Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources:

“19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Women's Right to Vote (1920).” Our Documents -
19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Women's Right to Vote (1920),
www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=63#top

This source is extremely significant because it is what gave women in the United States
the right to vote. It is the 19th amendment which is a primary source because it comes
directly from the U.S. constitution. The 19th amendment legally guarantees American
women the right to vote. Achieving this milestone required a lengthy and difficult
struggle—victory took decades of agitation and protest. I learned information about the
lead-up to the 19th amendment including the fact that in the 1800s, women organized,
petitioned, and picketed to win the right to vote, but it took them decades to accomplish
their purpose. Between 1878, when the amendment was first introduced in Congress, and
August 18, 1920, when it was ratified, champions of voting rights for women worked
tirelessly, but strategies for achieving their goal varied. Some pursued a strategy of passing
suffrage acts in each state—nine western states adopted woman suffrage legislation by
1912. Others challenged male-only voting laws in the courts.

“Booklet : Ten Little Suffergets. [Circa 1910-1915].” Ann Lewis Women's Suffrage Collection,
lewissuffragecollection.omeka.net/items/show/2185.

This source is a republishment of a book written during the time of women’s suffrage. The
book looks like a children’s book and follows the concept of the story “10 Little Monkeys”
where there are 10 women’s suffrage protesters, who one by one leave the group due to
different reasons. This bok’s meaning can be interpreted as there are many reasons that the
protestors strayed away from the movement. Many distractions can prevent one from
putting effort into what really mattered,mm which at the time was obtaining more rights fir
women. This helped me understand my topic more because it illustrated some of the
circumstances of women’s rights activism.

“Charlotte Perkins Gilman's ‘The Socialist and the Suffragist.’” HISTORY MATTERS - The U.S.
Survey Course on the Web, historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5657.

This source was an article that illustrated the issues amongst socialists and suffragists. The
article states “Said the suffragist to the Socialist: "You men will always find That this old
world will never move More swiftly in its ancient groove While women stay behind.“ ”A
lifted world lifts women up," The Socialist explained. "You cannot lift the world at all
While half of it is kept so small," The suffragist maintained. The world awoke, and tartly
spoke: "Your work is all the same: Work together or work apart, Work, each of you, with
all your heart— Just get into the game!" This quote can be interpreted as women and
suffragists trying to make their movement known in a world where only men are heard.
This source helped me understand my topic better because it illustrated the social
 environment for women's rights movements while trying to make people aware of their
hardships especially because men were treated superior to women.

“Scrapbooks of Elizabeth Smith Miller and Anne Fitzhugh Miller.” The Library of Congress,
www.loc.gov/item/93838336/.

Some information about this source is that the source was compiled by suffragists
Elizabeth Smith Miller and her daughter and included newspaper clippings, pamphlets,
programs, letters, and photographs about the woman suffrage movement and suffragists in
the United States. I learned that this scrapbook collection was created during the time
around/leading up to the first women’s rights movement in New York. This source was
important because it contains proof of the women’s suffrage movement and illustrated
strong women who truly cared about equality.

“Suffrage On Stage: Marie Jenney Howe Parodies the Opposition.” HISTORY MATTERS - The
U.S. Survey Course on the Web, historymatters.gmu.edu/d/4963.

This is a primary source of information about Howe and her experience with women’s
rights activist during the 1900’s. Howe writes, “Woman suffrage is the reform against
nature. Look at these ladies sitting on the platform. Observe their physical inability, their
mental disability, their spiritual instability and general debility! Could they walk up to the
ballot box, mark a ballot, and drop it in? Obviously not. Let us grant for the sake of
argument that they could mark a ballot. But could they drop it in? Ah, no. All nature is
against it. The laws of man cry out against it. The voice of God cries out against it—and so
do I.” In this quote from the article, Howe is speaking about women’s voting rights and
why they should be granted. Howe also writes, “I know you begin to see how strongly I
feel on this subject, but I have some reasons as well. These reasons are based on logic. Of
course I am not logical. I am a creature of impulse, instinct, and intuition—and I glory in
it. But I know that these reasons are based on logic because I have culled them from the
men whom it is my privilege to know.” This is important to a better understanding of my
topic because the source provides direct quotes from Howe and her personal experiences.

Secondary

Celeste, Gill L. Women in the United States Congress: Brief Analyses with Biographical and
Historical Information. Nova Publishers, 2014.

I learned about historical information about women in Congress including Senator Barbara
Mikulski who has been serving in congress for 36 years and counting. Longest length of
service by a woman in the House. Representative Rogers served in the House for 35 years,
from June 25, 1925, until her death on September 10, 1960. This helped me understand my
topic better because women beginning to have powerful government positions such as in
congress was significant towards the development of women’s rights.
“COLLECTION GUIDES.” Massachusetts Historical Society,
www.masshist.org/collection-guides/view/fa0121.

This source contained records relevant to women’s rights movements, activism, and
suffrage. It contained information including in 1890, The Remonstrance, the official organ
of the anti-suffrage movement in Massachusetts, was first published by the anti-suffrage
committee. It appeared annually until 1908, when it was issued quarterly. In 1914, its title
was lengthened to The Remonstrance Against Woman Suffrage. This was important to
further understanding my topic because it keeps record of some of the events that occurred
during women’s suffrage movements.

Glenn, Myra C. Dr. Harriot Kezia Hunt: Nineteenth-Century Physician and Woman's Rights
Advocate. University of Massachusetts Press, 2018.

I learned about some of the first historical acts towards women’s rights including the first
national historic act of woman to ask the why and the wherefore of her political nonentity
in this glorious republic. Women were denied many things just because of their gender and
this oppression is what led to many turning points in activism and women’s rights. One
example of these denials included unsuccessful efforts to attend lectures at Harvard’s
Medical School. This helped me understand women’s oppression because women were
being denied their education.

Simon, Rita James., and Vassia Gueorguieva. Voting and Elections the World Over. Lexington
Books, 2009.

One piece of information I gathered from this source is that women's suffrage (with the
same property qualifications as for men) was granted in New Jersey in 1776 and the first
unrestricted women’s suffrage in terms of voting rights. I learned that in 1848 Elizabeth
Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organized the first women ’s rights convention in Seneca
Falls, New York and launched the women’s suffrage movement in the United States. This
is important towards understanding my topic because this convention and movement was
one of the first which was a huge development in women’s rights awareness.

Terry, Geraldine B. Women's Rights. Pluto Press, 2007.

Terry expresses that the idea that people have rights is something we take for granted,
perhaps without thinking too much about it rights exist on different levels. I learned that all
women encounter discrimination on the grounds oftheir sex and discrimination against
women, whether direct or indirect, is oneof the most destructive forces in the world
today,It causes vastpoverty and suffering and is a major brake on development. This
helped me understand my topic better because it emphasized how women were treated
inferiorly to men before voting rights and still are to this day.