BF00189496

Experiments in Fluids 14, 366 378 (1993)
Ex riments in Fluids
9 Springer-Verlag 1993
An experimental study of a turbulent wing-body junction and wake flow *

J.L. Fleming, R.L. Simpson, J.E. Cowling and W.J. Devenport
Department of Aerospace and Ocean Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
Abstract. Extensive measurements were conducted in an incom- Xv location of secondary separation (vortex position)
pressible turbulent flow around the wing-body junction formed by Y direction normal to X and Z
a 3:2 semi-elliptic nose/NACA 0020 tail section and a fiat plate. Y+ Y coordinate expressed in wall units, Y(z w O)~
Mean and fluctuating velocity measurements were performed adja- Z transverse, or spanwise direction
cent to the wing and up to 11.56 chord lengths downstream. The 6 boundary layer thickness, defined by U/UE=0.995
appendage far wake region was subjected to an adverse pressure 6" boundary layer displacement thickness
gradient. The authors' results show that the characteristic horseshoe 0 boundary layer momentum thickness
vortex flow structure is elliptically shaped, with 0 (W)/OY forming # coefficient of viscosity of air
the primary component of the streamwise vorticity. The streamwise 0 density of air
development of the flow distortions and vorticity distributions is Zw local wall shear stress in freestream direction
highly dependent on the geometry-induced pressure gradients and f2x component of vorticity in the X direction
resulting flow skewing directions.
The primary goal of this research was to determine the effects of Subscript
the approach boundary layer characteristics on the junction flow.
TC quantity presented in tunnel coordinate system
To accomplish this goal, the authors' results were compared to
several other junction flow data sets obtained using the same body
shape. The trailing vortex leg flow structure was found to scale
on T. A parameter known as the momentum deficit factor (MDF =
1 Introduction
(ReT) 2 (O/T)) was found to correlate the observed trends in mean
flow distortion magnitudes and vorticity distribution. Changes in
6IT were seen to affect the distribution of u', with lower ratios The turbulent flow a r o u n d a wing-body junction is a very
producing well defined local turbulence maxima. Increased thinning complex, highly three-dimensional flow, yet it is commonly
of the boundary layer near the appendage was also observed for encountered. M a n y aspects of this flow are still poorly
small values of 6/T.
understood, despite the efforts of numerous researchers.
Figure 1 shows a simplified wing-body junction flow (note
List of symbols that the tunnel coordinate system and measurement planes
are shown). The dominating flow characteristic is the mean
C chord length of appendage secondary flow structure known as the horseshoe (or neck-
CI skin friction coefficient, ~w/0.5 (Q) (Ura) 2
D cylinder diameter lace) vortex. This vortical flow structure is created by a
G,k coefficients used in Eq. (1) combination of two effects, the skewing and stretching of the
h helicity density, V. f2 transverse vorticity present in the incoming turbulent
H boundary layer shape factor, 6*/0 b o u n d a r y layer as it passes the wing, and the rolling up of the
MDF momentum deficit factor, (Rer) 2 (O/T)
Reynolds number based on ( ) incoming fluid along the centerline due to the large adverse
Re( )
T maximum thickness of appendage pressure gradient created by the wing geometry. This type of
U', P', W' root mean square of X, Y, Z velocity fluctuations secondary flow is widely k n o w n as Prandtl's "first kind" of
--Ul), - - U W time-mean Reynolds stresses secondary flow.
U, V,,W time-mean velocity components in X, Y,,Z directions Flow visualizations performed in the appendage nose
UE local edge velocity
reference velocity region show complex instantaneous velocity distributions
Uret
U+ velocity non-dimensionalized by the friction velocity, (Kim et al., 1991) and corresponding velocity histograms
Ul((~lo) ~ display b i m o d a l behavior (Devenport and Simpson, 1990 a).
X streamwise direction The flow resulting as this unsteady vortical structure is
Xs location of primary separation (saddle point)
stretched and skewed a r o u n d the appendage is complex and
* A version of this paper was presented at the 30th AIAA Aerospace not well understood. The authors' study attempts to gain
Sciences Meeting, Reno, Nevada, January 6-9, 1992 insight into the physical nature of the junction flow by exam-
367
ining data taken adjacent to and downstream of the wing, Traiting

and comparing these measurements to those of other re- Measurement
vortex Leg
/
I'~ ~YTC
searchers using the same body shape, but different approach
boundary layer flow conditions.
There are many initiatives for researching junction flows.
.~~ -T ZTC
These flows are commonly present at aircraft wing roots, at
I
ship and submarine appendage-hull junctions, at bases of
bridge supports, in turbo-machinery flows, and also in flows X/C = 1.50
with injection, or a component of injection, normal to the
main flow. The vortical flow structure can cause problems ~ . d '~o ~ co _
such as scouring and deterioration of support foundations, ~ direction
excessive heat transfer, and excessive noise and vibration due
to the creation of additional turbulence in the junction. Fur- Fig. 1. Sketch of wing-body junction, showing horseshoe vortex,
ther research leads to a greater understanding of the physical tunnel coordinate system, and measurement planes
nature of juncture flows, and vortical and 3-D turbulent
shear flows in general, enabling control of adverse effects. - - - - - Separation
Also, additional experimental work gives CFD researchers a .... Attachment
larger database for comparison of numerical results.
A wide variety of research has been performed examining
the turbulent flow past a wing-body junction. The vast ma-
jority of this research involves cylinders (circular or stream-
lined) mounted normal to a flat plate, and usually aligned with
the streamwise direction (0~ Mehta (1984) and Shin
(1989) studied the effects of appendage nose shape on the A0
I ' / i
generation of streamwise vorticity and the resulting horse- &

shoe vortex mean flow structure. Kubendran et al. (1986)
documented the mean vortex path, and noted some similar-
ities between the turbulent shear stresses and the mean flow
strain rates for the flow around a constant thickness body
with a 3:2 elliptic nose. Shabaka and Bradshaw's (1981)
measurements revealed that the eddy viscosities for the -fi-~ Xs Xv J
and - fi-ff Reynolds stresses are anisotropic and are negative Primary
over large regions in a wing-body junction. Moore and b vortex
Forlini (1984) examined the junction flow around a Rankine Fig. 2. a Sketch of oil-flow visualization of junction flow around a
cylinder, b postulated 4-vortex mean flow model (from Baker, 1980)
half-body. This flow is well suited for calculations, since the
potential flow solution is easily obtained. Wood and West-
phal (1992) studied the horseshoe vortex generated in a observed a similar functional relationship between Xv and
lifting wing-flat plate junction. They found that the suction- Re~..
surface leg is the stronger of the two trailing vortices, an Other research which is quite relevant to wing-body junc-
intuitive result since the streamlines on that side are more tion flows involves vortices embedded in turbulent bound-
distorted. Rood (1984) investigated the temporal flow fea- ary layers. A large body of work has been done in this area,
tures inherent in a wing-body junction flow. Agui and and only a representative sample is given here. Cutler and
Andreopoulos (1991) measured the wall static pressures in a Bradshaw (1986) studied the pair of trailing vortices generat-
circular cylinder-flat plate junction in order to examine the ed by a delta wing along a flat plate, a configuration which
vorticity flux out of the wall. simulates a close-coupled canard and aircraft wing. West-
Belik (1973) and Baker (1980, 1985) both performed para- phal et al. (1985) examined the behavior of a vortex embed-
metric studies of appendage-body junction flows by examin- ded in a turbulent boundary layer subjected to an adverse
ing flows around circular cylinders mounted normal to flat pressure gradient, using zero pressure gradient results for
plates. Using primarily oil-flow visualization, they deter- comparison. Shizawa and Eaton (1990, 1992) investigated
mined the dependence of X s (Fig. 2a) on the approach the interaction of a vortex embedded in a skewed boundary
boundary layer parameters, Reo. and 5"/1). Baker also exam- layer, a configuration with many similarities to a wing-body
ined the behavior of Xv (Fig. 2a) with these parameters. junction flow. Pauley and Eaton (1989) examined both cases
Baker postulated a mean vortex structure which would cre- of embedded counter-rotating vortex pairs. Westphal et al.,
ate the characteristic oil-flow patterns (Fig. 2b). Both re- Shizawa and Eaton, and Pauley and Eaton all used half-
searchers found that X s was weakly dependent on 6*/D, and delta wings protruding from a flat plate to generate the
proportional to (Re~.)" for a certain range of Re~,. Baker embedded vortices.

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Experiments in Fluids 14, 366 378 (1993)

An experimental study of a turbulent wing-body junction and wake flow *

ining data taken adjacent to and downstream of the wing, Traiting

generation of streamwise vorticity and the resulting horse- &

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