This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: D2724 − 19

Standard Test Method for

Bond Strength of Bonded, Fused, and Laminated Apparel
Fabrics1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2724; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

1. Scope chrometer (the Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Tem-

1.1 This test method covers procedures for characterizing peratures)
the bond strength of bonded, fused, and laminated apparel 2.2 AATCC Standards:3
fabrics before or after drycleaning and laundering. LP1 Home Laundering: Machine Washing
LP2 Home Laundering: Hand Washing
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as TM135 Dimensional Changes of Fabrics after Home Laun-
standard; the values in parentheses are provided as information dering
only. TM158 Dimensional Changes on Drycleaning in Perchloro-
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the ethylene: Machine Method
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 3. Terminology
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- 3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.59, Fabric Test
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Methods, General, refer to Terminology D4850.
See 6.1.1 for a specific warning. 3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor- bonded fabric, bond strength, fused fabric, fusible fabric,
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- interlining, laminated fabric, lot, relative humidity.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.2 For definitions of other textile terms used in this test
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
method, refer to Terminology D123.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. 4. Summary of Test Methods

2. Referenced Documents 4.1 Specimens are tested to determine the strength of the
bond as received, after drycleaning, or after laundering.
2.1 ASTM Standards:2
D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles 5. Significance and Use
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles 5.1 This test method for the determination of bond strength
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles of bonded, fused, or laminated apparel fabrics, is considered
D3135 Specification for Performance of Bonded, Fused, and satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of
Laminated Apparel Fabrics bonded and laminated apparel fabrics.
D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test 5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance be-
Methods tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more),
E337 Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psy- comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is
a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical
assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a com-
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles parative test that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.59 on Fabric Test Methods, the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate
General.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2019. Published January 2019. Originally
results during initial testing. Randomly assign specimens in
approved in 1968. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D2724 – 07(2015). equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the
DOI: 10.1520/D2724-19.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
3
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on (AATCC), P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2215, http://
the ASTM website. www.aatcc.org.

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 D2724 − 19
laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical end of each roll of fabric in the lot sample, after first discarding
test for unpaired data and a probability level chosen prior to the a minimum of 1 m (1 yd) of fabric from the very outside of the
testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found roll.
and corrected, or future test results for that material must be
7.3 Test Specimens—Proceed as follows:
adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
7.3.1 For Bond Strength after Drycleaning or Laundering—
6. Apparatus and Materials Cut three specimens from each swatch in the laboratory sample
with each specimen being 380 by 380 mm (15 by 15 in.) in
6.1 Drycleaning Machine,4 as described in AATCC TM158.
size, with the one side of the specimens from a single swatch
6.1.1 Perchloroethylene (commercial), drycleaning grade.
parallel to the selvage. Locate each of the specimens along a
Warning—Perchlorethylene is toxic, and the usual precautions
diagonal line on the swatch so that they will contain different
for handling chlorinated solvents should be taken. It should be
warp ends and filling picks. Sew a straight line of stitching
used only under well-ventilated conditions. The solvent is
around each specimen 25 mm (1 in.) from each edge. These
nonflammable.
specimens may also be used to evaluate dimensional changes
6.1.2 Sorbitan mono-oleate.
as directed in AATCC TM135 or TM158, or appearance as
6.1.3 Ballast fabric.
directed in Specification D3135.
6.2 Domestic Automatic Washer,4 as described in AATCC 7.3.2 For Bond Strength as Received—Prepare three test
LP1. specimens, each measuring 76 mm (3 in.) wide, and 152 mm (6
6.2.1 1993 AATCC Standard Reference Detergent. in.) long, the length of the specimens corresponding to the
6.2.2 Ballast fabric. lengthwise direction of the fabric. Do not take the test
6.3 Domestic Automatic Tumble Dryer,4 as described in specimens closer to the selvage than a distance equal to 20 %
AATCC LP1. of the fabric width.
6.4 Aspirated Psychrometer, which meets the requirements NOTE 2—Samples that are 51 mm (2 in.) wide may be used as the
of Test Method E337. minimum width.
6.5 Sewing Machine, suitable for sewing a 301 lockstitch,
using a gassed and mercerized cotton sewing thread from tex 8. Conditioning
size 30 to tex size 60 with a stitch density of 6-8 stitches per 8.1 For specimens to be tested as received, condition them
inch (spi), 25 mm (1 in.) from the edge of the fabric specimen. in the standard atmosphere for testing textiles as directed in
6.6 Steam Iron, hand type. Practice D1776. Preconditioning is not necessary.
6.7 Steam Press,4 a press, 600 by 1250 mm (24 by 50 in.), 8.2 For specimens to be tested after drycleaning or
or larger, provided with 60 to 70 psig steam pressure at the laundering, condition only if the same specimens will be tested
press. Any steam press large enough for pressing a specimen for dimensional changes. In this case, condition in the standard
380 mm (15 in.) square may be used. atmosphere for testing textiles as directed in Practice D1776
6.8 Tensile Testing Machine, conforming to Specification prior to marking. Refer to AATCC TM135 or TM158.
D76, either a constant rate of traverse type4 or a constant rate
of extension type, equipped with clamps having a width of 76.2 9. Specimen Preparation
mm (3.00 in.) and preferably calibrated in kilograms with a 9.1 For specimens to be tested after drycleaning, run three
range from 0 to 4.5 kg (0 to 160 oz). The constant rate of complete drycleaning cycles following the procedures de-
extension type machine is preferred because of the inherently scribed in AATCC TM158.
lower machine-induced errors in this type of machine.
9.2 For specimens to be tested after machine laundering, run
7. Sampling five complete cycles (washing and drying) following the
procedures described in AATCC LP1. After the fifth cycle,
7.1 Lot Sample—As a lot sample for acceptance testing, take hand iron following the procedure described in AATCC LP1,
at random the number of rolls of fabric directed in an as needed.
applicable material specification or other agreement between
the purchaser and the supplier. Consider rolls of fabric to be the 9.3 For specimens to be tested after hand laundering, run
primary sampling units. five complete cycles (washing and drying) following the
procedures described in AATCC LP2.
NOTE 1—An adequate specification or other agreement between the
purchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variability 9.4 Condition drycleaned or laundered specimens in the
between rolls of fabric and between specimens from a swatch from a roll standard atmosphere for testing textiles as directed in Practice
of fabric so as to provide a sampling plan with a meaningful producer’s
risk, consumer’s risk, acceptable quality level, and limiting quality level. D1776.
7.2 Laboratory Sample—As a laboratory sample for accep- 9.5 If specimens are to be evaluated for dimensional
tance testing, take a full width swatch 1 m (1 yd) long from the changes after drycleaning or laundering, complete all measure-
ments as described in the relevant dimensional change test
method before cutting 76 × 152 mm (3 × 6 in.) specimens for
4
Apparatus and accessories are commercially available. bond strength evaluation.

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 D2724 − 19
9.6 If specimens are to be evaluated for appearance after 12. Procedure for Laminated Fabrics
drycleaning or laundering, refer to Specification D3135, Sec- 12.1 Manually separate the face fabric from the foam along
tion 6, Appearance and Aesthetics before cutting 76 × 152 mm the 76.2-mm (3-in.) width of each test specimen for a distance
(3 × 6 in.) specimens for bond strength evaluation. of approximately 25 mm (1 in.) in the direction of the specimen
9.7 Cut bond strength specimens as directed in 7.3.2. Cut length.
one bond strength specimen from each drycleaned or laundered 12.2 Set the lower clamp at a distance of 25 mm (1 in.) from
specimen. the upper clamp. Secure the separated face fabric of a test
specimen in the upper clamp of the tensile testing machine in
10. Test Conditions such a way that the longitudinal axis of the specimen forms a
right angle with the closed clamping surface. Secure the
10.1 Bond strength tests may be made on the fabric as separated foam or foam and backing fabric in the lower clamp
bonded or laminated, or after the three specified drycleaning of the machine in such a way that the longitudinal axis of the
cycles or after the five specified laundering cycles. These tests specimen forms a right angle with the closed jaws of the lower
also may be made on dry specimens (conditioned in the clamp.
standard atmosphere for testing textiles), or on wet specimens 12.3 Proceed as instructed in 11.3 – 11.6.
(saturated with perchlorethylene at room temperature follow-
ing the drycleaning tests or saturated with water at room 12.4 If foam is laminated to a backing fabric, retain each test
temperature following the laundering tests). specimen from 12.3 after the bond strength has been deter-
mined for face to foam. Manually separate the backing fabric
10.2 Alternatively, following the drycleaning tests, wet from the foam as instructed in 12.1 except that the manual
strength-of-bond tests may be made on flame-laminated fabrics separation should be made at the opposite end of the test
with the specimens saturated in water instead of perchloreth- specimen separated for the face fabric-to-foam test.
ylene. An interlaboratory test run in 1975 showed no signifi- 12.5 Set the lower clamps at a distance of 25 mm (1 in.)
cant differences between perchlorethylene and water in wet from the upper clamp. Secure the separated foam or foam and
tests on flame-laminated fabrics. However, there were signifi- face fabric of a test specimen in the upper clamp of the tensile
cant differences on adhesive-bonded fabrics. Therefore, water testing machine in such a way that the longitudinal axis of the
is not a suitable substitute for perchlorethylene in wet tests on specimen forms a right angle with the closed clamping surface.
these fabrics. Secure the separated backing fabric in the lower clamp of the
machine in such a way that the longitudinal axis of the
11. Procedure for Bonded and Fused Fabrics specimen forms a right angle with the closed jaws of the lower
clamp.
11.1 Manually separate the two layers of fabric along the
76.2 mm (3 in.) width of each test specimen for a distance of 12.6 Proceed as instructed in 11.3 – 11.6.
approximately 25 mm (1 in.) in the direction of the specimen 12.7 Examine both sides of the foam on the test specimens
length. after testing for bond strength. Determine whether the foam
portion ruptured during delamination allowing some foam to
11.2 Set the lower clamp at a distance of 25 mm (1 in.) from adhere to either fabric surface. If this has occurred, make the
the upper clamp. Secure the separated face fabric of a test notation “foam tear” for that test specimen for the side or sides
specimen in the upper clamp of the tensile testing machine in where “foam tear” occurred. If “foam tear” occurs on only one
such a way that the longitudinal axis of the specimen forms a side of one test specimen, disregard this result and report the
right angle with the closed clamping surface. Secure the average bond strength for that side of the remaining two
separated backing fabric in the lower clamp of the machine in specimens. If “foam tear” occurs on the same side of two or
such a way that the longitudinal axis of the specimen forms a three specimens, report the bond strength for that side as “foam
right angle with the closed jaws of the lower clamp. tear.”
11.3 If the indicating scale on the machine is provided with 12.8 In the event it is impossible to separate manually the
a pawl and ratchet mechanism, disengage the mechanism to foam from either the face or the backing fabric as instructed in
permit readings of variable force when the machine is placed in 12.1 and 12.4 without rupturing the foam, report the bond
operation. strength for the side or sides where this occurs as “foam tear.”

11.4 Operate the machine at a pulling speed of 5.1 6 0.2 13. Report
mm/s (12 6 0.5 in./min). 13.1 State that the tests were made as directed in ASTM Test
Methods D2724. Describe the material or product sampled and
11.5 Estimate the bond strength to the nearest 140 mN (0.5 the method of sampling used.
ozf) as the average of at least the five highest and the five
lowest peak loads of resistance per inch of width, registered for 13.2 Report the following information along with the sol-
100 mm (4 in.) of delamination. vent used for wet specimens:
13.2.1 Whether the tests were run on the fabric as bonded or
11.6 Repeat the operations described in 11.2 – 11.5 for each laminated, or after the three drycleaning cycles, or after the five
of the remaining two test specimens. laundering cycles.

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 D2724 − 19
13.2.2 Whether the tests were run on dry or wet specimens TABLE 1 Components of Variance, Wet Bond Strength
as described in Section 10. Single- Between-
13.2.3 Whether constant rate of transverse or constant rate Operator Laboratory
DF DF
Component, Component,
of extension type tensile testing machine was used. oz/in. oz/in.
Drycleaning 0.54 30 0.00 4
NOTE 3—While this method provides for three drycleaning cycles, five Hand wash-line dry 0.23 15 0.48 4
laundering and drying cycles, or both, the number of cycles can be
decreased or increased for special purposes but in this case the report
should state what cycles were used.
TABLE 2 Critical Differences, Wet Bond Strength
13.2.4 Report the average bond strength in mN (ozf) of Critical Differences oz/1 in.
width as the average strength of the three test specimens. Number of Wide Test Specimen
Observations
in Each Single- Between-
14. Precision and Bias Average Operator Laboratory
Precision Precision
14.1 Interlaboratory Test Data—An interlaboratory test, in Drycleaning 2 1.1 1.1
which nine different bonded and laminated fabrics were used, 3 0.9 0.9
4 0.8 0.8
was run during 1969. Five laboratories participated and re- Hand wash-line dry 2 0.6 2.0
corded the average wet bond strength (sometimes called wet 3 0.5 1.9
peel bond strength) for 76-mm (3-in.) wide specimens after 4 0.4 1.9
drycleaning, hand washing, and machine washing the specified
number of times. No data is reported for machine wash-tumble
dry wet-bond strength because some of the fabrics delaminated 14.3 Bias—The procedure in Test Methods D2724 for
before the five wash cycles were completed and some exhibited measuring strength of bond has no bias because the value of
“foam tear.” Of the participating laboratories, four used the this property can be defined only in terms of a test method.
constant rate of extension type tensile testing machine, and one NOTE 5—The nature of the bonding and laminating processes which
used the constant rate of traverse type machine. The calculated involve the adhesion of two or three components with adhesive systems
components of variance expressed as standard deviations and that apply the adhesive in discrete quantities in a discontinuous form on
the degrees of freedom on which they are based, are listed in the textile surface, produces bonded and laminated fabrics that are
nonuniform in their bond strength characteristics. Considerable variations
Table 1. in bond strength are commonly found at various points across the width of
14.2 Precision—Based upon the components of variance the fabric and from one end to the other in a single piece. Because of this,
stated in 14.1, the average test results should be considered it is often desirable to report the bond strength value of the test specimen
with the lowest bond strength in addition to reporting the average as
significantly different at the 95 % level if the difference equals specified in Section 11.
or exceeds the differences listed in Table 2.
15. Keywords
NOTE 4—The critical differences listed in Table 2 were calculated using
the values of t that correspond to the degrees of freedom listed in Table 1. 15.1 apparel; bonded fabric; delamination strength

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 D2724 − 19

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