Engineering Mathematics II: Integrating Functions of Linear Function & Using Trigo.

Identities Chapter 2

Chapter 2 : Integrating Functions of Linear Function & Using Trigo.

Identities
Objectives :
1. Integrate functions of a linear function
2. Integrate trigonometric functions using trigonometric identities.

2.1 Revision on Integration

2.1.1 Integration is the process of finding anti-derivatives.

d
If ( F ( x)) = f ( x) ,
dx
then ∫ f ( x=
) dx F ( x) + C , where C is an arbitrary constant.

2.1.2 Standard Integrals: (Fill in the blanks)

• Algebraic Function
x n +1
∫ x=
n
dx +C , n ≠ −1
n +1

• Reciprocal Function
⌠ 1=
 dx ln x + C
⌡x

• Exponential Function

∫ e dx=
x
ex + C

• Trigonometric Function

∫ sin( x)dx = − cos( x) + C ∫ csc( x) cot( x)dx = − csc x + C

∫ cos(=x)dx sin( x) + C ∫ tan( x)dx = − ln cos x + C
∫ sec (= ∫ cot( x)dx = ln sin x + C
2
x)dx tan( x) + C

∫ csc ( x)dx = ∫ sec( x)dx = ln sec x + tan x + C

2
− cot( x) + C

∫ sec( x) tan(=
x)dx sec( x) + C ∫ csc( x)dx = − ln csc x + cot x + C
2.1.3 Properties of Indefinite integral

• ∫ k ⋅ f ( x)dx =
k ∫ f ( x)dx , k is a constant.

• ∫ [ f ( x) ± g ( x)] dx = ∫ f ( x) dx ± ∫ g ( x) dx

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Engineering Mathematics II: Integrating Functions of Linear Function & Using Trigo. Identities Chapter 2

Example 1:
⌠ 1 
(a)   x − 2 − 3  dx =
⌡ x 

⌠5 2x 
(b)   + x − 5e  dx =
⌡ x 

(c) ∫ ( sin x − cos x + 3sec x ) dx =

2

(d) ∫ tan x (1 + sec x ) dx =

2.1.4 Definite Integrals

b
If ∫ f ( x)dx =
F ( x) + C , then ∫
a
f ( x) dx =
F (b) − F (a )

In definite integral, whenever trigonometric functions, such as sin x or cos x , is involved, the limits
for x are measured in radians. Therefore, when evaluating a definite integral involving
trigonometric function, your calculator has to be in radian mode.

Example 2: Evaluate:
2
(a)
∫ 0
( x + 2 ) dx

0.5 This is the

⌠  −2t 1  Note wrong move
(b)  3e − cos π t  dt
⌡0  2 

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Engineering Mathematics II: Integrating Functions of Linear Function & Using Trigo. Identities Chapter 2

2.2 Integration of Functions of a Linear Function

2.2.1 Linear Function

) ax + b , where a and b are constants and a ≠ 0, is known as a linear

A function f ( x=
x
function of x. E.g. 2x + 1, −5x + 1, − 3 are linear functions of x .
2

2.2.2 Functions of a Linear Function

Functions of a linear function are functions that are in terms of (ax + b),
e.g. (5 x + 2)3 is a cubic function of the linear function 5x + 2,
x π x π 1 π
cos  −  is a cosine function of the linear function − , also written as x − .
2 4 2 4 2 4

2.2.3 Integration of Algebraic Functions of a Linear Function

Consider the differentiation of the function (ax + b) n +1 ,

d d
(ax + b) n +1 = (n + 1) ⋅ (ax + b) n (ax + b)
dx dx
= (n + 1) ⋅ (ax + b) n ⋅ a

= a (n + 1) ⋅ (ax + b) n

The reverse process (i.e. integration) gives:

∫ a(n + 1) ⋅ (ax + b) dx= (ax + b) + C 1
n n +1

a (n + 1) ∫ (ax + b) n dx =(ax + b) n +1 + C 1

(ax + b) n +1
∫ (ax + b) =
n
dx +C
a (n + 1)

1 (ax + b) n +1
∫ (ax + b) dx =
n
Hence ⋅ +C , n ≠ −1
a (n + 1)

⌠ 1
∫ (3x + 1)
9
Example 3: Find: (a) dx (b)  2
dx (c)
⌡ (3 x + 4)
⌠ 2
 du
⌡ 1 − 3u
Solution: (a) ∫ (3 x + 1)9 dx =

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Engineering Mathematics II: Integrating Functions of Linear Function & Using Trigo. Identities Chapter 2

⌠ 1
(b)  2
dx =
⌡ (3 x + 4)

2
(c) ⌠
 du =
⌡ 1 − 3u

2.2.4 Integration of the Reciprocal of a Linear Function

Consider the differentiation of the function ln (ax + b) ,

d 1 d
ln (ax + =
b) ⋅ ( ax + b )
dx (ax + b) dx
a
=
ax + b

a
The reverse process gives ⌠
 = ln (ax + b) + C1
dx
⌡ ax + b

Hence ⌠ 1 = dx
1
ln | ax + b | +C

⌡ ax + b a

1
1 2 x+2
Example 4: Find : (a) ⌠
 dx (b) ⌠
 dx (c) ⌠
 dx
⌡0 3 x + 4 ⌡ 1− 4x ⌡ x +1
Solution:
1
1
(a) ⌠
 dx =
⌡0 3 x + 4

2
(b) ⌠
 dx =
⌡ 1− 4x

x+2
(c) ⌠
 dx =
⌡ x +1

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Engineering Mathematics II: Integrating Functions of Linear Function & Using Trigo. Identities Chapter 2

2.2.5 Integration of Exponential Functions of a Linear Function

Consider the differentiation of the function e ax +b ,

d ax +b d
dx
e ( )
=e ax +b ⋅ ( ax + b )
dx
= e ax +b ⋅ a

∫ a⋅e
ax + b
The reverse process gives dx =e ax +b + C1

1
∫e
ax + b
Hence dx =⋅ e ax +b + C
a

dx
Example 5: Find : (a) ∫e
7 x+2
dx (b) ⌠
 3+ x (c) ∫ e x +3 dx
⌡e
Solution:
(a) ∫ e7 x + 2 dx =

⌠ dx
(b)  3+ x =
⌡e

(c) ∫ e x +3 dx =

2.2.6 Summary (Integration of Functions of a Linear Function)

In general,
if ∫ f ( x ) dx= F ( x ) + C ← {Basic Formula}
1
then ∫ f ( ax + b ) dx = a ⋅ F ( ax + b ) + C
That is, the steps to integrate function of a linear function are outlined as follow:

1. apply the basic formula (standard integral), then

1
2. include the extra factor “ ” in the result.
a

Standard Integral (given in formulae card)

∫3
2 x+7
Example 6: Find dx
kx
∫3
2 x+7
Solution: dx =
∫k =
x
dx + C , where k is a constant
ln k

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Engineering Mathematics II: Integrating Functions of Linear Function & Using Trigo. Identities Chapter 2

2.2.7 Integration of Trigonometric Functions of a Linear Function

Example 7: Using the method of section 2.2.6 , find the following integrals.
Standard Integral
(a) ∫ cos(2 x + π ) dx = (given in formulae card)

1
∫ cos ( x=
) dx sin ( x ) + C
(b) ∫0 sin ( 3x + 1) dx = ∫ sin ( x ) − cos ( x ) + C
dx =

∫ sec
2
x) dx tan ( x ) + C
(=
∫ 2sec
2
(c) (π t − 1) dt =

1
In general, there is always a factor of “ ” in the result of integration of trigonometric function
a
of a linear function.

2.3 Integration using Trigonometric Identities

2.3.1 Integrals of Product of Sine and Cosine Functions

Apply the following Product to Sum identities:

1
sin x cos
= y [sin( x + y ) + sin( x − y )]
2
1
cos x sin
= y sin ( x + y ) − sin ( x − y ) 
2
1
cos x cos
= y [co s( x + y) + cos( x − y)]
2
1
sin x sin
= y [cos( x − y ) − cos( x + y )]
2

Remember also that

− sin A and cos(− A) =

sin(− A) = cos A

cos 5 x cos x
Example 8: Find ∫ sin 2 x cos 3x dx Ans: −
10
+
2
+C

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Engineering Mathematics II: Integrating Functions of Linear Function & Using Trigo. Identities Chapter 2

2.3.2 Integrals of Even Powers of Sine and Cosine Functions

∫ sin
m
If the integral is of the form x cos n x dx , and both m and n are even, we use the formulae
for Reducing Power:
1 − cos 2 x
sin 2 x =
2
1 + cos 2 x
cos 2 x =
2

One of the exponents m or n may be zero.

5 sin 6 x 
∫ 5sin
2
Example 9: Find 3x dx Ans: x− +C
2 6 

1 1
∫ sin
2
Example 10: Find x cos 2 x dx Ans: x − sin 4 x + C
8 32

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Engineering Mathematics II: Integrating Functions of Linear Function & Using Trigo. Identities Chapter 2

2.4 Application: Root-Mean-Square (RMS) Value

The root-mean-square (rms) value of a function y = f ( x) over an interval x = a to x = b is
defined as
1 b
b − a ∫a
yrms = [ f ( x)]2 dx

Note that yrms is non-negative.

Example 11: Find the rms value of the voltage =
y 2 x + 1 over the interval x = 1 to x = 4.

3
Example 12: Find the rms value of the voltage v = 3sin 2t . Ans:
2

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Engineering Mathematics II: Integrating Functions of Linear Function & Using Trigo. Identities Chapter 2

Tutorial 2

Section A: Basic Integration

1. Find the following integrals:
⌠ 1  ⌠  5x 3 
(a)   x − 2  dx (b)   e + 3 x  dx
⌡ x  ⌡ e 
⌠ x (2x + x ) dx
∫(x )
+ 2 ( 4 x − 3) dx
2
(c)  (d)
⌡3
⌠ x x 1 
(e)  e  2e + 3 x
⌡  e
 dx

(f) ∫ 2 tan3x dx
⌠ 2 dx
(g) ∫ cot 6x dx (h) 
⌡ 9 + x2

2. Evaluate the following definite integrals:

3 3 5
(a) ∫1 x dx (b) ∫2 dx
10
⌠ 1 dx 1 2x
(c) 
⌡1 2 x
(d) ∫0 e dx
π 4
∫π 3 cos 2x dx ∫1 ( x
2
(e) (f) + 3 x) dx
2 −1
⌠  2 1  ⌠  −2 x 3 
(g)   x + − 3  dx (h)   4e +  dx
⌡1  x  ⌡−2  x
1 π 3
(i) ∫0 (5 x − sin 3 x)dx (j) ∫π 6 ( sin 3x − cos 4 x ) dx
4
⌠  2
(k)   5sin 3x +  dx
⌡2  x

Section B: Integration of functions of linear function

1. Find the following integrals.
2
(a) ∫ (3 x + 2) 4 dx (b) ∫ (1 − 2x ) dx (c) ∫ 4 − 3x dx
⌠ 1 ⌠  π
(d)  5
dx (e) ∫ sin ( 2 x + 1) dx (f)  cos  3 x −  dx
⌡ (2 x − 3) ⌡  6
x
+5 1
(g) ∫ e 2 dx (h) ∫ 5 e3 x − 2 dx (i) ⌠
 dx
⌡ 8x + 3
3 1 4
(j) ⌠
 dx (k) ⌠
 dx (l) ⌠
 dx
⌡ 2 x − 25 ⌡ 2− x ⌡ 25 − 4 x

2. Evaluate the following definite integrals.

10.5 0
1 ⌠ 2 ⌠ 1
∫−1 (4 x − 3) dx
2
(a) (b)  dx (c)  3x+2
dx
⌡4.5 2x − 5 ⌡−2/3 e

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Engineering Mathematics II: Integrating Functions of Linear Function & Using Trigo. Identities Chapter 2

Section C: Integration using trigo. identities

1. Find the following integrals:
⌠ 1
(a) ∫ 2 sin x cos x dx (b)  2
⌡ cos (2 x)
dx

∫ 2 tan ∫ 2sin 3x cos 5 x dx

2
(c) 2x dx (d)
⌠ 3t 5t
∫ sin
2
(e)  3sin

sin dt (f) θ cos 3θ dθ
⌡ 2 2
π /2
∫ cos ∫0 sin 4 x dx
4
*(g) x dx *(h)

2. Find the root-mean-square (rms) value of

(a) f (t ) = 1 + 3e −t from t = 0 to t = 2
(b)=y 2(sin x + cos x) from x = 0 to x = π

*3. If a and b are integers, find the following integrals for each of the following 3 cases
(i) a ≠ b , (ii) a= b ≠ 0 , (iii) a= b= 0 :
(a) ∫ cos ax cos bx dx
(b) ∫ sin ax sin bx dx
(c) ∫ sin ax cos bx dx

*4. If m and n are integers, use the results of question 3 to show that
0 if m ≠ n
2π 
(a) ∫0 cos mx cos nx dx= π if m= n ≠ 0 ,
2π if m= n= 0


0 if m ≠ n
2π 
(b) ∫0 sin mx sin nx dx= π if m= n ≠ 0 ,
0 if m= n= 0

2π
(c) ∫0 cos mx sin nx dx = 0 .

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Engineering Mathematics II: Integrating Functions of Linear Function & Using Trigo. Identities Chapter 2

Miscellaneous Exercises

*1. Find the results of the integrals.

2
⌠ ( x − 2)
( )
2
(a) dx (b) ⌠ 2e − x + e x dx
 x ⌡
⌡
2x x
⌠ e + 2e
∫ (1 − e )
2
−x
(c)  2x
dx (d) dx
⌡ e
x
*(e) ⌠
 dx *(f) ∫ sin
2
x cos 4 x dx
⌡ x −1

∫ cos 2 x sin ∫ sin

4 3 3
*(g) 2 x dx *(h) θ cos3θ dθ

∫ cot π x dx
2
*(i)

*2. If the current in an electric circuit is given by i = I p sin ωt , where I p is the maximum
2π Ip
current, show that the rms value of the current from t = 0 to t = is .
ω 2

Multiple Choice Questions

d
1. Given that
dx
3
sin= ( )
x tan x sin x tan 2 x + 3sin 3 x , which of the following is equivalent to

∫ 3sin
3
x dx ?

∫ sin x tan x dx sin 3 x tan x − ∫ sin x tan 2 x dx

3
(a) (b)

∫ ( sin x tan x − sin x tan x ) dx sin 3 x tan x − sin x tan 2 x + C

3 2
(c) (d)

( x)dx [ f ( x) ] + C
2
2. Given the expression ∫ f= , where C is an arbitrary constant, which of the
following could be f ( x) ?
(a) f ( x)= x + 1 (b) f ( x=
) 2x +1
1 1
(c) f (=x) x +1 (d) f ( x)= x +
2 2

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Engineering Mathematics II: Integrating Functions of Linear Function & Using Trigo. Identities Chapter 2

Answers

Section A
5
x2 1 1 1 2 3 2 2
1. (a) + +C (b) e5 x − 3 x + C (c) x + x +C
2 x 5 e 9 15
1 2
(d) x 4 − x3 + 4x 2 − 6x + C (e) e 2 x − e −2 x + C (f) − ln cos 3 x + C
2 3
1 2 x
(g) ln sin 6 x + C (h) tan −1 + C
6 3 3

2. (a) 20 (b) 3 (c) 1.15

3
(d) 3.195 (e) − (f) 43.5
4
(g) 0.026 (h) 92.34 (i) 1.84
(j) 0.766 (k) 1.581

Section B
1 1 2 3
1. (a) (3 x + 2)5 + C (b) − (1 − 2 x)3 + C (c) − (4 − 3 x) 2 + C
15 6 9
1 1 1  π
(d) − +C (e) − cos(2 x + 1) + C (f) sin  3 x −  + C
8(2 x − 3) 4 2 3  6
x
+5 5 3 x−2 1
(g) 2e 2 +C (h) e +C (i) ln 8 x + 3 + C
3 8
3
(j) ln 2 x − 25 + C (k) − ln 2 − x + C (l) − ln 25 − 4 x + C
2

2. (a) 86/3 (b) 4 (c) 0.2882

Section C
1 1
1. (a) − cos 2 x + C (b) tan 2 x + C
2 2
cos 2 x cos8 x
(c) tan 2 x − 2 x + C (d) − +C
2 8
3 1 sin 3θ sin 5θ 1
(e) (sin t − sin 4t ) + C (f) − − sin θ + C
2 4 6 20 4
1 1 3π
(g) (3x + 2sin 2 x + sin 4 x) + C (h)
8 4 16

2. (a) 2.41 (b) 2

1  sin[(a − b) x] sin[(a + b) x]  1 sin 2ax 

3. (a) (i) +  + C ; (ii) x+ +C ; (iii) x + C
2  a −b a+b 
2 2a 

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Engineering Mathematics II: Integrating Functions of Linear Function & Using Trigo. Identities Chapter 2

1  sin[(a − b) x] sin[(a + b) x]  1  sin 2ax 

(b) (i) −  + C ; (ii) x− +C; (iii) 0
2  a −b a+b 2  2a 

1  cos[(a − b) x] cos[(a + b) x]  cos 2ax

(c) (i) −  + +C ; (ii) − +C; (iii) 0
2 a −b a+b  4a

Miscellaneous Exercises
x2 e2 x
1. (a) − 4x + 4 ln|x| + C (b) −2e −2 x + 4 x + +C
2 2
1
(c) x − 2e − x + C (d) x + 2e − x − e −2 x + C
2
1 1 1 1 
(e) x + ln x − 1 + C (f)  x − sin 6 x − sin 4 x + sin 2 x  + C
16  12 4 4 
1  3 1 1 1 
(g)  − cos 2 x − cos 6 x + cos10 x + cos14 x  + C
32  4 4 20 28 
1  3 1  1
(h)  − cos 2θ + cos 6θ  + C (i) − cot π x − x + C
32  2 6  π

MCQ
1. (b) 2. (c)

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