May 24, 2021

MARYBETH M. MELENCION, AGRON 203 STUDENT

PCA-Zamboanga Research Center
San Ramon, Zamboanga City

TOPIC (Question)

What are solutions, strategies, and opportunities to address the prevailing

issues that are applicable to Zamboanga City condition?

I. BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEM

Zamboanga City had been importing rice from local and foreign sources. From 2008-2020, average
rice sufficiency was only 17.74% based on data provided by the Office of the City Agriculturist. The
City’s rice production is simply not enough to satisfy the demand. In 2020, for example, rice
produced from irrigated and rainfed farmlands was only 11,205MT (milled rice), barely enough to
supply the 99,581MT demand from its rice eating population of 871,604.

It is therefore necessary to assess the rice production situation in Zamboanga City in order to find
solutions, strategize the means to achieve them, find opportunities for stake holders in the rice
production value change, and to provide recommendations.

II. CONTRIBUTING FACTORS TO RICE DEFFICIENCY

1. Land-Use Related Problem
The land allotted for rice production in
Zamboanga City is shrinking, Table 1. Rice production area in Zamboanga City (in hectares,
Ha).
specifically in the irrigated areas where
reduction became evident as early as IRRIGATED RAINFED
YEARLY YEARLY
2016. In that same year, the irrigated Year
(HA) CHANGES (HA) CHANGES
rice areas were reduced by 3,254 (HA) (HA)
hectares from 5,174 ha in 2015. The
succeeding years (2017 & 2018) 2009 4,788 1,819
2010 4,265 (523) 1,405 (414)
recorded roughly 300 ha of irrigated
2011 4,655 390 1,725 320
land was lost. The rain-fed rice areas 2012 5,023 368 1,825 100
are also shrinking. In 2018, for 2013 4,781 (242) 1,732 (93)
example, saw a reduction of 70 2014 4,762 (19) 1,630 (102)
hectares from 2017 data. However, 2015 5,174 412 1,330 (300)
2016 1,920 (3,254) 9,404 8,074
there was a spike in the increase of
2017 2,221 301 426 (8,978)
hectares planted in 2016. Rain-fed 2018 2,587 366 356 (70)
areas rose 8,978 by hectares from
2015 but subsequently reduced by 8,978 ha in 2017.

Page 1 of 17
 Reduction in sizeable areas of valuable irrigated rice farms is attributed to change in land use or
land conversion. These irrigated farmlands are usually located in flat terrain near population
centers which made these lands desirable for housing or industrial use. While the Local
Government Code of 1991 (Republic Act 7160) allows the local Sangunian to reclassify
agricultural lands of up to 15%, the City’s Sanguniang Panlunsod should always balance food
security and progress. Besides, industrial zones can always be located in poor quality soils but
not with rice lands without greatly affecting food security.

2. Agronomic Problem

a. Low yields

Average yield in Zamboanga City is 4.39 metric tons per hectare (2008-2020) (Table 2).
This is lower than the potential yields of up to 14 metric tons per hectare for newer rice
varieties like Mestiso 74 (14MT/ha) and Tubigan 36 (14MT/ha) (Appendix 2).

Table 2. Rice production data showing the yearly damaged rice plantings and yields.

b. Cultivation damage
On the average, around 392 hectares (11.73%) of duly planted rice fields were damaged
either by drought or by pest and diseases every year (Table 2). No data is available as
what caused the damage that prevented full harvesting of planted rice. It can be
speculated to be due to pests, drought, and other climatic disturbances. If mitigated by
provision of additional irrigation facilities, ready credit for fertilizer and pesticides
purchase, around 1,720.16 metric tons of rice can be saved.

Page 2 of 17
3. Post-harvest problems

Production losses is pegged at 15% of the total production (Table 4). This can be due to lack of
farm machineries like mechanical harvesters, transport vehicles, mechanical dryers and support
infrastructures like silos. Average post-harvest losses amount to 4,233 MT/year. If mitigated, it
can feed 23,121 people for one year. (Philippine Statistics Authority as cited by the Department
of Agriculture, 2020).

Table 3. Harvest losses in rice production in Zamboanga City.

POST HARVEST LOSSES EQUIVALENT MILLED AVERAGE RICE NUMBER OF
2008-2020 (AVE@15% ) RICE @ 65% MILLING CONSUMPTION PER ZAMBOANGUEÑOS THAT
(OCA DATA, 2020) RECOVERY RATE (MT) PERSON/YEAR (KG)* CAN BE FEED FOR A YEAR

4,232.94 2,751.41 119.00 23,121.11

*Philippine Statistics Authority as cited by the Department of Agriculture, 2020

Table 4. Rice production data of Zamboanga City showing various production losses
and effective production per year (milled rice).

Page 3 of 17
 Table 5. Zamboanga City’s rice supply and demand situation (2008-2020).

4. Rising
rice
eating

population & shrinking rice production area

Zamboanga City is mostly rice eating population with ninety-five percent (95%) of its resident’s
eat rice for breakfast, lunch, and dinner. This further exerted pressure on the supply side where
its rice production areas are shrinking.

Graph 1. Rice-eating population of Zamboanga City. Graph 2. Rice production area of Zamboanga City.

III. SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEM

The problem of rice insufficiency in Zamboanga City is a complex production problem. Its solution
(which will be discussed in the recommendation part) requires involves direct participation of the

Page 4 of 17
 City government (ordinance preventing rice land re-classification), the Department of Agriculture to
strictly adhere to non-rice land conversion policy (RA. 7160 Sec 20. No. 1), the National
Government/Congress through a passage of a new law preserving all rice lands (amending RA 7160
Sec 20), other government agencies, the Zamboanga City Chamber of Commerce in marshalling its
members not to put factories and subdivisions in rice fields, rice farmers, and other stake holders.
Interventions include assistance to farmers in terms of necessary production inputs like appropriate
high-quality seeds, provision of irrigation system, machineries, post-harvest facilities (dyers, silos,
etc.), technical inputs (Best farming practices, etc.) and credit facilities.

Based on the detailed discussion in the recommendation part, rice sufficiency is achievable.
Essentially this is achieved by:

1. Increasing the rice production area

This can be achieved by constructing terraces in sloppy terrain for paddy rice and
introduction of contour farming for upland rice.

2. Enforcing the use of good quality, high yielding seeds appropriate for a particular farm type
(use of hybrids like Mestiso 74 (14MT/ha) and inbred like Tubigan 36 (14MT).

a. Massive re-education of farmers on the economic gains of using HYVs despite its higher
investment cost.

b. Provision of easy credit facilities for the purchase of HYVs, fertilizers, and pesticides.

3. Reducing farming losses (production stage-control of pests, diseases, drought, flood; post-
harvest stage- harvest machineries, dryers and efficient rice mills)

4. Cooperation with the Zamboanga City Chamber of Commerce not to put their factories,
offices, and subdivisions in rice lands.

IV. OPPORTUNITIES

Opportunities that might benefit farmers and entrepreneurs include:

1. Supply and distribution of HYVs Seeds

Some rice farmers, in partnership with seed companies, may benefit in supplying hybrids
and inbreeds HYVs to farmers in this transformation. Table 6 show the potential
requirements for rice seeds.

Page 5 of 17
 Table 6. Projected volume of high-yield rice seeds needed in Zamboanga City.

PROJECTED PRODUCTION AREA (HA) SEED REQUIREMENTS (MT) GRAND TOTAL

MULTIPLIER/
YEAR
FACTOR
IRRIGATED RAINFED TOTAL IRRIGATED TOTAL COST RAINFED TOTAL COST (P)

2018 PSA DATA 5,391.00 2,527.00 7,918.00

2022 1.00 5,391 2,527 7,918 215.64 10,782,000.00 101.08 5,054,000.00 15,836,000.00
2023 1.25 6,739 3,159 9,898 269.55 13,477,500.00 126.35 6,317,500.00 19,795,000.00
2024 1.50 10,108 4,738 14,846 404.33 20,216,250.00 189.53 9,476,250.00 29,692,500.00
2025 1.75 17,689 8,292 25,981 707.57 35,378,437.50 331.67 16,583,437.50 51,961,875.00
2026 2.00 35,378 16,583 51,962 1,415.14 70,756,875.00 663.34 33,166,875.00 103,923,750.00
2027 2.25 79,601 37,313 116,914 3,184.06 159,202,968.75 1,492.51 74,625,468.75 233,828,437.50
2028 2.50 199,004 93,282 292,286 7,960.15 398,007,421.88 3,731.27 186,563,671.88 584,571,093.75
2029 2.75 547,260 256,525 803,785 21,890.41 1,094,520,410.16 10,261.00 513,050,097.66 1,607,570,507.81
Seed Requirement: 40.00 kg/Ha
0.04 MT/Ha

2. Credit/lending opportunities
3. Supply of fertilizers (organic and inorganic) and pesticides

Table 6. Projected volume of high-yield rice seeds needed in Zamboanga City.

COMPLETE (14N-14P-14K) FERTILIZER REQUIREMENTS, BAGS
PROJECTED PRODUCTION (MT)
MULTIPLIER
YEAR IRRIGATED RAINFED
(FACTOR)
TOTAL
BAGS BAGS NEAREST
IRRIGATED RAINFED TOTAL NEAREST UNIT
(KG/BAG) (KG/BAG) UNIT

2022 1.00 59,301 15,162 74,463 84,715.71 84,716 21,660.00 21,660 106,376
2023 1.25 74,126 18,953 93,079 105,894.64 105,895 27,075.00 27,075 132,970
2024 1.50 88,952 22,743 111,695 127,073.57 127,074 32,490.00 32,490 159,564
2025 1.75 103,777 26,534 130,310 148,252.50 148,253 37,905.00 37,905 186,158
2026 2.00 118,602 30,324 148,926 169,431.43 169,432 43,320.00 43,320 212,752
2027 2.25 133,427 34,115 167,542 190,610.36 190,611 48,735.00 48,735 239,346
2028 2.50 148,253 37,905 186,158 211,789.29 211,790 54,150.00 54,150 265,940
2029 2.75 163,078 41,696 204,773 232,968.21 232,969 59,565.00 59,565 292,534

http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/ericeproduction/IV.3_Nutrient_calculator.htm#:~:text=Nitrogen%2C%20phosphorous%20and%2
SOURCE:
0potassium%20make,result%20in%20a%20high%20yield.&text=The%20rice%20crop%20needs%20the,N)%3A15%2D20%20kg
The rice crop needs the following uptake of N, P and K to produce 1 ton of grain per hectare:
Nitrogen (N): 15-20 kg
Phosphorous (P): 2-3 kg
15-20 kg (If all straw remains in the field and is evenly distributed, K requirements can be reduced to 3-5 kg/ha per
Potassium (K):
ton of grain yield.

4. Supply farm machineries (including fabrication)

Page 6 of 17
 5. Labor (required to sustain the increase in rice production)

V. RECOMMENDED STRATEGIES

1. Use of High Yielding Varieties (HYVs)

The simplest strategy to improve rice sufficiency with the least modification of existing rice
production set up is to use high yielding rice varieties (HYVs) either hybrids or inbreeds. By
utilizing HYVs with potential yields of up to 14MT/ha per cropping, the 11% rice sufficiency
(2020 OCA data) can be increased to 45.25% (using hybrids) or 39.39% using inbred rice varieties
(Tables 7 & 7a). These rice sufficiency values were computed with 13MT/ha yield per cropping
(max. 14MT/ha) for the hybrids, 11MT/ha (max 14MT/ha) for inbreed, and 6MT/ha for the
rainfed (max.6.7MT/ha).

Table 7. Projected rice production scenario for Zamboanga City using HYVs rice varieties.
PROJECTED INCREASE IN AREA
RICE PRODUCTION SEED USED (MT)
@
AREA (PSA 2018 PROJECTED YIELD PROJECTED POST HARVEST PRE-MILLING
TYPE OF FARM DATA) PER HECTARE PRODUCTION
1.00 1.00 (MT/HA) '@ 40 Kg/Ha) VOLUME (MT)
PRODUCTIONS LOSSES (%)
MULTIPLIER/ MULTIPLIER/
(HA) (MT) 0.04 15
FACTOR FACTOR

Irrigated (HYBRID) 5,391 5,391 13 70,083.00 10,512 59,571

Irrigated (INBRED) 5,391 5,391 11 59,301.00 215.64 8,895 50,190
Rainfed 2,527 2,527.00 6 15,162 101.08 2,274 12,787

TOTAL 317

Table 7a. Projected rice production scenario for Zamboanga City using HYVs rice varieties (continued).
PROJECTED EXISTING RICE
EFFECTIVE SUPPLY (MT) BALANCE/(DEFICIT) PROJECTED SUFFICIENCY SUFFICIENCY
DEMAND
PRE-MILLING (%)
TYPE OF FARM PRODUCTION (OCA 2021
VOLUME (MT) 0.65 TOTAL (MT) % DATA)
% MILLING
RAINF+HYVs RAINF+INBRED RAINF+HYVs RAINF+INBRED RAINF+HYVs RAINF+INBRED (MT)
RECOVERY (MT)

Irrigated (HYBRID) 59,571 38,721 47,032 103,929.36 (56,897) 45.25

Irrigated (INBRED) 50,190 32,624 40,935 (62,994) 39.39 11% (2020)
Rainfed 12,787 8,311

It is evident that the use of HYV seeds greatly improve the rice sufficiency of Zamboanga City.
Reference yields in Zamboanga City ranges from 3.16 MT (2020) to 5.46MT (2019). While these
previously recorded yields are at par with the national average of 4.03MT/Ha (DA, 2021), these
values are still lower than the potential yields of newer HYVs.

Page 7 of 17
 Graph 3. Rice production data of Zamboanga City from 2008-2020 (OCA-Zamboanga City, 2020).

If we project a conservative yields of only 6MT/ha for irrigated lands (hybrids & inbreeds) and
5MT for irrigated rainfed, the rice sufficiency scenario will be 23.85% for irrigated lands/hybrids
& rainfed and 23.85% for irrigated lands/inbreeds & rainfed (Appendix 3a &3b).

It is therefore evident that this strategy alone is not enough to achieve our objective of rice
sufficiency. It has to be implemented together with other factors in rice production.

2. Gradual increase in rice production area and reduction of post-harvest losses.

The rice production areas in Zamboanga City in 2018 is reported to be 7,918 hectares, broken
down to 5,391 ha (irrigated) and 2,527 Ha (rainfed) (PSA, 2018). This is slightly higher than the
5,494 hectares reported by the Office of the City Agriculturist (Appendix 1) for the same year
and with the reported rice sufficiency of merely 11
percent. Table 8.Yearly changes in the demand for rice
in Zamboanga City from 2008-2020
Abrupt increases in the rice production areas is not
Difference Percent
realistically feasible considering the tremendous YEAR DEMAND (MT)
(Y2-Y1) Change
amount of groundworks that need to be done. 2008 77,398
2009 80,153 2,755 3.56
Potential to expansion are gradual sloping areas (less 2010 80,669 516 0.64
than 30% slope). These areas can be converted to 2011 83,129 2,460 3.05
2012 85,664 2,535 3.05
terraces for paddy rice or contours for upland rice 2013 88,277 2,613 3.05
farming. 2014 90,969 2,692 3.05
2015 86,133 (4,836) (5.32)
2016 89,743 3,610 4.19
Graphs 4 and 5 and Table 8 show the projected 2017 95,909 6,166 6.87
increases in production area, its corresponding 2018 97,118 1,209 1.26
2019 98,342 1,224 1.26
projected increases in production, the gradual 2020 99,581 1,239 1.26
AVERAGE 2.16

Page 8 of 17
 reduction of post-harvest losses and their combined effect to the rice sufficiency capability of
Zamboanga City

Table 8 shows, post-harvest losses are also projected to gradually decrease as production and
post-harvest machineries and infrastructure are being acquired/constructed.

Graph 4.Projected yearly increase in the irrigated rice Graph 5.Projected yearly increase in the rainfed rice
production area in Zamboanga City from 2022-2029. production area in Zamboanga City from 2022-2029.

The average yearly increase in the demand for rice is 2.16% from 2008-2020 (Sanchez, 2021) (Table
9). Based on the projected increase in land area cultivated with rice, it would take 8 years from year
2022 for Zamboanga City to become self-sufficient in rice. However, since land area is limiting and
that the population of Zamboanga City is increasing every year, there would come a time that there
will be no more area left for farm expansion resulting to a progressive decline in rice sufficiency in
the future.

Table 9.Projected rice production, post-harvest losses, yearly demand, and rice sufficiency of Zamboanga City.

POST
EFFECTIVE DEMAND (2.16% BALANCE/ PROJECTED
PROJECTED PRODUCTION (MT) HARVEST
MULTIPLIER/ SUPPLY INCREASE/YR) (DEFICIT) SUFFICIENCY
YEAR LOSSES
FACTOR
IRRIGATED RAINFED TOTAL (%) (MT) (MT) (MT) (%)

2018 PSA DATA 5,391.00 2,527.00

2020 OCA DATA COMBINED 17,239.00 11,205.00 99,581.00 (88,376.00) 11.25

2022 1.00 59,301 15,162 74,463 15.00 48,400.95 103,929.36 (55,528.41) 46.57
2023 1.25 74,126 18,953 93,079 12.50 52,681.20 106,174.23 (53,493.03) 49.62
2024 1.50 88,952 22,743 111,695 12.50 63,217.44 108,467.60 (45,250.15) 58.28
2025 1.75 103,777 26,534 130,310 10.00 75,871.23 110,810.50 (34,939.27) 68.47
2026 2.00 118,602 30,324 148,926 10.00 96,801.90 113,204.00 (16,402.10) 85.51
2027 2.25 133,427 34,115 167,542 7.50 100,271.27 115,649.21 (15,377.94) 86.70
2028 2.50 148,253 37,905 186,158 7.50 111,412.53 118,147.23 (6,734.71) 94.30
2029 2.75 163,078 41,696 204,773 5.00 125,881.34 120,699.21 5,182.13 104.29

Page 9 of 17
3. Active & Positive Government Intervention

The abovementioned recommendation can only be achieved at the shortest time if adequate
assistance will be provided to rice farmers. These may include:

a. Provision of Good quality seeds. These seeds are expensive and thus the need for
assistance in the procurement. It is further recommended that high yielding inbred rice
seeds be used as subsequent seeds can be reused by farmers without any loss of yield
potential. Hybrid seeds are also recommended but one has to buy new seeds every planting
season.

Subsidy for quality rice seeds

If rice sufficiency is desired, rice farmers should shift to hybrid or inbred rice seeds as these
varieties have very high production potential that may reach as high as 14MT per hectare
per cropping. Although reasonably priced at roughly P50/kg, marginal rice farmers may
hesitate in shelling out P2,000 investments per hectare of rice land. It is therefore
recommended that the Zamboanga City government, through the Office of the City
Agriculturist, to subsidize the payment of rice seeds.

Table 10 shows the projected seed requirement based on the production area
(incrementally enlarged from 2018 rice production area (PSA)).

Table 10.Projected rice production area and its corresponding seed requirements.

PROJECTED PRODUCTION AREA (HA) SEED REQUIREMENTS (MT)

MULTIPLIER/
YEAR
FACTOR
IRRIGATED RAINFED TOTAL IRRIGATED RAINFED TOTAL

2018 PSA DATA 5,391.00 2,527.00 7,918.00

2022 1.00 5,391 2,527 7,918 215.64 101.08 5,054,000.00

2023 1.25 6,739 3,159 9,898 269.55 126.35 6,317,500.00
2024 1.50 10,108 4,738 14,846 404.33 189.53 9,476,250.00
2025 1.75 17,689 8,292 25,981 707.57 331.67 16,583,437.50
2026 2.00 35,378 16,583 51,962 1,415.14 663.34 33,166,875.00
2027 2.25 79,601 37,313 116,914 3,184.06 1,492.51 74,625,468.75
2028 2.50 199,004 93,282 292,286 7,960.15 3,731.27 186,563,671.88
2029 2.75 547,260 256,525 803,785 21,890.41 10,261.00 513,050,097.66
Seed Requirement: 40.00 kg/Ha
0.04 MT/Ha

Only 10% of the required seed volume is recommended for subsidy, considering the huge
cost it may entail. Table 11 shows the projected volume of seeds to be subsidized and their
corresponding cost. The rest of the requirements will be left for the farmers to put up with.

Table 11.Projected rice production area and its corresponding seed requirements.

LAND AREA SEED REQUIREMENT (SUBSIDIZED. 10% OF TOTAL REQUIREMENT) GRAND TOTAL
YEAR MULTIPLIER/
FACTOR IRRIGATED (MT) TOTAL RAINFED / MT TOTAL
Page(P)10 of 17

2022 1.00 21.56 1,078,200.00 10.11 505,400.00 1,583,600.00

2023 1.25 26.96 1,347,750.00 12.64 631,750.00 1,979,500.00
 2025 1.75 70.76 3,537,843.75 33.17 1,658,343.75 5,196,187.50
2026 2.00 141.51 7,075,687.50 66.33 3,316,687.50 10,392,375.00
2027 2.25 318.41 15,920,296.88 149.25 7,462,546.88 23,382,843.75
2028 2.50 796.01 39,800,742.19 373.13 18,656,367.19 58,457,109.38
2029 2.75 2,189.04 109,452,041.02 1,026.10 51,305,009.77 160,757,050.78
Seed Requirement: 40.00 kg/Ha
0.04 MT/Ha
High yielding Seed Cost: 50.00 P/Kg
varieties (JYVs) are listed in Appendix
2. These HYVs provide better alternative
50,000.00 P/MT
to existing rice varieties that maybe suitable to their farmers from which farmers can select
from following recommendations from the Office of the City Agriculturist (Appendix 2).

Recommended top rice varieties that have high potential yield are:
1. For irrigated lowland is 14MT (hybrid, Mestiso 74),
2. For irrigated lowland, inbred 14MT (Tubigan 26),
3. For rainfed lowland 6.7MT (Sahod Ulan 3).

b. Expansion of water irrigation facilities to cover most farmers. This can be in the form of
traditional dam or water catchments or with the use of solar-powered micro irrigation
systems.

c. Provision of farm machineries and infrastructure

The local government of Zamboanga City, through the Office of the City Agriculturist must
provide farm machineries to farmers like tractors, mechanical planters and harvesters, rice
dryers, and silos to assistance to farmers.

d. Provision for Credit facilities for fertilizer and pesticides.

e. Provision of rice friendly land zoning

This would entail proper City Ordinance that will situate industrial and housing zones in
lands not suitable for rice farming. Necessary infrastructure to support these zones must
be provided like roads, bridges, piers (for canning industry), and rails/railroads. Tax
incentives may help entice these businessmen to put up their business in the designated
zones.

4. Business Sector Cooperation

Crucial player in the rice land conversion into industrial/housing use are the businessman who
are more than eager to cash-in very lucrative rice fields located in flat terrain near urban
centers. If the Zamboanga City Chamber of Commerce and land developers cooperates and
avoid the conversion of rice lands, these productive areas can be preserved for food production
use. If only they would realize that housing and industrial land uses can be located in non-
agricultural areas with ease (with assistance of the government in providing good access roads)
but not rice fields, without sacrificing yields.

5. Promotion of alternative carbohydrate sources

Page 11 of 17
 Other rice alternative plants like adlai (Coix lacryma-jobi), camote (Ipomoea batatas), corn (Zea
mays), cassava (Manihot esculenta) and other carbohydrate-rich plants must be promoted for
planting and rice substitute. As shown in Table 10, there can only be limited time where you can
gain positive responses in introducing factors like expansion of rice production area, the use of
high yielding rice varieties, reduction of farm losses etc. to maintain rice sufficiency given the
ever-increasing population.

There are various agricultural crops that can even surpass the edible energy value of rice (Table
12). This makes them better substitute to rice. Furthermore, these root crops, specifically yam
and sweet potato, can be planted in mountainous areas which are currently unutilized for food
production.

Table 12. Comparison average energy and protein production of selected food crops in developing countries
(per hectare and per day) (FAO).

Growth Edible energy Production

Dry matter Edible protein
Crop duration ('000 value (US$/
(kg/ha/day) (kg/ha/day)
(days) kcal/ha/day) ha/day
Potato 130 18 54 1.50 12.60
Yam 180 14 47 1.00 8.80
Sweet potato 180 22 70 1.00 6.70
Rice, paddy 145 18 49 0.90 3.40
Groundnut in shell 115 8 36 1.70 2.60
Wheat 115 14 40 1.60 2.30
Lentil 105 6 23 1.60 2.30
Cassava 272 13 27 0.10 2.20

6. Incorporation of Climate-Change mitigation practices

Climate change is now slowly affecting rice farming. Extreme changes in temperature and
carbon dioxide concentration may affect rice production by causing rice flowers to become
sterile, carbon dioxide produces biomass but less yield, and the emergence of bacterial panicle
blight (BPB).

Although not an immediate solution to achieve rice sufficiency, inclusion of some climate
change mitigation practices is recommended for sustainability in rice farming in Zamboanga City.

a. For paddies near the sea where salinity is becoming a problem due to rising sea levels, salt-
tolerant rice varieties is recommended to be included for promotion and distribution to
affected farmers. Specifically, two rice varieties are recommended: 1. Salinas 29 has a good
potential yield of 6.7MT and 2) Salinas 24 with a yield potential of 6.10MT. For dual drought
and saline adaptation, GSR 8 from IRRI is suggested with 4.4MT yield potential (Table 13).

Table 13.Rice variety recommended for saline areas.

AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS
OFFICIAL NSIC LINE RECOMMENDATION YEAR BREEDING Ave. Yield Max.Yield Maturity Height
REGISTRY NUMBER
LOCAL NAME
DESIGNATION DOMAIN APPROVED INSTITUTION (t/ha) (t/ha) (DAS)
Page 12 Tillers
(cm)
of 17 #

UPLAND
IR79913-B- National, WS in
NSIC 2011 Rc23 Katihan 1 2011 IRRI 3.00 7.60 108 108 64
176-B-4 upland areas
IR82635-B-B- National, WS in
NSIC 2014 Rc25 Katihan 2 2014 IRRI 3.00 5.30 107 84 62
 SALINE
NSIC 2018 Rc534 Salinas 29 GSR-IR1-12-D10-S1-D1
National 2018 IRRI 3.1 6.7 131 85 13
NSIC 2016 Rc468 Salinas 24 IR06M139 National 2016 IRRI 3.6 6.10 121 95 13

b. The use of organic fertilizers and adoption of infrequent rice paddies flooding. Flooding
blocks oxygen and create a condition for aerobic bacteria to thrive in rice paddies creating
methane (a potent greenhouse gas). Alternate wetting and drying (AWD), and midseason
drainage (MSD) are some of the aeration techniques for reduction of methane generation in
rice paddies and at the same time save energy in maintaining water in rice paddies.

VI. CONCLUSION

The illusive self-sufficiency in rice can be achieved if relevant factors related to rice production-
agricultural inputs (land, water, seeds, soil fertility, farm machineries, dryers, milling, and silos) are
controlled to the desired outcome and farmers (trained in scientific farming), technical support
(from the Office of the City Agriculturist and Department of Agriculture), Zamboanga City
government and the Business sector work synergistically towards its attainment and sustainability.

VII. CREDITS
The assistance of Mrs. Carmencita C. Sanchez in providing the rice production data of Zamboanga
City and her valuable insights is greatly appreciated.

VIII. REFERENCES

Department of Agriculture, 2021. Farmers reap record palay yield in 2021 Q1.
https://www.da.gov.ph/farmers-reap-record-palay-yield-in-2021-q1/

Department of Agriculture. 2020. Rice supply adequate for 2020. https://www.da.gov.ph/rice-

supply-adequate-for-2020/

Food and Agriculture Organization (website). 2021. Roots, tubers, plantains and bananas in human
nutrition (1990). http://www.fao.org/3/T0207E/T0207E04.htm

Page 13 of 17
 Page 14 of 17
Sanchez, C. 2021. Supply and Demand data for Rice. Office of the City Agriculturist, Zamboanga City
http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/ericeproduction/IV.3_Nutrient_calculator.htm#:~:text=Nitroge

Appendix 1. Rice production data of Zamboanga City (2008-2020).

http://rfu07.da.gov.ph/index.php/2012-03-27-12-04-15/2012-04-17-09-30-59/986-high-yielding-

OFFICE OF THE CITY AGRICULTURIST

ZAMBOANGA CITY
PhilRice.2021. PalyStatQ. https://dbmp.philrice.gov.ph/palaystat/statistics/retrieve/table/1

SUPPLY AND DEMAND

RICE
Zamboanga City
n%2C%20phosphorous%20and%20potassium%20make,result%20in%20a%20high

SEED
POPULATION AREA AREA ACTUAL REQUIREMENT POST HARVEST
%20yield.&text=The%20rice%20crop%20needs%20the,N)%3A15%2D20%20kg

Year Population 90% Rice Eating PLANTED HARVESTED PRODUCTIONS 40 Kgs/ha. LOSSES (15%)
(HA) (HA) (MT)
2008 774,407 696,966 7,087 6,658 30,885 283 4,628
2009 796,026 718,223 6,823 6,554 32,172 273 4,826
2010 807,129 726,416 6,650 6,352 31,649 266 4,747
2011 831,746 748,571 9,128 7,988 35,849 283 5,377
2012 857,114 771,403 7,683 8,107 37,855 307 5,678
High-Yielding Varieties Key to Rice Self-Sufficient Philippines.

2013 883,255 794,930 7,636 6,172 27,664 305 4,150

2014 910,184 819,175 7,607 7,327 32,506 304 4,876
2015 861,799 775,619 4,330 4,821 23,054 173 3,458
2016 872,658 785,392 6,285 5,453 24,046 3,607
2017 883,653 839,470 5,157 5,132 23,829 3,574
2018 894,788 850,049 5,494 4,975 22,474 3,371
2019 906,082 860,759 4,506 5,381 24,591 3,689
varieties-key-to-rice-self-sufficient-philippines

2020 91,748 871,604 6,412 4,783 20,281 3,042

2021
Average
IRRI.ORG. Nutrient Management.
 Page 15 of 17
T PRODUCTION EFFECTIVE DEMAND DEFICIT
(M.T) SUPPLY 65% (MT) (MT) % Sufficeincy
Milling Recovery
Rate (M.T.)
25,943 16,863 77,398 (60,535) 21.79
27,073 17,597 80,153 (62,556) 21.95
26,636 17,313 80,669 (63,355) 21.46
30,189 19,623 83,129 (63,506) 23.61
31,870 20,715 85,664 (64,949) 24.18
23,209 15,086 88,277 (73,191) 17.09
27,326 17,762 90,969 (73,208) 19.53
19,423 12,625 86,133 (73,508) 14.66
20,439 13,285 89,743 (76,458) 14.80
20,255 13,166 95,909 (82,744) 13.73
19,103 12,417 97,118 (84,701) 12.79
20,902 13,586 98,342 (84,755) 13.82
17,239 11,205 99,581 (88,376) 11.25
17.74

Appendix 2. High-Yielding Rice Varieties.

 Ave. Yield Maturity Height
(t/ha) (t/ha) (DAS) (cm)

IRRIGATED LOWLAND (hybrid)

NSIC 2016 Rc448H Mestiso 74 PHDR 2114 2016 Syngenta 6.50 14.00 113 106 13
Appendix 3a. C
NSIC 2017 Rc486H Mestiso 80 LP 534 Luzon 2017 Long Ping 6.50 13.90 113 103 13
and inbreeds).
NSIC 2016 Rc458H Mestiso 79 LP 357 National 2016 Long Ping 6.60 13.10 112 106 13 Appendix 3a. C
NSIC 2016 Rc450H Mestiso 75 PHDR 2115 2016 Syngenta 6.40 13.00 110 107 13 and inbreeds) (
NSIC 2011 Rc268H Mestiso 41 DRH 1531 2011 Devgen 6.50 12.70 115 113 12

NSIC 2016 Rc444H Mestiso 72 PHDR 2112 2016 Syngenta 6.70 12.60 110 108 13
TYPE OF FARM P
NSIC 2017 Rc494H Mestiso 84 INH13144 Mindanao 2017 Bayer 6.00 12.60 113 108 13 TYPE OF FARM P
NSIC 2017 Rc492H Mestiso 83 P2014-77 Visayas 2017 Pioneer 6.20 12.50 114 113 13 V
NSIC 2017 Rc502H Mestio 88 INH07028 Luzon 2017 Bayer 6.20 12.50 114 108 13
NSIC 2013 Rc318H Mestiso 48 PR35664H
NSIC 2016 Rc454H Mestiso 77 IR81958H Luzon 2016 IRRI 6.30 12.30 111 106 13
Irrigated (HYBRID)
NSIC 2017 Rc488H Mestiso 81 SL-19H 2017 SL-Agritech 6.10 12.30 113 110 11 Irrigated (HYBRID)
Irrigated (INBRED)
Irrigated (INBRED)
Rainfed
Rainfed

NSIC 2015 Rc402 Tubigan 36

NSIC 2015 Rc400 Tubigan 35

DWSR 5.40 12.60 113 100 387

NSIC 2015 Rc398 Tubigan 34 Luzon (DWSR) 2015 UPLB DWSR 5.30 11.30 106 98 375

NSIC 2018 Rc514 Tubigan 45 Luzon and Visayas 2018 IRRI TPR 6.00 9.90 112 95 13

NSIC 2013 Rc308 Tubigan 26 Mindanao (TPR/DSR) 2013 PhilRice TPR 5.80 10.90 111 99 15

Visayas (DSR) DWSR 5.50 8.00 105 94 294

NSIC 2016 Rc440 Tubigan 39 National 2016 PhilRice TPR 5.50 10.80 109 95 14

DWSR 5.30 9.00 102 91 320

NSIC 2016 Rc442 Tubigan 40 IR04A115 2016 IRRI TPR 6.10 10.80 113 103 14

DWSR 5.50 10.70 105 99 320

RAINFED LOWLAND (DRY SEEDED)

NSIC 2011 Rc274 Sahod Ulan 3 2011 IRRI 3.00 6.70 116 92 69

NSIC 2011 Rc288 Sahod Ulan 10 2011 PhilRice 3.60 6.60 118 127 60

NSIC 2011 Rc272 Sahod Ulan 2 2011 PhilRice 3.00 6.40 110 88 94

NSIC 2011 Rc282 Sahod Ulan 7 2011 UPLB 2.90 6.40 120 115 68

UPLAND
NSIC 2011 Rc23 Katihan 1 2011 IRRI 3.00 7.60 108 108 64

NSIC 2014 Rc25 Katihan 2 2014 IRRI 3.00 5.30 107 84 62

SALINE
NSIC 2018 Rc534 Salinas 29 National 2018 IRRI 3.1 6.7 131 85 13
NSIC 2016 Rc468 Salinas 24 IR06M139 National 2016 IRRI 3.6 6.10 121 95 13

Note: Irrigated lands planted with hybrids has slightly higher projected sufficiency due to the fact that seeds used for plated was
not deducted from the gross production pre-milling volume as they were bought from hybrid producers.

Page 16 of 17
Appendix 4. Projected requirements for high yielding varieties in Zamboanga City.

PROJECTED PRODUCTION AREA (HA) SEED REQUIREMENTS (MT) GRAND TOTAL

MULTIPLIER/
YEAR
FACTOR
IRRIGATED RAINFED TOTAL IRRIGATED TOTAL COST RAINFED TOTAL COST (P)

2018 PSA DATA 5,391.00 2,527.00 7,918.00

2022 1.00 5,391 2,527 7,918 215.64 10,782,000.00 101.08 5,054,000.00 15,836,000.00
2023 1.25 6,739 3,159 9,898 269.55 13,477,500.00 126.35 6,317,500.00 19,795,000.00
2024 1.50 10,108 4,738 14,846 404.33 20,216,250.00 189.53 9,476,250.00 29,692,500.00
2025 1.75 17,689 8,292 25,981 707.57 35,378,437.50 331.67 16,583,437.50 51,961,875.00
2026 2.00 35,378 16,583 51,962 1,415.14 70,756,875.00 663.34 33,166,875.00 103,923,750.00
2027 2.25 79,601 37,313 116,914 3,184.06 159,202,968.75 1,492.51 74,625,468.75 233,828,437.50
2028 2.50 199,004 93,282 292,286 7,960.15 398,007,421.88 3,731.27 186,563,671.88 584,571,093.75
2029 2.75 547,260 256,525 803,785 21,890.41 1,094,520,410.16 10,261.00 513,050,097.66 1,607,570,507.81
Seed Requirement: 40.00 kg/Ha
0.04 MT/Ha
Seed Cost: 50.00 P/Kg
50,000.00 P/MT

Appendix 5. Projected cost and volume of proposed yearly subsidy to purchase HYVs for farmers in
Zamboanga City.

LAND AREA SEED REQUIREMENT (SUBSIDIZED. 10% OF TOTAL REQUIREMENT) GRAND TOTAL
YEAR MULTIPLIER/
FACTOR IRRIGATED (MT) TOTAL RAINFED / MT TOTAL (P)

2022 1.00 21.56 1,078,200.00 10.11 505,400.00 1,583,600.00

2023 1.25 26.96 1,347,750.00 12.64 631,750.00 1,979,500.00
2024 1.50 40.43 2,021,625.00 18.95 947,625.00 2,969,250.00
2025 1.75 70.76 3,537,843.75 33.17 1,658,343.75 5,196,187.50
2026 2.00 141.51 7,075,687.50 66.33 3,316,687.50 10,392,375.00
2027 2.25 318.41 15,920,296.88 149.25 7,462,546.88 23,382,843.75
2028 2.50 796.01 39,800,742.19 373.13 18,656,367.19 58,457,109.38
Page 17 of 17
2029 2.75 2,189.04 109,452,041.02 1,026.10 51,305,009.77 160,757,050.78
Seed Requirement: 40.00 kg/Ha
0.04 MT/Ha
Seed Cost: 50.00 P/Kg