Citation Styles

Citation Styles
There are (3) major citation styles used in academic writing:

1. Modern Language Association (MLA)
2. American Psychological Association (APA)
3. Chicago, which supports two styles:
- Notes and Bibliography
- Author-Date
Humanities: English, Art Social Sciences, History, or the Physical,

History, Philosophy, Education, Humanities Natural, or
Music, Religion, Engineering, etc. Social
Language, Linguistics, Sciences
Etc.
Try: MLA Try: APA Try: Chicago Try: Chicago
Notes & Author-Date
MLA style uses APA style uses
Bibliography
parenthetical in-text parenthetical in-text Chicago author-
citations and a "Works citations and a Chicago notes date utilizes
Cited" list at the end of a "References" list at utilizes parenthetical
paper to link sources the end of the paper footnotes and in-text citations
to link sources endnotes to and references
link text to or works cited
sources. list at the end,
similar to the
APA style.
The humanities place These disciplines Typically Typically

emphasis place emphasis on accompanied accompanied by
on authorship and the date of creation by a a "References"
interpreting primary or publication, in an "Bibliography" or "Works
sources in a historical effort to track page. Cited" page.
context. The author's currency and
name is the first piece of relevancy.
information preceding title The date is listed
and publication immediately following
information on the "Works the author's name in
Cited" list at the end of the "References" list.
the work.
MLA Style
1|Page
General Format for Books
Author’s Last Name, Author’s First Name. Title. Publisher, Year.
Basic Book
McCorker, Frank. Storymaking and Mythtelling: Comic Literary and Film Images.
Oxbridge, 1992.
Two Authors
Druin, Allison, and Solomon, Cynthia. Designing Multimedia Environments for
Children. J. Wiley & Sons, 1996.
Article or chapter in an edited book or anthology
Yorbach, Erich. "Odysseus Wonderful." Peripatesis: The Representation of Fantasy
and Adventure in Western Literature. Edited by Polly Feemis. Syracuse University Press,
1943. pp. 3-23.
Electronic Book
Coffey, Frank. The Complete Idiot's Guide to Elvis. Alpha Books, 1997. eBooks on
EBSCOhost.11 May 2000.
Example Citations: Other Materials

General Format for Lecture Notes
Lecturer's name. "Title of lecture." Meeting. Name of sponsoring organization.
Location of lecture, date.
**If you don't know the title of the lecture, or the lecture doesn't have a title, use the title
Lecture (without the quotation marks).
Examples:
Litfin, Karen. "Introduction to Political Economy." Political Science 203. University of
Washington. Seattle, 16 October 2000.
Collins, Kathleen. Lecture. Sociology 300. University of Washington. Seattle, 16 October

2014.
APA Style
General Format
Author’s Last Name, F. I. (Date). Book title. Publisher.
Book
DeCarbo, M. A. (1969). Mentorship among older and younger college students. University of
California.
Book with two authors

Druin, A., & Solomon, C. (1996). Designing multimedia environments for children. J. Wiley
& Sons.
Article or chapter in an edited book
2|Page
Franciscu, J. B., & Chiarini, L. B. (1992). Clarity at last: Including personal spiritual beliefs
in patient motivation evaluation. In R. M. Bright III (Ed.), Aspects of Psychology: Vol. 7.
Psychology and Religion (2nd ed., pp. 24-68). Amicus.

Lecture Presentations
General Format
Author, F.M. (Publication Year). Name or title of lecture [file format]. URL
**If you are citing a classroom presentation, include the same data except the retrieval
information
Examples:
Jacobson, T.E. & Mackey, T. (2013). What’s in the name?: Information literacy,
metaliteracy, or transliteracy [PowerPoint slides]. http://www.slideshare.net/tmackey/acrl-
2013
Smith, J.F. (2013, Oct. 17). U.S. Political Parties in Perspective [PowerPoint slides and class
handout]. Retrieved from http://canvas.uw.edu/
Chicago Notes and Bibliography

Basic form
Note:
First Name Last Name, Title of Book: Subtitle of Book (Location: Publisher, Year): xx-xx.
Bibliography Entry:
Last Name, First Name. Title of Book: Subtitle of Book. Location: Publisher, Year.
One author
Note:
1. Becky Pettit, Invisible Men: Mass Incarceration and the Myth of Black Progress (New
York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2012), 76-83.
Duplicate Note:
2. Pettit, Invisible Men, 126.
Bibliography Entry:
Pettit, Becky. Invisible Men: Mass Incarceration and the Myth of Black Progress. New York:
Russell Sage Foundation, 2012.
More than one author (Note: only the first name listed is inverted in the bibliography)
Note
1. Mary E. Pattillo, David F. Weiman, and Bruce Western, Imprisoning America: The Social
Effects of Mass Incarceration (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2004), 34.
Duplicate Note
3|Page
2. Pattillo, Weiman, and Western, Imprisoning America, 68-71.
Bibliography Entry
Pattillo, Mary E., David F. Weiman, and Bruce Western. Imprisoning America: The Social
Effects of Mass Incarceration. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2004.
For a book with four or more authors, list all authors in the bibliography entry. However, in
the note, cite only the name of the first listed author, followed by et al. Word order and
punctuation are the same as for two or three authors.
Article/chapter in an edited book

Note
1. Sharon Rosenberg, "Neither Forgotten Nor Fully Remembered: Tracing an Ambivalent
Public Memory on the Tenth Anniversary of the Montreal Massacre," in Killing Women: The
Visual Culture of Gender and Violence, ed. Susan Lord and Annette Burfoot (Waterloo, ON:
Wilfred Laurier University Press, 2006), 33.
Duplicate Note
2. Rosenberg, "Neither Forgotten," 41.
Bibliography Entry
Rosenberg, Sharon. "Neither Forgotten Nor Fully Remembered: Tracing an Ambivalent
Public Memory on the Tenth Anniversary of the Montreal Massacre." In Killing Women: The
Visual Culture of Gender and Violence, edited by Susan Lord and Annette Burfoot, 21-46.
Waterloo, ON: Wilfred Laurier University Press, 2006.

Lecture notes
Note:
1. Sarah Quinn, "The Sociology of Wall Street Trading" (class lecture, University of
Washington, Seattle, WA, February 19, 2013).
Duplicate Note:
2. Quinn, "Wall Street Trading."
Bibliography:
Quinn, Sarah. "The Sociology of Wall Street Trading." Class lecture, University of
Washington, Seattle, WA, February 19, 2013.
Thesis or dissertation
Note:
1. Amy E. Singer, “Under the Radar: The Subversive Work of American Children's Books,
1930-1980” (PhD diss., University of Washington, 2005).
Duplicate Note:
4|Page
2. Singer, "Under the Radar," 127-38.
Bibliography Entry:
Singer, Amy E. “Under the Radar: The Subversive Work of American Children's Books,
1930-1980.” PhD diss., University of Washington, 2005.
Unpublished interviews & personal communications

Unpublished interviews and personal communications (conversations, emails, letters, etc.)
may be cited in running text (“In an email to the author on July 23, 2014, Jane Smith revealed
. . .”) instead of in notes, and they are rarely listed in the bibliography. The following
examples show a more formal citation.
General format
Note:
1. Interviewee/Email Sender First Name/Initial Surname, Interview by Name of Interviewer,
Place and Date of Interview.
Duplicate Note:
Generally, the same as the full note. Can list Interviewee/Email Sender by Surname only.
Bibliography:
Typically, no bibliography entry required.
Examples:
1. Jane Smith, email message to author, July 23, 2014.
8. Jane Smith, interview by John Doe, Seattle, WA, July 23, 2014.
Chicago Author-Date Style

Basic form
Last Name, First Name. Year. Title of Book: Subtitle of Book. Location: Publisher.
One author
Pettit, Becky. 2012. Invisible Men: Mass Incarceration and the Myth of Black Progress. New
York: Russell Sage Foundation.
More than one author

Pattillo, Mary E., David F. Weiman, and Bruce Western. 2004. Imprisoning America: The
Social Effects of Mass Incarceration. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Article/chapter in an edited book

Rosenberg, Sharon. 2006. "Neither Forgotten Nor Fully Remembered: Tracing an
Ambivalent Public Memory on the Tenth Anniversary of the Montreal Massacre." In Killing
Women: The Visual Culture of Gender and Violence, edited by Susan Lord and Annette
Burfoot, 21-46. Waterloo, ON: Wilfred Laurier University Press.
5|Page
Lecture notes
General format:
Lecturer Surname, First Name or Initial. Year. "Lecture Title." Lecture, Location of Lecture,
Month Day of Lecture.
Example:
Quinn, Sarah. 2013. "The Sociology of Wall Street Trading." Class lecture, University of
Washington, Seattle, WA, February 19.
Unpublished interview or personal communication

Unpublished interviews and personal communications (conversations, emails, letters, etc.)
may be cited in running text (“In an email to the author on July 23, 2014, Jane Smith revealed
. . .”) instead of in parentheses, and they are rarely listed in a reference list. The following
examples show a more formal parenthetical citation.
(Jane Smith, e-mail message to author, July 23, 2014)
(Jane Smith, personal interview, July 24, 2014)
Thesis or dissertation
Singer, Amy E. 2005. “Under the Radar: The Subversive Work of American Children's
Books, 1930-1980.” PhD diss., University of Washington.
Reference:
University of Washington Libraries (2020, Oct. 3). Citation Styles & Tools. Retrieved from
https://guides.lib.uw.edu/c.php?g=341448&p=2802215.
6|Page

Citation Styles

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Citation Styles

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Citation Styles

There are (3) major citation styles used in academic writing:

Humanities: English, Art Social Sciences, History, or the Physical,

The humanities place These disciplines Typically Typically

Example Citations: Other Materials

Collins, Kathleen. Lecture. Sociology 300. University of Washington. Seattle, 16 October

Book with two authors

Article or chapter in an edited book

Example Citations: Other Materials

Chicago Notes and Bibliography

Article/chapter in an edited book

Example Citations: Other Materials

Unpublished interviews & personal communications

Chicago Author-Date Style

More than one author

Article/chapter in an edited book

Unpublished interview or personal communication

(Jane Smith, e-mail message to author, July 23, 2014)

(Jane Smith, personal interview, July 24, 2014)

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