25. What is osmotic pressure?
Ans : The external pressure applied on the concentrated solution to stop omosis is
called osmotic pressure.
TWO MARK QUESTIONS :
26. What happens to the solubility of a gas in liquid with increase in temperature?
Give reason.
Ans : Decreses, because dissolution of a gas in liquid is an exothermic process.
27. Give any two applications of Henry’s law
Ans : i) It is used in the preparation of carbonated beverages.
ii) It is used by scuba divers for respiration.
28. Write any two differences between ideal and non-ideal solutions,
Ans :
Ideal solution Non-Ideal solution
i) Obey’s Raoult’s law i) Does not obey Raoult’s law
ii) Vmix = 0 ii) Vmix  0
iii) Hmix = 0 iii) Hmix  0
iv) Do not form azeotropes iv) form azeotropes
29. What are azeotropes? Give an example
Ans : Binary liquid mixtures have same composition in liquid and vapour phase
and boil at constant temperature are called azeotropes.
Ex : 95.5% ethanol + 4.5 % water.
30. What is minimum boiling azeotrope? Give an example.
Ans : Solution shows large positive deviation from Raoult’s law
Ex : 95.5% ethanol + 4.5 % water
31. What is maximum boiling azeotrope? Give an example.
Ans : Solution shows large positive deviation from Raoult’s law
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Chemistry Solutions
Ex : 68% HNO3+32%water
32. State Raoult’s law of relative lowering of vapour pressure
Ans : It states that “ In a solution containing non volatile solute the relative
lowering vapour pressure is equal to mole fraction of the solute.”
𝑃 0 −𝑃
𝑃0
= x2
33. What is reverse osmosis? Mention any one of its use.
Ans : If the external pressure greater than osmotic pressure is applied on the
solution, solvent molecules flow from solution to solvent through semi permeable
membrane is called reverse osmosis.
It is used in desalination of sea water.
THREE MARK QUESTIONS :
34. 5.8g of a non volatile solute was dissolved in 100g of carbon disulphide (CS2). The
vapour pressure of the solution was found to be 190mm of Hg. Calculate the molar
mass of the solute. Given the vapour pressure of pure CS2 is 195mm of Hg. Molar
mass of CS2 – 76gmol-1
𝑊2 𝑀1 𝑊2 𝑀1 𝑃 0 5.8 x 76 x 195
Ans : M2 = 𝑃 0 −𝑃
= = =171.91g mol-1
𝑊1 𝑊1 (𝑃 0 −𝑃) 100x (195−190)
𝑃0

35. The boiling point of benzene is 353.23K when 1.80g of a non-volatile solute was
dissolved in 90g of benzene, the boiling point raised to 354.11K. Calculate the molar
mass of the solute.
[Kb for benzene = 2.53K kg mol-1]
Ans : ∆𝑇𝑏 = 𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇𝑏0 = 354.11𝐾 − 353.23 = 0.88𝐾
K b xW 2 x1000 2.53x1.8x1000
M2 = = = 57.5gmol-1
∆T b x W 1 0.88 x 90

36. 12.6 g of a non volatile electrolyte is dissolved in 75g of water. The freezing point of
this solution is 271.9K. If molar depression constant is 1.86K kg mol-1.
Calculate the molar mass of solute. (Freezing point of pure water=273.15k)
Ans : ∆𝑇𝑓 = 𝑇𝑓0 − 𝑇𝑓 = 273.15 − 271.9 = 1.25𝐾
K f xW 2 x1000 1.86x12.6 x1000
M2 = = = 250 gmol-1
∆T f x W 1 1.25 x 75

37. 300 Cm3 of an aqueous solution of a protein contains 2.12g of the protein. The
osmotic pressure of such a solution at 300K is found to be 3.89x10-3 bar.
Calculate the molar mass of the protein. [R=0.0823Lbarmol-1K-1]
Ans :
W 2 RT 2.12x 0.0823 x300
M2= = = 44.852.44 gmol-1
V 3.89 x 10 −3 x0.3

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6
Chemistry Electrochemistry
Weightage = 8 Marks 1 Mark – 1Q 2 Marks-1Q 5 Marks – 1Q

ONE MARK QUESTIONS :

1. Write the overall cell reaction taking place in Daniel cell.
Ans : Zn + Cu2+ Zn2+ +Cu
2. Write Nernst equation for Daniel cell.
0 2.303𝑅𝑇 𝑍𝑛 2+
Ans : 𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 − log
2𝐹 𝐶𝑢 2+
3. What is specific conductance or conductivity?
Ans : The conductance of 1m3 of electrolyte solution is called specific conductance
4. What is molar conductance or molar conductivity?
Ans : It is the conductance of all the ions produced by the solution containing one
mole of electrolyte,
5. What is the SI unit of specific conductance?
Ans : Sm-1
6. What is the SI unit of molar conductivity?
Ans :Sm2mol-1
7. Draw graph of m v/s 𝑐 for acetic acid solution
Ans :
m

𝑐
8. Draw the graph of M v/s 𝑐 for KCl solution m

𝑐
9. Define limiting molar conductivity.
Ans : The conductivity of electrolytic solution at infinite dilution is called limiting
molar conductivity.
10. The resistance of a conductivity cell containing 0.001M KCl solution at 298K is
1500. What is the cell constant if conductivity of 0.001M KCl solution at 298K
Is 0.146 x x10-3sm-1?
Ans : Cell constant G* = k x R
= 0.146 x 10-3x1500
G* = 219m-1
11. What happens to molar conductivity when one mole of KCl dissolved in one litre is
diluted to five litres?
Ans : Molar conductivity increases
12. Write the mathematical expression for limiting molar conductivity of sodium
chloride (NaCl).
Ans : 0NaC l = 0Na + 0Cl −
13. What is the electrode potential value of SHE at 300K?
Ans : Zero (or) 0

7
Chemistry Electrochemistry
14. What happens to conductivity when one mole of KCl dissolved in one litre is
diluted to five litres?
Ans : Conductivity decreases.
TWO MARK QUESTIONS :
15. Mention any two factors on which conductivity of an electrolyte solution depends.
Ans : (i) Nature of electrolyte (ii) Concentration of the electrolyte solution
16. What is the effect of dilution on conductivity. Give reason.
Ans : Conductivity decreases with increase in dilution. Because number of ions
per unit volume decreases.
17. What is the effect of dilution on molar conductivity? Give reason.
Ans : Molar conductivity increases with increase in dilution because total volume
of solution containing one mole of electrolyte increases.
18. The conductivity of 0.025N solution of methanoic acid is 1.1525SM-1 . Calculate its
molar conductivity.
1000 xk 1000 x 1.1525
Ans : M = = =46100 Sm2 mol-1
C 0.025
19. 1.0M solution of a salt surrounding two platinum electrodes 2.1 Cm apart and
2Cm2 in area was found to after a resistance of 50 Ohm. Calculate the
conductivity of the solution.
Ans : Given l=2.1cm, A=4.2cm2 R=50 Ohm
𝑙 1 2.1 1
Specific conductance k = xR = 𝑥
𝐴 4.2 50
K = 0.01 Scm-1
20. State Kohlrausch law of independent migration of ions? Write mathematical
relation for limiting molar conductivity of CaCl2
Ans : It states that the limiting molar conductivity of an electrolyte is equal to the
sum of the ionic conductances of respective cations and anions.
0CaCl 2 = 0Ca 2 + 20Cl −
21. Name the gases liberated at anode and cathode when an aqueous solution of
sodium chloride is electrolysed.
Ans : At Anode – Chlorine gas At Cathode – Hydrogen gas
THREE MARK QUESTIONS
22. Explain the construction and working of standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE)
OR
Draw a neat labelled diagram of SHE, write the symbolic representation and write
half cell reactions.
Ans :
SHE consists of a platinum foil
coated with platinum black. Platinum
foil is connected to the platinum wire
with mercury. The other end of the platinum
wire is connected to external circuit.
The platinum foil is dipped in 1M HCl solution
as shown in the figure.

8
Chemistry Electrochemistry
Working :
Pass pure and dry hydrogen gas at 1 bar pressure from inlet electrode reaction is
1
H +𝑎𝑞 + e− ↔ 𝐻2 (g)
2

SHE is represented as
𝑃𝑡 𝑠
/ H2(g, 1 bar) / H+ (aq, 1M)
H2

𝐸 0 SHE = 0.0V
23. Calculate the emf of the cell in which the following reaction takes place at298K
Ni s + 2Ag +0.002M Ni2+
0.160M + 2Ag (s)
0
(Given 𝐸𝐶𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 1.05V)
0 0.0591 [𝑁𝑖 2+ ]
Ans : Ecell =𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 – log
𝑛 𝐴𝑔 + 2
0.0591 [0.160]
= 1.05 = log
2 0.002 2
0.0591
= 1.05 = log (40,000)
2

= 1.05 – (0.0295x4.6021)
Ecell = 0.914V
24. Calculate the value of G0 at 298K for the cell reaction
2𝑀𝑔 𝑠 + 2𝐴𝑙 3+ 2+
𝑎𝑞  3𝑀𝑔 𝑎𝑞 + 2𝐴𝑙(𝑠)
0 0
Given 𝐸𝑀𝑔 = -2.36V, 𝐸𝐴𝑙 = -1.66V and F = 96487C
0 0 0
Ans : 𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 𝐸𝐴𝑙 − 𝐸𝑀𝑔
0
𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = -1.66-(-2.36)= -1.66+ 2.36 = 0.70V
∆𝐺 0 = -nFE0
= -6 x 96487 x 0.70
= -405245.4J
∆𝐺 0 = - 405.2454KJ
25. The electrode potential for the Daniel cell given below is 1.1V.
2+
𝑍𝑛 𝑠  𝑍𝑛𝑎𝑞 + 𝐶𝑢2+
𝑎𝑞  Cu(s)
Write overall cell reaction and calculate the standard Gibb’s free energy for the
reaction. (F=96487 C/mol)
Ans : 𝑍𝑛 𝑠 + Cu2+ 2+
aq Zn aq + Cu(s)
0
∆𝐺 0 = - nF𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = -2x96487 x 1.1 = -212271J
∆𝐺 0 = -212.271kJ
26. Calculate the emf of the cell for the reaction
+ 2+ 0 0
𝑀𝑔 𝑠 + 2𝐴𝑔(𝑎𝑞 ) M𝑔(𝑎𝑞 ) + 2Ag(s), 𝐸𝐴𝑔 + /𝐴𝑔 = 0.80𝑉, 𝐸𝑀𝑔 2+ /𝑀𝑔 = −2.37𝑉,
𝑀𝑔2+ = 0.001𝑀, 𝐴𝑔+ = 0.0001𝑀
0 0 0
Ans : 𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 𝐸𝑐𝑎𝑡 ℎ𝑜𝑑𝑒 - 𝐸𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑒

9
Chemistry Electrochemistry
0 0
= 𝐸𝐴𝑔 + /𝐴𝑔 - 𝐸𝑀𝑔 2+ /𝑀𝑔

= 0.80-(-2.37)
0
𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 3.17V
0 0.059 [𝑀𝑔 2+ ]
𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 − log
𝑛 𝐴𝑔 + 2

0.059 10 −3
= 3.17 - log
2 10 −4 2
0.059
= 3.17 - log 105
2

= 3.17 – (0.0295 𝑥 5)
= 3.17 – 0.1475
𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 3.0255𝑉
27. Calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction
𝐶𝑢 𝑠 + 2𝐴𝑔+𝑎𝑞 Cu2+
𝑎𝑞 + 2Ag (s)
0
𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 0.46𝑉
0 0.059
𝐴𝑛𝑠 ∶ 𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = logKc
𝑛
0.059
0.46 = logKc
2
0.46 𝑥 2
logKc =
0.059
logKc = 15.5932
Kc = antilog (15.5932)
Kc = 3.92 x 1015

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10
Chemistry Chemical Kinetics
Weightage = 08 Marks 1 Mark – 1Q 2Mark -1Q 5 Marks – 1Q

ONE MARK QUESTIONS :

1. For the reaction 2HI H2+I2 Write its molecularity.
Ans : Two
2. Give an example of zero order reaction .
Ans : Decomposition of hydrogen iodide on gold surface
Au
2HI g H2+ I2
3. What happens to the half life period of a first order reaction, if the initial
concentration of reactant is increased?
Ans : No Change
4. Rate constant of a reaction is K = 3.4x10-4 Lmol-1S-1. What is the order of
reaction?
Ans : Second order
5. Rate of a reaction AB increases two times by increasing the concentration ‘A’
By four times, What is the order of reaction?
Ans : ½ (or) 0.5
6. A chemical reaction has rate expression Rate = [A]2 [B]. What is its overall order?
Ans : 3
7. Unit of rate constant of reaction is same as that of its rate. What is order of the
reaction?
Ans : 0 (zero)
8. What is the order for the reaction?
1130 𝐾
2NH3 (g)𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑚 𝑁2 𝑔 + 3𝐻2 𝑔
𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑡
Ans : zero
9. What is the unit of rate of a reaction ?
Ans : mol L-1S-1
10. What is the SI unit of zero order reaction?
Ans: mol L-1S-1
11. What is the unit of first order reaction?
Ans : S-1
12. Which step of reaction mechanism decides the order?
Ans : Slowest step (or) rate determining step.
13. In a reaction A products the rate of reaction is doubled when the concentration
of reactant is doubled. What is order of reaction?
Ans : One (or) 1
14. Define average rate of a reaction.
𝑐𝑕𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡
Ans: Average rate = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙
15. In a reaction 2A product, the concentration of ‘A’ decreases from 0.5mol L-1 to
0.4 mol L-1 in 10 minutes calculate the rate during this interval.
∆[𝐴]
Ans : Average rate = ∆𝑡

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Chemistry Chemical Kinetics
0.5−0.4 𝑚𝑜 𝑙 −1
= 10𝑚𝑖𝑛
= 0.01 mol L-1 min-1
16. Mention any 2 factors which influence the rate of reaction?
Ans : (i) Concentration of reactant
(ii) Temperature
(iii)Catalyst.
17. The conversion of molecules X to Y follows second order kinetics, if the
concentration of X is increased by three times, how will it affect the rate of
formation of Y?
Ans: Rate = K . [X]2 X Y
= K . (3)2
= 9 times.
18. What is zero order reaction? Give an example.
Ans : A reaction in which rate is independent of concentration of reactant is
Called zero order reaction.
𝑃𝑡.𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑡
Ex : 2NH3 (g) 𝑁2 (g) + 3H2(g)
1130 𝐾
19. What is the first order reaction? Give an example.
Ans : A reaction in which rate is directly proportional to first power of
concentration term is called first order reaction.
Ex : 2𝑁2 𝑂5 2𝑁2 𝑂4 + 𝑂2
20. Explain pseudo first order reaction with an example.
Ans : Higher order reactions can be converted into first order by changing the
experimental conditions such a reaction is called Psuedo first order reaction
Ex : Inversion of sucrose.
𝐻+
𝐶12 H22 O11 + H2O 𝐶6 H12 O6 + 𝐶6 H12 O6
sucrose glucose Fructose.

21. Give any two differences between order and molecularity

Molecularity Order
1. It is defined as the number of 1. It is defined as the sum of powers of
reactant molecules taking part in concentration terms in an
elementary reaction. experimentally determined rate
equation,
2. It is always a whole number 2. Order may be zero, fraction(or) whole
Number.

22. Define half life period of a reaction.

Ans : The time requird to convert half of the reactant into product is called half
life period of reaction.
23. Derive integrated rate equation for a first order reaction.
Ans: Consider first order reaction
R P
Rate ∝ [R]
12
Chemistry Chemical Kinetics
Rate = K[R]
Where, K = Rate constant
𝑑[𝑅]
− = K[R]
𝑑𝑡
𝑑[𝑅]
− = Kdt
[𝑅]
𝑑[𝑅]
= - Kdt
[𝑅]
On integration
𝑑[𝑅]
= - 𝑘 𝑑𝑡
[𝑅]
log 𝑒 𝑅 = −𝐾𝑡 + 𝐼 (1) I= integration constant
When , t=0 [R]= [R]0
(1)  log e R 0 = −K(0) + I
 log e R 0 = I (2)
Substitute (2) in (1)
(1)  log e R = −Kt + log e 𝑅 0
Kt = log 𝑒 𝑅 0 -log 𝑒 𝑅
𝑅 0
Kt = log 𝑒 [𝑅]
1 𝑅 0
K= 𝑡 log 𝑒 [𝑅]
2.303 𝑅 0
K= log10
𝑡 [𝑅]
Where t = time interval
[R]0 = Initial concentration
[R] = Equilibrium concentration
24. Derive an expression for the half life period of a first order reaction (or) show that
half life period of a first order reaction is independent of initial concentration of
the reactant.
2.303 𝑅 0
Ans : we know that K = log10 1
𝑡 𝑅
Where K = rate constant, t=time
[R]0 = Initial concentration
[R] = equilibrium concentration
𝑅 0
When t = t½ R= 2
2.303
(1)  K = log102
𝑡 1/2
2.303 x 0.3010 0.693
K= =
𝑡 1/2 𝑡 1/2
0.693
t1/2 = 𝐾
25. Derive an integrated rate equation for a zero order reaction
R P
Rate ∝ 𝑅 0
Rate = K . 𝑅 0  Rate = K
Where , K = Rate constant
𝑑[𝑅]
- =K
𝑑𝑡
-d[R] = Kdt
13
Chemistry Chemical Kinetics
d[R] = -Kdt
On integration
𝑑 𝑅 = - 𝐾𝑑𝑡
[R] = -Kt + I  (1)
Where, I = Integration constant
When, t=0, [R] = [R]0
(1)  [R]0 = -K(0) + I  [R]0 = I  (2)
Substitute (2) in (1) (1)  [R] = -Kt + [R]0
Kt = [R]0 –[R]
𝑅 0 − [𝑅]
K= 𝑡
T = Time interval [R]0 = Initial concentration
[R] = Equilibrium concentration
26. Derive an expression for the half life period of a zero order reaction (or) show that
half life period of zero order reaction is directly proportional to initial concentration
of the reactant.
𝑅 0− 𝑅
Ans : W.K.T K=  1
𝑡
K = rate constant t=time
[R]0 =initial concentration
[R] = equilibrium concentration
𝑅 0
When t = t1/2 [R] = 2
𝑅 0 𝑅 0
[R]0-[R] = [R]0 - =  2
2 2
Substitute (2) in (1)
𝑅 𝑅 0
(1)  K = 2𝑡 1/2
0
 t1/2 = 2
27. The rate constant of a first order reaction is 3.6x10-3S-1.Calculate the half life
Period.
0.693 0.693
Ans : t1/2= =3.6 x 10 −3 S −1 = 0.1925 x 103 S
𝐾
28. The half life period of a first order reaction is 60 minutes. Calculate the rate
constant of the reaction.
0.693 0.693
Ans: K = 1 =60𝑚𝑖𝑛  K = 0.01155 min-1
𝑡
2
29. A certain first order reaction is 75% completed in 30 minutes .Calculate the rate
constant.
Ans: t = 30 min [R]0 = 100 [R]=100-75=25

2.303 𝑅 0
K= log10
𝑡 [𝑅]
2.303 100
K= log10
30𝑚𝑖𝑛 25
2.303 100 2.303
= 30𝑚𝑖𝑛
log10 25
= 30𝑚𝑖𝑛
x 0.6021 K =0.043221min-1
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14
Chemistry Surface chemistry
Weightage = 6 Marks 1 Mark – 1Q 5 Marks – 1Q

ONE MARK QUESTIONS :

1. Out of Physisorption and chemisorptions which one has
i) lower enthalpy of adsorption
ii) higher enthalpy of adsorption
Ans : i) Physisorption ii) Chemisorption
2. Enthalpy of Physisorption is quite low. Give reason
Ans : Due to weak Vaderwaal’s forces between adsorbate and adsorbent
3. What happens to entropy of a gas after adsorption
Ans : Decreases
4. What is the value of G during adsorption?
Ans : G is negative or +ve or decreases
5. What is adsorption isotherm?
Ans : The curve obtained by plotting rate of adsorption (x/m) against pressure at
constant temperature is called adsorption isotherm.
6. Enthalpy of adsorption is high in chemisorption. Why?
Ans : Because chemisorptions involves chemical bond formation.
7. Which is the adsorbent used in the separation of noble gases?
Ans : Coconut charcoal.
8. Write Freundlich adsorption isotherm.
𝑥
Ans : k 𝑃1/𝑛 Where x = mass of gas absorbed
𝑚
m = mass of adsorbent
p = pressure of adsorbate
k and n are empirical constants.
9. Name the adsorbent used to remove colouring matter from solutions.
Ans : Activated charcoal
10. Solid is a good adsorbent when it is in finely divided state. Give reason.
Ans : Because its surface area increases
11. Name the adsorbent used in gas masks to absorb poisonous gases.
Ans : Activated Charcoal
12. Name the adsorbent used to control humidity?
Ans : Silica gel.
13. Name the dispersed phase present in gel.
Ans : Liquid
14. What is sol?
Ans : Sol is a colloidal system in which the dispersed phase is solid and dispersion
medium is liquid.
15. What is Kraft temperature?
Ans : The temperature above which micelle formation takes place is called Kraft
temperature (TK)
16. What is dialysis?
Ans : The process of removing particles of crystalloids from a colloidal solution by
using semipermeable membrane, is called dialysis.
15
Chemistry Surface chemistry
17. What is ultrafiltration?
Ans : The process of separating colloidal particles from solvent and soluble solutes
using ultrafilter paper is called ultrafilteration.
18. State Hardy – Schulze rule.
Ans : The greater the valency of the co-agulating ion added greater in its power to
cause precipitation.
19. What is coagulation value?
Ans : The minimum concentration of an electrolyte in millimoles per litre required
to cause precipitation of a sol in two hours is called coagulation value.
20. In the coagulation of negative sol. Arrange the following ions in assending order of
Flocculating power Ba2+, Na+, Al3+
Ans : 𝑁𝑎+ < 𝐵𝑎2+ < 𝐴𝑙 3+
21. What is Zeta potential?
Ans : The potential difference between the fixed layer and the diffused layer of
opposite charges on the surface of the colloidal particles is called Zeta potential.
22. What is Tyndall effect?
Ans : Scattering of light by colloidal particles in colloidal solution is called Tyndall
effect.
23. Between AlCl3 and KCl which one is required in minimum concentration to
coagulate the negatively charged Ar2S3 sol?
Ans : AlCl3
TWO MARKS QUESTIONS :
24. What is the change in enthalpy and entropy during adsorption of a gas on a solid?
Ans : Enthalpy decreases or H= -ve
Entropy decreases or S= -ve
25. What is physiosorption ? Give an example.
Ans : Adsorption takes place by weak Vander waal’s forces of attraction is called
physisorption.
Ex : Adsorption of NH3 gas on charcoal.
26. What is Chemisorption? Give an example.
Ans : Adsorption between the adsorbate and adsorbent takesplace by strong
chemical bond is called Chemisorption.Ex. Adsorption of H2 on platinum at
high temp
27. Give any two characteristics of chemisorptions.
Ans: i) High specificity ii) High enthalpy of adsorption.
28. Give any two differences between physisorption and chemisorption.
Ans :
Physisorption Chemisorption
i) It involve weak Vander Waal’s forces of i) It involves strong chemical bond forces
attraction of attraction.
ii) Reversible ii) Irriversible
iii) Low heat of adsorption iii) High heat of adsorption
iv) It is not specific in nature iv) It is specific in nature

16
Chemistry Surface chemistry

29. Mention any two applications of adsorption,

i) Activated charcoal is used to adsorb poisonous gases in gas masks
ii) Control of humidity using silica gel.
iii) Removal of colouring matter from solution by using activated charcoal.
30. What are lyophillic colloids?Give an example.
The colloids in which the particles of dispersed phase have more affinity towards
dispersion medium are called lyophillic colloids.
Ex : Milk, gum.
31. What are lyophobic colloids?Give an example.
The colloids in which the particles of dispersed phase have less affinity towards
dispersion medium are called lyophobic colloids.
Ex : Gold sol, Silver sol.
32. Mention any two differences between lyophilic and lyophobic colloids.
Lyophilic colloids Lyophobic colloids
i) Solvent loving i) Solvent hating
ii) Reversible ii) Irreversible
iii) They are more stable iii) They are less stable
iv) They cannot be coagulated iv) They can be coagulated.

33. What is peptisation? Give one example.

Ans : The process of converting a freshly prepared precipitate into colloidal
solution by adding a suitable electrolyte having common ion.
Ex : Fe(OH)3 precipitate is treated with FeCl3 gives Fe(OH)3 sol?
34. What is Brownian movement? What is the cause for it?
Ans : The zig zag movement of colloidal particles in the dispersion medium is called
as Brownian movement.
It is due to bombardment of dispersed particles by the molecules of
dispersion medium.
35. Write a note on dialysis?
Ans : The process of removing particles of
True solution from colloidal solution using
a semipermeable membrane is called dialysis.
A bag of suitable semipermeable
Membrane containing colloidal solution is
suspended in a vessel containing stream
of distilled water. Particles of true solution
diffuse through membrane into outer water
and pure colloidal solution is left behind.
36. Explain electrodialysis.
Ans : Under the influence of electric field, particles
of true solution move towards oppositely charged
electrodes through the semipermeable membrane
so that process of dialysis become faster.
17
Chemistry Surface chemistry

37. Explain the Breidig’s electric arc method for the preparation of colloids (gold sol)?
Ans : Metals sols such as gold, silver, platinum are prepared by this method.
Water containing a small amount of alkali is
placed in a container kept cooled in an ice bath.
An electric arc is struck between two electrodes
made of gold.
A small amount of the metal vapourises due
to the high temperature of the arc. The vapours
of the metal condense into colloidal particles.
Alkali stabilises the metal sol.

............ **** ...........

-------- **** ---------

18
Chemistry p-Block elements
Weightage = 11 Marks 1 Mark – 2Q 3 Marks – 3Q
1. Write the valence shell electronic configuration of Group 15 elements.
Ans : 𝑛𝑆 2 𝑛𝑃3
2. Write the valence shell electronic configuration of
i) group 16 and ii) group 17 elements
Ans : 𝑖) 𝑛𝑠 2 𝑛𝑝4 𝑖𝑖) 𝑛𝑠 2 𝑛𝑝5
3. A small increase in covalent radius is observed from As to Bi in group 15 elements.
Give reason.
Ans : It is due to the presence of completely filled d and / or f orbitals in heavier
elements.
4. Mention the anomalous properties of nitrogen.
Ans :
i) N2 is a gas while other elements of this group are solids at room temperature.
ii) Nitrogen is diatomic while other elements of their group are polyatomic.
iii) Nitrogen can have maximum covalency 4 but other elements of the group can
have covalency more than 4.
iv) N2 is less reactive while other elements of the group are more reactive.
v) N2 cannot form p - d and d - d multiple bonds. Where as other elements of
group form p - d & d - d multiple bonds. Nitrogen forms p - p multiple
bonds where as the other elements can form single bond.
5. Give reason : Nitrogen does not form pentahalide
Ans : Due to non availability of the d-orbitals in its valence shell nitrogen does not
form pentahalide.
6. Mention any three reasons for the anamolous behaviour of nitrogen.
Ans : It is due to
i) Very small size
ii) high electronegativity and ionisation enthalpy.
iii) Non-availability of d-orbitals in the valence shell.
7. Mention any three reasons for the anamolous behaviour of fluorine.
Ans : It is due to
i) Very small size
ii) Very high electronegativity
iii) Non-availability of vacant d-orbitals in the valence shell and
iv) Its dissociation enthalpy in the molecular form (X2) is the least.
8. Explain the principle involved in the manufacture of ammonia by Haber’s process.
Ans : Ammonia is anufactured by Haber’s process.
i) N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g); fH0 =-46.1kJmol-1
ii) according to Le chatelier’s principle, formation of ammonia favoured by high
pressure  a very high pressure of 200x105Pa (about 200 atm)
and a Optimum temperature of 700K employed.
iii) Iron oxide is used as catalyst with small amounts of K2O and Al2O3 as catalytic
promoters.

9. Complete the equation

19
Chemistry p-Block elements
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡
𝑖) 𝑁𝐻4 2 𝐶𝑟2 𝑂7 _______+ 4H2O + Cr2O3
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡
𝑖𝑖) 2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 _______+ 2H2O + CaCl2
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡
𝑖𝑖𝑖) 6Li + N2 _______
𝐴𝑛𝑠 ∶ 𝑖) 𝑁2
𝑖𝑖) 2𝑁𝐻3
𝑖𝑖𝑖) 2𝐿𝑖3 𝑁
10. Though Nitrogen exhibits +5 oxidation state, it doesnot form pentahalide,
Give reason.
Ans : Due to non availability of the d orbitals in its valence shell.
11. Boiling point of ammonia is higher than that of phosphine, Give reason.
Ans : Ammonia contains intermolecular Hydrogen bonds where as phosphine
does not
12. Give the balanced chemical equations with conditions for the manufacture of
Nitric acid by Ostwald’s process.
Ans :
𝑃𝑡 / 𝑅ℎ 𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑡
i) 4𝑁𝐻3 𝑔
+ 5𝑂2 (𝑔) 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)
500𝐾, 9 𝑏𝑎𝑟
ii) 2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)
𝑖𝑖𝑖) 3NO2(g) + H2O(l)  2 HNO3(aq) + NO(g)
13. Complete the following equations :
𝑖) 3𝐶𝑢 + 8HNO3 (dilute) 3Cu(NO3)2 +_________+4H2O
𝑖𝑖) 𝐶𝑢 + 4HNO3 (conc) Cu(NO3)2 +_________+2H2O
𝑖𝑖𝑖) 4𝑍𝑛 + 10HNO3 (dilute) 4Zn(NO3)2 +5H2O + _______
Ans :
i) 2NO ii) 2NO2 iii)N2O
14. Give reason , Elements of group 16 generally show lower value of first ionisation
enthalpy compared to the corresponding periods of group 15.
Ans : Due to extra stable half filled p orbitals electronic configurations of Group
15 elements, larger amount of energy is required to remove electrons compared to
group 16 elements.
15. Complete the following equations :
i) 𝑃4 + 5𝑂2 → ________
𝑉2 𝑂5
ii) 2𝑆𝑂2 𝑔 + 𝑂2 𝑔 ______
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙
iii) 𝑆𝑂2 𝑔 + 𝐶𝑙2 𝑔 ______
Ans : i) P4O10 ii) 2SO3 iii) SO2Cl2
16. How is ozone prepared?
Ans : When a slow dry stream of oxygen is passed through a silent electrical
discharge, conversion of oxygen to ozone or ozonised oxygen is formed.
3𝑂2  2O3

17. How is sulphur dioxide prepared in the laboratory?

Ans : In the laboratory, it is generally prepared by treating a sulphide with dilute
20
Chemistry p-Block elements
sulphuric acid.
𝑆𝑂32− 𝑎𝑞 + 2𝐻 + 𝑎𝑞  𝐻2 𝑂(l) +𝑆𝑂2(𝑔)
18. Give a reaction to show that moist SO2 is a good reducing agent.
Ans : i) It reduces iron (III)ions to iron (II) ions
2𝐹𝑒 3+ + 𝑆𝑂2 + 2𝐻2 O 2Fe2+ +𝑆𝑂42−+ 4H+
ii) It decolourises acidified KMnO4 solution
5𝑆𝑂2 + 2𝑀𝑛𝑂4− + 2𝐻2 O 5𝑆𝑂42−+ 4H+ +2Mn2+
19. Complete the following equations :
i) 8𝑁𝐻3 + 3Cl2 _____ + 𝑁2
(𝐸𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠)
ii) 𝑁𝐻3 + 3Cl2 _______ + 3𝐻𝐶𝑙
(𝐸𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠)
iii) 2NaOH + Cl2 NaCl+−−−−−−−− + 𝐻2 𝑂
(cold & dilute)
iv) 6NaOH + 3Cl2 5NaCl+−−−−−−−− + 3𝐻2 𝑂
(hot & conc)
Ans : i) 6NH4Cl ii) NCl3 iii) NaOCl iv) NaClO3
20. What happens when chlorine reacts with dry slaked lime?
Ans : Bleaching powder is formed
2𝐶𝑎 𝑂𝐻 2 + 2𝐶𝑙2 → 𝐶𝑎 𝑂𝐶𝑙 2 + 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 + 2𝐻2 𝑂
21. Write the structure of
(i) Hypochlorous acid (ii) Chlorous acid iii) Chloric acid
Cl :
Ans : i) Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) H-O
O
Cl :
ii) Chlorous acid (HOClO) H–O
O
ll
Cl = 0
iii) Chloric acid (HOClO2) H-O
22. What is aqua regia?
Ans : It is a mixture of Conc. HCl and Conc. HNO3 in the ratio 3 : 1
23. Explain the action of conc. HCl on KMnO4 crystals.
Ans : Chlorine gas is liberated
2𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4 + 16HCl 2KCl + 2MnCl2 + 8H2O + 5Cl2
24. Give an example for oxoacid of chlorine.
Ans : Hypochlorous acid [HOCl]
25. Complete the equations.
437𝐾
i) 𝐶𝑙2 + 𝐹2 _____________
(equal volumes)

ii) 𝐼2 + 3𝐶𝑙2  _________

(excess)
21
Chemistry p-Block elements
573𝐾
iii) 𝐶𝑙2 + 3𝐹2 _____________
(excess)
iv) Br2 + 5F2  _________
(excess)
v) I2 + Cl2  _________
(equimolar)
Ans : i) 2ClF ii) 2ICl3 iii) 2ClF3 iv)2BrF5 v)2ICl.
26. Noble gases have large positive values of electron gain enthalpy why?
Ans : Due to stable electronic configuration
27. Name the Noble gas which does not show ns2np6 electronic configuration
Ans : Helium or He
28. Which noble gas can diffuse through rubber and glass?
Ans : Helium or He
29. Complete the equations
143𝐾
i) XeF4 + XeF6 + O2
ii) XeF6 + 3H2O  _______+6HF
iii) XeF6 + 2H2O  _______+4HF
i) XeF6 + H2O  _______ +2HF
Ans : i) O2F2 ii) XeO3 iii) XeO2F2 iv) XeOF4

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30.

22
Chemistry d & f-Block elements
Weightage = 11 Marks 1 Mark – 2Q 3 Marks – 3Q

ONE MARK QUESTIONS :

1. Name transition metals present in bronze alloy.
Ans : Copper & Tin
2. Why Cr and Cu have abnormally higher 2nd ionization enthalpy?
Ans : Because half filled (d5) and fully (d10) electronic configuration of M+
(Cr+ and Cu+) ion
3. Name one 3rd series element that do not show variable oxidation state.
Ans : Scandium (Sc) or Zinc(Zn)
4. Write the general electronic configuration of lanthanoids.
Ans : [noble gas] 6s25d0-1 4f1-14
5. Write general valence shell electronic configuration of d-block elements.
Ans : [Noble gas](n-1)d1-10 ns1-2 where n = 4, 5, 6, 7........
6. How will you account for the following? Zr and Hf sizes are almost same.
Ans : Due to Lanthanoid contraction.
7. Write the spin only formula to calculate the magnetic moment of transition metal
Ion
Ans : Magnetic moment = 𝜇 = 𝑛 (𝑛 + 2) in Bohr magneton (BM) ;
Where n = Number of unpaired electrons.
8. Why are Ti+3 ions paramagnetic?
Ans : Because Ti+3 ion has one unpaired electron (3d1)
9. Give reasons : Transition metals and many of their compounds show
paramagnetic behaviour
Ans : Due to the presence of unpaired electrons.
10. Give reasons : Transition metals and their compounds act as good catalysts.
Ans : Due to presence of large surface area, they exhibit variable oxidation states.
TWO MARK QUESTIONS :
11. Mention any two consequences of Lanthanoid contraction.
Ans: 1. The radii of 3rd row transition series elements (metals) are almost similar
to that of 2nd row transition series elements. Or the identical radii of Zirconium
(Zr) and Hafnium(Hf).
2. The separation of lanthanoids in pure state becomes difficult.
12. What is Lanthanoid contraction? Mention the causes for Lanthanoid contraction.
Ans : The overall decrease in atomic radii and ionic radii from lanthanum to
lutenium (across lanthanoids) is called lanthanoid contraction.
Cause : They have very similar physical and chemical properties.
13. What are interstitial compounds? Give an example.
Ans : Intestitial compounds are those which are formed when small atoms like H,
C or N are trapped inside the crystal lattice of metals.
Example : TiC, Mn4N, Fe3H, VH0.56 OR TiH1.7 (any one example)

14. Write any two characteristics of interstitial compounds.

23
Chemistry d & f-Block elements
Ans : Characteristics of interstitial compound.
1. They have high melting point than those of pure metals.
2. They are very hard
3. They retain metallic conductivity
4. They are chemically inert.
15. Between Ti+4 and Ti+3, which is more stable? Why?
Ans : Ti+4 ; Because Ti+4 ion has noble gas electronic configuration OR
Ti ion has [Ar] electronic configuration.
+4 18 OR
Ti ion has ns np electronic configuration.
+4 2 6

16. Transition elements show catalytic property. Give two reasons.

Ans : i) Due to variable (multiple) oxidation states.
ii) Large surface area for adsorption of reactants
iii) Formation of intermediate compounds
17. Give reasons : Transition metals generally from coloured compounds.
Ans : Due to the presence of unpaired electrons
Due to d-d electronic transition.
18. With reference to the first row transition series?
a) Which element has more number of unpaired electrons in ground state?
b) Which element exhibits maximum oxidation state?
Ans : Chromium Or Cr
Manganese Or Mn

-----------------****-----------------

24
Chemistry Co-ordination Compounds
Weightage = 9 Marks 3 Marks – 3Q
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
1. What is the IUPAC of K2[Zn(OH)2]?
Ans :Potassium tetrahydroxidozincate(II)
2. Write formula for the mercurytetrathiocyanatocobaltate(III)
Ans : Hg[Co(SCN)4]
3. How many Cl-ions can be precipitated as AgCl. by adding excess of aqueous
AgNO3 solution into one mole of [Co(NH3)6]Cl3?
Ans : Three(3) ions or three or 3
4. What is the value of co-ordination number of Fe in[FeCl2(en)2]Cl?
Ans : 6
TWO MARK QUESTIONS :
5. What is an ambidentate ligand? Give an example.
Ans :Ligand which can ligate through two different atoms to central metal
atom/ion is known as ambidentate ligand.
Ex : Nitrito-N and Nitrito-O OR NO-2OR Thiocyanate and Isothiocyanate OR SCN-
and NCS- (any one)
6. What is Chelating ligand? Give an example.
Ans : When a didentate or polydentate ligand uses two or more donor atoms to
bind single central metal metal atom/ ion is known as cheating ligand.
Example : ethane 1-2 diamine (en), ethylenediaminetetraacetate(EDTA4-)ion,
oxalate (𝐶2 𝑂42−) etc. (any one)
7. What are homoleptic complexes? Give an example.
Ans : Complexes in which a central metal atom /ion is bound to more than one
kind of donor groups are known as heteroleptic complexes.
Example :[𝑇𝑖 𝐻2 𝑂 6 ]3+, [Co(CN)6]3-, [Cu(H2O)4]2+, [Ni(CN)4]2-, [NiCl4]2-, [Co(en)3]3+ etc
8. What are heteroleptic complexes? Give an example.
Ans :Complexes in which a central metal atom /ion is bound to more than one
kind of donor groups are known as heteroleptic complexes.
Example : [CoCl.CN.NO2(NH3)3], [Co(NH3)5(NO2)]Cl2. [Co(NH3)5(NH3)5(ONO)]Cl2etc
9. Mention any two postulates of Werner’s theory of co-ordination compound.
Ans :
i) The central metal atom or ion in a complex posseses two types of
valences(linkages) Namely a) Primary valency b) Secondary valency
ii) Primary valency is ionisable and secondary valency is non ionisablle.
iii) Primary valency is satisfied only by anions.(negatively charged ions) and
secondary valency is satisfied by either anions or neutral moleculesor both.
iv) The primary valency corresponds to the oxidation state of central metal and
the secondary valency corresponds to the co-ordination number of the
metal(remains fixed for a metal)

v) The secondary valences are directional. Hence they show isomerism.

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Chemistry Co-ordination Compounds
vi) The primary valency of the metal is variable. The secondary valency has a
fixed value.

10. Draw energy level diagram for the splitting of d-orbitals in an octahedral crystal
field.
Ans :

THREE MARKS QUESTIONS :

11. On the basis of Valence Bond Theory (VBT), Account for hybridisation, geometry
and magnetic property of [Ni(CN)4]2-complex ion. (Z for Ni is 28)
Ans : Hybridisation : dsp2
Geometry : Square planar
Magnetic property : Diamagnetic

12. Using valence bond theory explain geometry hybridisation and magnetic property
of [CoF6]3-.(Given atomic number of Co is 27)
Ans : Hybridisation : sp3d2
Geometry :Octahedral
Magnetic property : Paramagnetic

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Chemistry Co-ordination Compounds
13. Using valence bond theory explain geometry hybridization and magnetic property
of [Co(NH3)6]3- (Given atomic number of Co is 27)
Ans : Hybridisation : d2sp3
Geometry : Octahedral
Magnetic property :Diamagnetic

14. On the basis of valence bond theory (VBT), Account for hybridisation, geometry
and magnetic property of [NiCl4]2-Complex ion (Z for Ni is 28)
Ans : Hybridisation : sp3
Geometry :Tetrahedral
Magnetic property :Paramagnetic

15. Discuss the nature of bonding in metal carbonyl.

Ans : In metal carbonyl : The metal-carbon bond posses both  and -character.
The metal-carbon  bond is fomed by the donation of lone pair of electrons on the
carbonyl carbon into vacant orbitals of metal.
The metal-carbon - bond is formed by the donation of a pair of electrons from a
filled d-orbital of metal into the vacant antibonding * orbital of CO
The metal to ligand bonding creates a synergic effect which strengthens the bond
between CO and metal.

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Chemistry Co-ordination Compounds
16. What is Crystal Field Splitting Energy? Name two factors on which Crystal Field
splitting energy depends.
Ans : The energy separation in the splitting of the degenerated levels due to
presence of ligands in a definite geometry is known as Crystal-Field Splitting
energy.
OR
The difference in energy between the two sets of degenerate orbitals during crystal
field splitting is called as Crystal-Field Splitting Energy.
The crystal field splitting energy depends on :
1. Field produced by the ligand. (Strength of ligand)
2. Charge on the metal ion.

17. Define spectrochemical series

A series of ligands arranged is the increasing order of their ligand field strength is
called spectrochemical series.

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