Social Work Notes

1. Introduction To Social Welfare

a) Definition and Scope
b) Historical Perspective of Social Welfare in Pakistan

1. Introduction To Social Welfare

a) Definition and Scope

Definitions:

1. Organized public or private social services for assistance of disadvantaged groups...

2. The welfare of the society esp. for those segments who are underprivileged and disadvantaged
because of the poverty, poor education, unemployment etc...
3. The well-being of the entire society. Social welfare is not the same as standard of living but is more
concerned with the quality of life that includes factors such as the quality of the environment (air, soil,
water), level of crime, extent of drug abuse, availability of essential social services, as well as religious
and spiritual aspects of life.
4. social welfare or public charity, organized provision of educational, cultural, medical, and financial
assistance to the needy.
For detailed definitions, functional definitions, narrow and broader definitions
Scope, perspective and other introductory policies of social welfare and social work
PAKISTANI CULTURE AND SOCIETY

* 1 Definition of Culture
* 2 Pakistani Culture is an Islamic Culture
* 3 Salient Features of Pakistani Culture
* 4 Conclusion
Definition of Culture

Culture may be defined as behaviour peculiar to human beings, together with material objects used.
Culture consists of language, ideas, beliefs, customs, codes, institution, tools, techniques, works of arts,
ceremonies and so on.
E.B. Taylor defines culture as

the complex whole which include knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities
and habits acquired by man as a member of society.
According to Allama Iqbal

Culture encompasses all the mental, spiritual and physical activities of a nation. It includes teh basic
beliefs and faith, values and literature, art and architecture, music and mode of dress, manners and
customs prevalent in a given society.
Pakistani Culture is an Islamic Culture
Pakistan is an ideological Islamic State. Its very existence is due to Islam, so the Pakistani culture is
primarily based on the Islamic way of life. All other ingredients of culture are inspired by Islam.
Pakistani culture is highlighted by its grandeur, simplicity, firm convictions and noble deeds and ideas.
Salient Features of Pakistani Culture

The main characteristics of Pakistani culture are as follows:

1. Religious Uniformity

Pakistan came into existence to provide its people a system of life based on Islam. The people, in
spite of some differences of languages, customs and traditions commonly follow one religion of
Islam. This is the religion, which is practiced by all people of Pakistan.

2. Language

A number of languages are spoken in Pakistan. Some of them are Punjabi, Sindhi, Pushto and
Balochi. But Urdu is spoken and understand in all parts of Pakistan. Being the official language, it
is the media of communication between all regions of Pakistan.

3. Literature and Poetry

Literature is an important aspect of our cultural life. Most of our poets reflect Islamic code and
trend in their poetry. They gave the message of love and brotherhood. Similarity of thought
amongst poets and writers of all regions is an important factor of our cultural life.

4. Dress and Diet

Dress is an important menifestation of culture. The regional dresses of Pakistan under go

changes in the light of local traditions, economic condition, way of living and wealth in the region.
But in all Provinces people generally wear Shalwar Kameez.

5. Mixed Culture

Pakistani culture is mixed culture although majority of people are Muslims by birth and faith. But
there is great influence of Hindus and British culture on the present Pakistani society.

6. Male Dominated Society

In Pakistani culture, the male member of the family enjoys the key position. Family is headed by a
male member and in most cases, he is the sole source of income for other members of the
family.

7. Arts and Architecture

The iconoclasm of Islam has given a characteristic form and pattern in the use of elegant
designs, based on geometric figures and floral forms borrowed from nature. The Shah Jahan
Masjid, Shalimar Garden, Badshahi Masjid, Shahi Qila and many such graceful buildings are a
living proof of the excellent Mughal architecture.
7. Arts and Architecture

The iconoclasm of Islam has given a characteristic form and pattern in the use of elegant
designs, based on geometric figures and floral forms borrowed from nature. The Shah Jahan
Masjid, Shalimar Garden, Badshahi Masjid, Shahi Qila and many such graceful buildings are a
living proof of the excellent Mughal architecture.
8. Handicrafts

Embroidery, leather works, glazed pottery, wood work, carpet making, metal crafts and ivory are
the essential parts of our culture. Pakistani craftsmen are considered as the best in their
craftsmenship. They are known for the high quality works which is very popular in foreign
countries.
9. Recreational Activities - Sports
The recreational activities all over the Pakistan are common. The games like Cricket, Hockey,
Football, Kabaddi etc are popular in every part of our country. These games reflect our cultural
identity.
10. Education

Education contributes a great deal in developing national character. Educational system plays a
vital role in the formation of Culture, Unity and Solidarity of a nation. It is therefore, important that
the entire syllabus right from the lower to higher level should be placed in accordance with the
ideology of Pakistan.
11. Religious Festivals

Festivals play an important part of our culture. Eid-ul-Fitr and Eid-ul-Azha are our two main
religious festivals. They are celebrated with great happiness throughout the country.
12. Islamic Rituals and Religious Festivals

Islamic rituals and festivals play an important part of our culture. The rituals and festivals are
observed with unusual enthusiasm. Obligatory prayers, fasts during the month of Ramadan and
the payment of Zakat prescribed by Islam are being observed almost everywhere. Statistics
reveal that Paksitanis attendance at Hajj is usually very high. The enthusiasm with which
Pakistani families celebrate religious festivals is a inspirational spectacle. Eid-ul-Fitr and
Eid-ul-Azha are our two main religious festivals. They are celebrated with great happiness
throughout the country.

13. Ulema, Mushaikh and Sufi Poets

Ulema, Mushaikh and Sufi Poets occupy an honoured place in our cultural aspect of life. Sufis like
Lal Shahbaz, Data Ganj Baksh, Shah Abdul latif, Sachal Sarmast, Hazrat Sultan Bahu and Waris
Shah rendered meritorious services for the spread of Islam in the Sub Continent.
Conclusion

Culture which includes religion, literature art, architecture, dresses, music, manners and customs
has its roots in the Islamic culture. Islam has described the rights and duties of every individual.
Even in drinking, eating and dressing, we have to observe certain rules prescribed by Islam. So it
may be said that Pakistani culture represents the true picture of Islamic culture.

Read more: Chapter 9 - Pakistani Culture and Society Chapter 9 - Pakistani Culture and Society
2. Pakistani Society
a) Definition and description of the term “Society”
b) Characteristics of Pakistani Society
c) Comparison of Rural and Urban Communities

Definitions of Society:

"It is sum total of human relationships"

or

"Is an abstraction of a collection of relationships between individuals, usually including distinctive

cultural, economic, or political properties and vary greatly in complexity and scope"

or

"A society or a human society is a group of people related to each other through persistent
relations such as social status, roles and social networks."

or

"A large social grouping that shares the same geographical territory, subject to the same political
authority and dominant cultural expectations."

or

Robert E. Perk says "A level of Human organization based on communication and culture as
regarded as superimposed or distinguished from power."

Description:

Our society, the world in which we live, consists of many social groups and individuals of different
age range, class, race and religion. As individuals, we choose to live by the morals and principles
that are handed down to us from the society in which we have been brought up in. We will choose
to apply these in the social groups in which we live.

Characteristics of society:

Always changing
Felxible
Satisfies need of its members
large human group
established rule and law
own cultural identity
self-sufficient social system
common interests among members
interrelated or interdependent
own means to survive
Difference between Rural - Urban Communities
Some sociologists have used the concept of rural-urban continuum to stress the idea that there are no
sharp breaking points to be found in the degree or quantity of rural urban differences. Robert Redfield has
given the concept of rural -urban continuum on the basis of his study of Mexican peasants of Tepoztlain.
The rapid process of urbanization through the establishment of industries, urban traits and facilities have
decreased the differences between villages and cities.
There are some sociologists whose treat rural-urban as dichotomous categories have differentiated the
two at various levels including occupational differences, environmental differences, differences in the
sizes of communities, differences in the density of population, differences in social mobility and direction
of migration, differences in social stratification and in the systems of social interaction.
A third view regarding rural and urban communities has been given by Pocock who believe that both
village and city are elements of the same civilization and hence neither rural urban dichotomy, nor
continuum is meaningful. M.S.A. Rao points out in the Indian context that although both village and town
formed part of the same civilization characterized by institution of kinship and caste system in pre-British
India, there were certain specific institutional forms and organizational ways distinguishing social and
cultural life in towns form that in village. Thus, according to Rao, Rural Urban continuum makes more
sense
Ghurye believes that urbanization is migration of people from village to city and the impact it has on the
migrants and their families.
Maclver remarks that though the communities are normally divided into rural and urban the line of
demarcation is not always clear between these two types of communities. There is no sharp demarcation
to tell where the city ends and country begins. Every village possesses some elements of the city and
every city carries some features of the village.
R.K Mukherjee prefers the continuum model by talking of the degree of urbanization as a useful
conceptual tool for understanding rural-urban relations.
P.A Sorokin and Zimmerman in 'Principles of Rural-Urban sociology have stated that the factors
distinguishing rural from urban communities include occupation, size and density of population as well as
mobility, differentiation and stratification.
Highlight the various characteristics of Pakistani culture. Bring out the importance of customs and
tradition in the whole country.

Characteristics of Pakistani culture:

I- Introduction:
Culture may be defined as an integral whole which affects human ideals, actions and modes of living.
According to E.B. Taylor,
"Culture is a complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, customs and all other
capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of a society."
Every great nation enjoys its own culture. Similarly, Pakistani culture is very distinct due to its Islamic
nature and rich historical background. Pakistani culture has the following characteristics:
i- Islamic values and traditions.
ii- National and regional languages.
iii- Mixed culture.
iv- Rich literature
v- Male dominated society.
vi- Variety of Dresses
vii- Fairs and Festivals.
viii- Sports
ix- Handicrafts.
i- Islamic Values:
Pakistani culture is actually a part of the contemporary Islamic civilization which draws its value and
traditions from Islam and rich Islamic history. Majority of population comprises of Muslims and follows
teachings of Islam, i-e., belief in one Allah, Prophethood of Hazrat Muhammad P.B.U.H, brotherhood,
equality and social justice etc. Islam is religion of peace and patience. Pakistani society is very
cooperative. National calendar is marked by religious days which are observed with great devotion.

ii- National and Regional Languages:

Pakistan is a large country which comprises of four provinces, the Federally Administered Tribal Areas
(FATA) and Federally Administered Northern Areas (FANA). All of these component parts have their own
regional languages. As such Punjabi, Pashtu, Sindhi, Balochi, Barohi and Kashmiri are regional languages.
However, Urdu is the national language which is spokin and understood in all parts of the country.

iii- Mixed Culture:

Practically speaking Pakistani culture is a beautiful blend of the Punjabi, Sindhi, Pathan, Baluchi, Barohi,
Seraiki and Kashmiri cultures. In addition, the presence of Hindu community in Sindh gives touches of
dance and music in the Sindhi region. The Hindus sing Bhejas but Pakistani culture has adopted Qawwali
which is a praise of the Holy Propher P.B.U.H.

iv- Rich Literature:

Pakistani culture is rich in the literatures of Urdu, Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtu, Baruhi, Baluchi and Kashmiri
languages. Urdu literature boasts of the masterpieces of Maulana Azad, Iqbal, Shibli, Hali, Ghalib, Agha
Hashar, Manto and Faiz whereas the Punjabi literature stands out with great names like Waris Shah,
Sultan Bahu, Ghulam Farid, Bulhay Shah and Shah Hussain etc. Similarly, Sindhi literature glitters with the
masterpieces of Shah Abdul Latif, Sachal Sarmast, Shah Qadir Bakhsh, and Faqir Nabi Bakhsh. The
Pushto literature also boasts of names like Sheikh Saleh, Raghoon Khan, Akhund dardeeza, Khushal Khan
Khattak and Rahman Baba. The Baluchi literature comprises of masterpieces of Jam Durk, Muhammad
Ali, Zahoor Shah Hashmi, Ghani Parvez, Hasrat Baluch, Abbas Ali Zemi and Aziz Bugti etc.

v- Male Dominated Society:

Pakistani society is dominated by male members. Each family is headed by the senior most male
member who is responsible for arranging the bread and butter of the family.
vii- Variety of Dresses:
Pakistani culture is rich in variety of dresses: The people of Punjab, the Pathans of NWFP, the Baluchi people
and the Sindhis wear their own distinct dresses. These dresses are very colourful and prominent and give
attractive look during national fairs and festivals.

viii- Fairs and Festivals:

The culture of Pakistan has great tradition of Fairs and festivals. These fairs are held in all parts of the
country. Moreover, annual urs of great saints are held to commemorate their anniversaries. On these
occasions, fairs are also held in which people take part in great numbers. Out of these the Horse and Cattle
shows of Lahore, Mianwali and Sibi are famous wheseas the Polo festival fo Gilgit is prominent at national
and international level. Moreover annual urs of Hazrat Daata Ganj Bakhsh, Madhu Lal Hussain, Baba Bulhay
Shah, Baba Farid Gunj Shakar, Baba Gulu Shah, Pir Jamaat Ali Shah, Abdul Latif Bhitaii, Hazrat Noshah Ganj
Bakhsh, Bari Imam, Lal Shahbaz Qalandar, and Bahauddin Zakriya are celebrated with great fervour.
ix- Sports:
Pakistani people are great lovers of sports and games. Modern games like hockey, cricket, football,
badminton, squash, table tennis and lawn tennis are played throughout the coutnry. In addition wrestling,
boxing, and athletics are also very popular among masses. Pakistan has produced great sportsmen in the
past. These include Bholu in Wrestling, Hanif, Miandad, Imran, Wasim Akram, and Inzamam in cricket,
Shehnaz sheikh, Islahuddin, KHalid mahmood, Akhtar Rasool, and Munir Dar in hockey and Jahangir, Jansher
in squash.
x- Handicrafts:
Pakistan enjoys great distinction in handicrafts at international level. Wooden furniture of Chiniot, sports
goods of Sialkot and embroidery of Multan and Hyderabad is world famous.
CULTURE OF PAKISTAN
The society and culture of Pakistan comprises numerous diverse cultures and ethnic groups: the Punjabis,
Kashmiris, and Sindhis in east, Muhajirs, Makrani in the south; Baloch and Pashtun in the west; and the
ancient Dardic, Wakhi and Burusho communities in the north. These Pakistani cultures have been greatly
influenced by many of the surrounding countries' cultures, such as the Turkic peoples, Persian, Afghan, and
Indians of South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East.
Pakistan has a cultural and ethnic background going back to the Indus Valley Civilization, which existed from
2800–1800 B.C., and was remarkable for its ordered cities, advanced sanitation, excellent roads, and uniquely
structured society. Pakistan has been invaded many times in the past, and has been occupied and settled by
many different peoples, each of whom have left their imprint on the current inhabitants of the country. Some
of the largest groups were the 'Aryans', Greeks, Scythians, Persians, White Huns, Arabs, Turks, Mongols,
Afghans, Buddhists and other Eurasian groups, up to and including the British, who left in the late 1940s.
Pakistani society is largely multilingual, multi-ethnic and multicultural. The newly born Pakistan had to have a
sub continental leaning, having been a part of for last 5000 years of its civilization. However, the Indus Valley,
present day Pakistan, culture was different from the rest of North India or South India”. (Quoted Pakistan’s
Identity, History and Culture, from the famous book Gwadar on the Global Chessboard by Nadir Mir).
Literature:
Pakistani literature originates from when Pakistan gained its nationhood as a sovereign state in 1947. The
common and shared tradition of Urdu literature and English literature of South Asia was inherited by the new
state. Over a period of time, a body of literature unique to Pakistan has emerged in nearly all major Pakistani
languages, including Urdu, English, Punjabi, Pushto, Seraiki, Balochi, and Sindhi.
Poetry:
Poetry is a highly respected art and profession in Pakistan. The pre-eminent form of poetry in Pakistan almost
always originates in Persian, due in part to the long standing affiliation the region had with the Persian Empire.
The enthusiasm for poetry exists at a regional level as well, with nearly all of Pakistan's provincial languages
continuing the legacy. Since the independence of the country in 1947 and establishment of Urdu as the
national language, poetry is written in that language as well. The Urdu language has a rich tradition of poetry
and includes the famous poets Dr Allama Iqbal national poet, Mirza Ghalib, Faiz Ahmad Faiz, Ahmad Faraz,
Jazib Qureshi and Ahmad Nadeem Qasimi. Apart from Urdu poetry, Pakistani poetry also has blends of other
regional languages. Balochi, Sindhi, Punjabi, Seraiki, and Pashto poetry have all incorporated and influenced
Pakistani poetry. Poetry in the form of marsia Salam and naath is also very popular among many Pakistanis.
Performing arts:

Music:
Pakistani music is represented by a wide variety of forms. It ranges from traditional styles such as Qawwali
and Ghazal to more modern forms that fuse traditional Pakistani music with Western music. Nusrat Fateh
Ali Khan was internationally renowned for creating a form of music which synchronized Qawwali with
western music. Popular forms of music also prevail, the most notable being film music and Urdu and
Punjabi pop music. There are also the diverse traditions of folk music, as well as modern styles, with rock
bands such as Call being recognized internationally. Music Stars of Pakistan are Noor Jaha, Rahat Fateh Ali
Khan.
Dance:
Folk dances are still popular in Pakistan and vary according to region such as:
• Bhangra -Punjab
• Luddi - Punjab
• Sammi - Punjab
• Dhammal - Performed at Sufi shrines/ dargahs in Punjab and Sindh
• Attan - Folk dance of Pashtuns tribes of Pakistan including the unique styles of Quetta and Waziristan
• Khattak Dance - Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa
• Chitrali Dance - Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa
• Jhumar - Siraiki and Balochi folk dance
• Ho Jamalo Sindhi dance
• Lewa - Balochi folk dance
Drama and theatre:
These are very similar to stage plays in theatres. They are performed by well-known actors and actresses in
the Lollywood industry. The dramas and plays deal with many themes from life events, often with a
humorous touch. Pakistani poetry is the best.
Recreation and sports:
The official national sport of Pakistan is field hockey with squash and cricket also very popular. The
national cricket team has won the Cricket World Cup once (in 1992), were runners-up once (in 1999), and
co-hosted the games twice (in 1987 and 1996). Additionally, they have also won the ICC World Twenty20
once (in 2009), and were runners-up (in 2007). The team has also won the Australasia Cup in 1986, 1990,
and 1994.
At an international level, Pakistan has competed many times at the Summer Olympics in field hockey,
boxing, athletics, swimming, and shooting. Hockey is the sport in which Pakistan has been most successful
at the Olympics, with three gold medals (1960, 1968, and 1984). Pakistan has also won the Hockey World
Cup four times (1971, 1978, 1982, and 1994). Pakistan has hosted several international competitions,
including the South Asian Federation Games in 1989 and 2004.
A1 Grand Prix racing is also becoming popular with the entry of a Pakistani team in the 2005 season. The
Tour de Pakistan, modeled on the Tour de France, is an annual cycling competition that covers the length
and breadth of Pakistan. Recently, football has grown in popularity across the country, where traditionally it
had been played almost exclusively in the western province of Balochistan. Fifa has recently teamed up
with the government to bring football closer to the northern areas too.
Cuisine:
Culinary art in Pakistan comprises a mix of Middle Eastern, Iranian, Afghan, north west Indian, and Turkish
cuisine that reflects the country's history as well as the variation of cooking practices from across the
surrounding regions. Urban centers of the country offer an amalgamation of recipes from all parts of the
country, while food with specific local ingredients and tastes is available in rural areas and villages. Besides
the main dishes of salan, with or without meat and cooked with vegetables or lentils, there are a number of
provincial specialties such as karahi, biryani and tikka, in various forms and flavors, eaten alongside a
variety of breads such as naan, chapati and roti.
There are also local forms of grilled meat or kebabs, desserts, and a variety of hot and cold drinks.
Ramadan:
The holiest month of the Islamic Calendar, which is a month of fasting from sunrise to sunset and self
discipline, it is widely observed in Pakistan. Muslim Pakistanis (about 97% of the population) fast, attend
mosques with increased frequency, and recite Quran. Special foods are cooked in greater quantities,
parties are held, and special accommodation is made by workplaces and educational institutes.
Chand Raat:
It occurs after the Islamic month of Ramadan. Chand Raat occurs the night before Eid day celebrations
commence, marking the end of the month of Ramadan. In the night known as Chand Raat, people celebrate by
various means, such as girls putting henna on their hands. People buy gifts and sweets that will be given to
friends and families who come over to celebrate the end of Ramadan. The streets, major building and
landmarks, even outside of malls and plazas, put on displays of elaborate decorations and colorful light
shows. There are large crowds in the city center to celebrate the beginning of Eid, and it is usually a boom time
for business.

Eid celebrations:
The two Eids, Eid ul-Fitr and Eid ul-Adha, commemorate the passing of the month of fasting, Ramadan, and the
willingness of Ibrahim to sacrifice his son Ishmael for God. On these days, there are national holidays and
many festivals and events take place to celebrate Eid. As Pakistan is a Muslim state, there are three days off
for all businesses and government offices.
On the night before Eid, people search for the new moon to mark the end of Ramadan and arrival of Eid ul-Fitr.
The day starts with morning prayers, then returning home for a large breakfast with family members. The day
is spent visiting relatives and friends and sharing gifts and sweets with everyone. During the evening people hit
the town for some partying, going to restaurants or relaxing in city parks.
On Eid ul-Fitr, money is given for charity and as gifts to young children.
On Eid ul-Adha, people may also distribute meat to relatives and neighbors and donate food for charity.

Milaad un Nabi:
Milaad un Nabi is a known religious festival which is celebrated in many parts of Pakistan. The Milaad is the
celebration for the birthday of the Islamic prophet Hazrat Muhammad (SAW).

Muharram (Ashura):
In Pakistan, the first ten days of Muharram are observed officially. The 10th day of Muharram is marked in the
memory of Imam Hussain (Aliahsalam), the grandson of Muhammad, who was a martyr, along with 72 family
members, friends and followers during the Battle of Karbala.

Jashn-e-Baharan:
Jashn-e-Baharan, also referred to as Basant, is a pre-Islamic Punjabi festival that marks the coming of spring.
Celebrations in Pakistan are centered in Lahore and people from all over the country and abroad come to the
city for the annual festivities. Kite flying competitions take place all over the city's rooftops during Basant (now
prohibited). The fertile province of Punjab was intimately tied via its agriculture to the different seasons of the
year. The arrival of spring was an important event for all farmers and was welcomed with a celebration, hence
the name Jashn (celebration) Baharan (spring).

Independence Day:
On August 14, the people of Pakistan celebrate the day Pakistan gained its independence from British India
and formed an independent state for Muslims. However, one-third of the Muslims decided to remain in India.
There are many celebrations all over the country, with people singing and dancing in the streets. Concerts are
held with many pop and classical singers. Parades are held in the capital city (Islamabad). Many people
decorate their houses and fly the flag of Pakistan. At night, fireworks are used in many cities. Many people
pray for the country and reflect on their pride in the country of Pakistan.
Defense Day Parade:
September 6 is another patriotic day, when the Army of Pakistan is put on display for the general public to
show Pakistan arms. All Government officials attend the ceremony and medals and recognitions are awarded
to special people for their work. In March 2007, the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) put on display the new joint
manufactured Chinese-Pakistani aircraft called the JF-17 Thunder.
National Dress:
The national dress of Pakistan is Shalwar Qameez for both men and women. It consists of a long, loose fitting tunic
with very baggy trousers. The dress is believed to be an amalgamation of the dresses worn by the ancient Persians,
and Mughal Empire who have left their impression on the people and culture of Pakistan.
The men's version consists of solid, masculine colors, and is almost always accompanied by a collar and buttons
(similar to a polo shirt). Men often wear an outer waistcoat over the shalwar kameez. The women's version almost
never contains collar and buttons but is often embroidered and consists of feminine colors and may feature lace or
flower patterns.
In the summer, a light, cotton version is often worn, while during the winter, a heavier, wool version is worn.
The sherwani or achkan with karakul hat is the recommended dress for male government employees and officials,
as it is not specifically associated with any of the provinces. Most male government officials wear the formal black
sherwani on state occasions.

Cultural traditions:
Pakistanis have evolved an often distinct and unique set of culture, traditions and customs in the region. Shalwar
Qameez is the dress commonly worn, both by men and Kashmiris, etc. put and dances are distinctly unique with
their own melodies, instruments, patterns and styles. Pakistani arts in metal work, tiles, furniture, rugs,
designs/paintings, literature, calligraphy, etc. are diverse and renowned internationally. Pakistani architecture is
unique with its infusion of Islamic, Persian, Turkish and Indigenous styles. The manners and lifestyles are guided by
a blend traditions as well as culture. Food dishes are also attracting quite a lot of attention with its wide blend of
flavors and spices.
SOCAIL PROBLEM AND THEORATICAL PERSPECTIVES

DEFINITIONS OF SOCIAL PROBLEM

Asituation in a dynamic society believed to be a threat to or an infringement upon a social value and
considered capable of amelioration by appropriate cllective action) WEAVER

OR

Adeviation affecting from the social ideals remediable by group efforts.)WALSH

THERORATICAL PERSPECTIVE

1:-FUNCTIONALISM

KEY CONCEPTS;-
*integration
*interdependence
*stability
*equilibrium

2:-CONFLICT THEORY

KEY CONCEPTS
*Interest
*Power
*dominance
*conflict
*coercion

3:-INTERACTIONISM

KEY CONCEPTS
*Consensus
*shared expectations
*socially created reality.
ISLAM AND SOCIAL WORK

Q8. What is the concept of social service in Islam? Do we have to work for the Muslim community only or
for the whole of humankind as was done by Prophet Muhammad (Pbuh) ? Please clarify.

A8. In Islam, social service is of immense significance. Whatever services a person renders for the welfare
of humankind, and through these deeds, hopes for the blessings of Allah will be regarded as righteous
deeds. These deeds if done solely for seeking the pleasure of Allah (and not for recognition or show) will
be considered Karze Hasana and will surely be rewarded by Allah.

Allah says in the Glorious Qur’an :

” Whoever comes (at Judgement) with a good deed will have better than it, and they, from the terror of
that day, will be safe.” (Surah An-Naml, 27:89)

“He that does good shall have ten times as much to his credit ” (Surah Al An’am, 6:160)

“Then shall anyone who has done an atom’s weight of good see it!” (Surah Al-Zilzal, 99:7)

Allah repeatedly instructs as in the Glorious Qur’an to behave kindly, to give charity, to serve the poor, the
orphans, and the needy. While the qur’an condemns hoarders and misers, it also prohibits ill-treating and
threatening the poor and the needy.

In all these verses of the Qur’an, Allah has not instructed the Muslims to work only for the welfare of the
Muslims. There is no such restraints. All these instructions are general in their scope and hence include
both, the Muslims as well as the non-Muslims. The Prophet (pbuh) too has made it clear that striving of a
Muslim for the welfare of any of the human beings or living creatures is an act of charity.

Narrated Anas bin Malik (RA) :

Allah’s Messenger said : “There is none amongst the Muslims who plants a tree or sows seeds, and then a
bird, or a person or an animal eats from it, but is regarded as a charitable gift for him.” (Sahih Bukhari, Vol.
3, Hadith No. 513)

In Islam, removing a harmful thing from way is also Sadaqa (charity). (Sahih Bukhari, Vol. 4, Hadith No.
232)

Narrated Abu Huraira (RA):

Allah’s Apostle said, “While a man was on the way, he found a thorny branch of a tree on the way and
removed it. Allah thanked him for that deed and forgave him.” (Sahih Bukhari, Vol. 3, Hadith No. 652)

Islam ordains us to treat all the living creatures well and with kindness.

Social service that is done by a Muslim for any human being, irrespective whether the beneficiary is a
Muslim or a non-Muslim, and which gets this beneficiary closer to his Creator Allah and makes him/her
understand Islam better, then the reward for the performer of such service will be further multiplied. First,
for the social service and second, for getting the other person closer to his Creator. These acts of social
service include Islaah if the recipient is a Muslim and Daw’ah if the recipient is a non-Muslim.
Narrated Urwa bin Az-Zubair (RA):

Hakim bin Hizam said, “O Allah’s Apostle! I used to do good deeds in the pre-Islamic period of ignorance, e.g.,
keeping good relations with my kith and kin, manumitting slaves (releasing and freeing slaves after paying for
them) and giving alms. Shall I receive a reward for all that?” Allah’s Apostle replied, “You embraced Islam with all
the good deeds which you did in the past.” (Sahih Bukhari, Vol. 3, Hadith No. 423 & Sahih Muslim, Vol. 1, Hadith
No. 223)
Narrated Abu Huraira (RA):
Allah’s Apostle said, “While a man was walking he felt thirsty and went down a well and drank water from it. On
coming out of it, he saw a dog panting and eating mud because of excessive thirst. The man said, ‘This (dog) is
suffering from the same problem as that of mine. So he (went down the well), filled his shoe with water, caught
hold of it with his teeth and climbed up and watered the dog. Allah thanked him for his (good) deed and forgave
him.” The people asked, “O Allah’s Apostle! Is there a reward for us in serving (the) animals?” He replied, “Yes,
there is a reward for serving any animate.” (Sahih Bukhari, Vol. 3, Hadith No. 551)
Thus, social service in Islam carries great significance and it is to be done to all in general, regardless of the
religion. And Allah knows best.
The system of Zakaat in Islam, however is a religious duty and obligation upon the Muslims and the beneficiaries
of Zakaat are only Muslims.
The Qur’an provides details about needy Muslims that are entitled to Zakaat :
“Zakaat expenditures are only for the poor and for the needy and for those employed to collect (Zakaah) and for
bringing hearts together (for Islam) and for freeing captives (or slaves) and for those in debt and for the cause of
Allah and for the (stranded) traveller – an obligation (imposed) by Allah. And Allah is knowing and wise.” (Surah
Tauba, 9:60).
METHODS OF SOCIAL WORK
PRIMARY METHOD
CASE WORK
Definitions of Social Case Work
Mary Richmond (1915)“Social Case Work may be defined as the Art of doing different things with differentpeople,
co-operating with them to achieve some of their own & society‟s betterment.”
Mary Richmond (1917)Social case work is the art of bringing about better adjustments in the socialrelationship of
individual men or women or children Mary Richmond (1922)Social case work means, „those processes
whichdevelop personality throughadjustment consciously affected, individual by individual, between men and
theirsocial environment
‟Jarrett (1919)Social case work is “the art of bringing an individual who is in a condition of socialdisorder into the
bestpossible relation with all parts of his environment‟.
EXPLAINATION
Social Case Work:Social Case Work, a primary method of social work, isconcerned with the adjustment and
development of individualtowards more satisfying human relations. Better family life,improved schools, better
housing, more hospitals and medicalcare facilities, protected economic conditions and betterrelations between
religious groups help the individual in hisadjustment and development. But his adjustment anddevelopment
depend on the use of these resources by him.Sometimes due to certain factors, internal or external, he failsto
avail existing facilities. In such situations, socialcaseworker helps him. Thus, social casework is one to
onerelationship, which works in helping the individual for hisadjustment and development.Every individual reacts
differently to his social, economic andphysical environments and as such problems of oneindividual are different
from those of another. The practice of casework is a humanistic attempt for helping people whohave difficulty in
coping with the problems of daily living. Itis one of the directmethods of social work which uses the case-by-case
approach for dealing withindividuals or families as regards their problems of socialfunctioning. Case work, aims
at individualized servicesin the field of social work in order to help the client to adjust with the enviroments.
Objectives of Social Case Work

To make good rapport with the common people

 To find-out, understand & solve the internal problems of an individual
 To strengthen ones ego power
 To prevent problem
 To develop internal resources

Nature & Characteristics of Case Work

 Relationship arise out of shared & emotionally charged situation

 Relationship contains elements of acceptance, expectation, support & stimulation
 Client & case worker are interdependent
 Case work relationship may have several therapeutic values
 Improvement of condition
 More adjustment within the society
 Development of personality
 Capacity building
 Relationship needs outside help
 Case worker too has relationship reactions and part of and part of one
‟sprofessional skillsin their management.

Components/elements of case work:

 Purpose & concern for the client system

A purpose to find-out internal problems & try to solve it and a concern to make goodrapport, feel ones feelings
and aims at individualized service
 Expectation at three level

-Expectation of the case worker from the client, how the case worker feels about theclients ability & what
extend client support anybody-Expectation of the client from the Case worker-Positive result in the period of
interaction

 Accuracy of Empathy and clear communication-

Think positively in others point of view- What extent you are sympathetic- Ability to perceive & communicate
accurately & feel- Case worker should be sensitive to express feelings towards client by voice, posture
andgood communication
 Non Possessive warmth

Give respect, acceptance,liking, caring and concernfor the client in a non-dominating way.
 Genuineness andacceptance

Case worker mist bepractical in nature. He must person of geniousess being real ,honest in approach and
never go beyond his/her limits.

 Authority

Case worker must have a capacity to handle any situation, being resourceful and helpfulHaving knowledge,
attitude, experience and a position to identify and solve internalproblem of client.
Principles and Techniques of Casework

The foundation of the practice of casework is a conceptualframework consisting of certain values or

philosophicalassumptions. The most basic value is that of the worth anddignity of every human being. The next is
thecommitment to the goal of human betterment, in terms of both material and emotional wellbeing. Then, there is
thevalue related to the development of human potential to thehighest level possible. Since each individual is
consideredto be important, there is the corollary of the need for everyperson to participate fully in the direction of his
own life.These value orientations are the result of philosophicthought over years of human existence and are to
bedifferentiated from scientific theories which can be tested andproved. Nevertheless, belief in these values is a
necessarypre-requisite in order that casework may be effective. There is another set of commitmentsemerging from
these philosophical assumptions and the idea of individualised help. Theyare concepts of acceptance,
non-condemning attitudes, confidentiality and controlledemotional involvement. Though these concepts originally
developed from the valuesmentioned earlier, they were reinforced later by the experience of social workers with
theresult that they subsequently became casework principles or rules of action. Closely linkedwith these values and
principles is the postulate that human behaviour can change. Humanhistory indicates that sages, philosophers,
priests and teachers, since times immemorial,had tried to explain human behaviour and to change it. They were only
partiallysuccessful. It will be presumptuous to think that by application of behavioural sciencesone can change
human behaviour easily. One has to be rather modest as regards one'sexpectations Human dignityHuman
PotentialHuman participationAcceptanceNon condemning attitudeConfidentialityControlled emotionsHuman
Behaviour can changebe a person of genuineness being real, honest in their approach and never go beyondher/his
limit. Authority Case worker must have a capacity to handle any situation, being resourceful and helpfulHaving
knowledge, attitude, experience and a position to identify and solve internalproblem of client.

SOURCE
from the syllabus of S.RENGASAMY MADURAL INSTITUTE OF SOCAIL SCIENCES.