NEONODE® Touch Sensor Module

User's Guide
2020-10-09
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 Neonode® Touch Sensor Module User's Guide Table of Contents

1 Table of Contents
1 Table of Contents ................................................................................................................... 3
2 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 6
2.1 Product Overview 6
2.2 Product Variants 6
2.3 Multi-Touch Functionality 11
2.4 Applications 12
2.5 Sensor Module Design and Components 13
2.6 Product Integration 15
3 Getting started with Touch Sensor Module Evaluation.................................................. 16
3.1 Getting Started with Sensor Evaluation - Plug and Play with USB 16
3.2 Getting Started with Sensor Evaluation - Workbench and USB 19
3.3 Getting Started with Sensor Evaluation - I2C and Arduino 25
3.4 Getting Started with Sensor Evaluation - SDK and USB 31
4 Getting Started with Software Integration ...................................................................... 36
4.1 Use the zForce SDK 36
4.2 Use the Touch Sensor Module Interface Library for Arduino 36
4.3 Communicating Using a System and a Programming Language of Your Choice 36
5 Introduction to Contactless Touch Solutions .................................................................. 38
5.1 Introduction 38
5.2 Parallel Plane Solution 38
5.3 Holographic Display Solution 39
5.4 Clean Environment  40
5.5 Software Implementation 41
6 Mechanical Integration ....................................................................................................... 42
6.1 Means of Integration 42
6.2 Touch Applications 44
6.3 Models and Drawings 47
7 Electrical Integration........................................................................................................... 48
7.1 Electrical Block Diagram 48
7.2 Physical Connector 48
 Neonode® Touch Sensor Module User's Guide Table of Contents

7.3 Pin-Out 49
7.4 Interface Configuration 50
7.5 Power On and Boot Sequence 54
8 Software Integration ........................................................................................................... 55
8.1 Communication Protocol 55
8.2 Available Function Libraries 55
8.3 Preparing the Sensor for Communication 55
8.4 zForce Communication Protocol 56
8.5 Updating Firmware 95
9 Implementation Examples................................................................................................ 100
9.1 Interface Library for Arduino 100
9.2 USB HID Communication Example 102
9.3 Sub Touch Active Area 106
9.4 I2C Mouse pad and Keyboard 117
9.5 Selective Touch Area 121
9.6 Touch Device Handling 130
10 Specifications ..................................................................................................................... 136
10.1 Specifications Summary 136
10.2 Touch Performance 139
10.3 Power Consumption 141
10.4 Environmental Requirements 142
10.5 Electrical Requirements 143
10.6 Optical Requirements on External Window 143
10.7 Mechanical Data 145
10.8 Test Specifications and Definitions 149
Neonode® Touch Sensor Module User's Guide Table of Contents

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Neonode® Touch Sensor Module User's Guide Introduction

2 Introduction

2.1 Product Overview

The Neonode Touch Sensor Module (previously referred to as zForce AIR) is a laser light based touch sensor module
that can be integrated and used in various applications. The sensor module's characteristics are high scanning
frequency, low latency, good touch accuracy and it can be used on any surface or even in-air. The Touch Sensor
Module can be connected to the host system through a standard connector and communicate through a
standard I2C or USB interface.

2.1.1 Main Features

• Enables touch on any surface or in-air
• Dual touch support
• High scanning frequency – up to 200Hz or more depending on sensor modules length
• Low touch latency
• High touch accuracy
• Idle mode for reduced current power consumption
• Configurable touch active area
• I2C and USB interface
• Standard 5V power supply

2.2 Product Variants

In order to fit in a wide range of applications, the Touch Sensor Module exists in two types, one for horizontal and
one for vertical integration, and a number of different lengths.

 If the variant you are interested in is not available for purchase from your distributor, please contact the
distributor or a Neonode sales representative (refer to www.neonode.com1) for more information.

1 http://www.neonode.com/

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Neonode® Touch Sensor Module User's Guide Introduction

2.2.1 Sensor Module Orientation

The Touch Sensor Module is available in two types, one where the active area emerges straight out from the
sensor module (0° type) and one where it emerges out from the sensor module at a 90° angle (90° type). This
enables both vertical and horizontal integration.
0° Type

90° Type

2.2.2 Sensor Module Length

The Touch Sensor Module is available in 43 different lengths. The length affects the Touch Active Area (TAA) in both
X and Y directions.

2.2.3 Touch Active Area

The tables list all product variants, the product number, the TAA, and, if applicable, the TAA with Extended Range
for each variant. See also Mechanical Data (see page 145).
Sensor modules with X ≥ 237.6 mm are long enough to use a scanning pattern that extends the active area in the Y-
direction. The use of the Extended Range scanning pattern is supported from different firmware versions for
different product variants, see the following tables.. Extended Range can affect the power consumption and the
accuracy.

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Neonode® Touch Sensor Module User's Guide Introduction

Product Number TAA (mm)

0° Type 90° Type X Y

NNAMC0430PC01 NNAMC0431PC01 43.2 14.9

NNAMC0500PC01 NNAMC0501PC01 50.4 29.8

NNAMC0580PC01 NNAMC0581PC01 57.6 29.8

NNAMC0640PC01 NNAMC0641PC01 64.8 44.7

NNAMC0720PC01 NNAMC0721PC01 72 44.7

NNAMC0790PC01 NNAMC0791PC01 79.2 59.6

NNAMC0860PC01 NNAMC0861PC01 86.4 59.6

NNAMC0940PC01 NNAMC0941PC01 93.6 74.5

NNAMC1010PC01 NNAMC1011PC01 100.8 74.5

NNAMC1080PC01 NNAMC1081PC01 108 89.4

NNAMC1150PC01 NNAMC1151PC01 115.2 89.4

NNAMC1220PC01 NNAMC1221PC01 122.4 104.3

NNAMC1300PC01 NNAMC1301PC01 129.6 104.3

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Neonode® Touch Sensor Module User's Guide Introduction

Product Number TAA (mm)

0° Type 90° Type X Y

NNAMC1370PC01 NNAMC1371PC01 136.8 119.2

NNAMC1440PC01 NNAMC1441PC01 144 119.2

NNAMC1510PC01 NNAMC1511PC01 151.2 134.0

NNAMC1580PC01 NNAMC1581PC01 158.4 134.0

NNAMC1660PC01 NNAMC1661PC01 165.6 148.9

NNAMC1730PC01 NNAMC1731PC01 172.8 148.9

NNAMC1800PC01 NNAMC1801PC01 180 163.8

NNAMC1870PC01 NNAMC1871PC01 187.2 163.8

NNAMC1940PC01 NNAMC1941PC01 194.4 178.7

NNAMC2020PC01 NNAMC2021PC01 201.6 178.7

NNAMC2090PC01 NNAMC2091PC01 208.8 193.6

NNAMC2160PC01 NNAMC2161PC01 216 193.6

NNAMC2230PC01 NNAMC2231PC01 223.2 208.5

NNAMC2300PC01 NNAMC2301PC01 230.4 208.5

Product Number TAA (mm) TAA, Extended Range (mm)

0° Type 90° Type X Y X Y From Firmware

Version

NNAMC2380PC01 NNAMC2381PC01 237.6 208.5 237.6 223.4 Available on request

NNAMC2450PC01 NNAMC2451PC01 244.8 208.5 244.8 223.4 Available on request

NNAMC2520PC01 NNAMC2521PC01 252 208.5 252 238.3 Available on request

NNAMC2590PC01 NNAMC2591PC01 259.2 208.5 259.2 238.3 Available on request

NNAMC2660PC01 NNAMC2661PC01 266.4 208.5 266.4 253.2 Available on request

NNAMC2740PC01 NNAMC2741PC01 273.6 208.5 273.6 253.2 Available on request

NNAMC2810PC01 NNAMC2811PC01 280.8 208.5 280.8 268.1 Available on request

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Neonode® Touch Sensor Module User's Guide Introduction

Product Number TAA (mm) TAA, Extended Range (mm)

0° Type 90° Type X Y X Y From Firmware

Version

NNAMC2880PC01 NNAMC2881PC01 288 208.5 288 268.1 Available on request

NNAMC2950PC01 NNAMC2951PC01 295.2 208.5 295.2 283.0 Available on request

NNAMC3020PC01 NNAMC3021PC01 302.4 208.5 302.4 283.0 Available on request

NNAMC3100PC01 NNAMC3101PC01 309.6 208.5 309.6 297.9 Available on request

NNAMC3170PC01 NNAMC3171PC01 316.8 208.5 316.8 297.9 Available on request

NNAMC3240PC01 NNAMC3241PC01 324 208.5 324 312.8 Available on request

NNAMC3310PC01 NNAMC3311PC01 331.2 208.5 331.2 312.8 Available on request

NNAMC3380PC01 NNAMC3381PC01 338.4 208.5 338.4 327.7 Available on request

NNAMC3460PC01 NNAMC3461PC01 345.6 208.5 345.6 327.7 v1.49 Extended Range

Basic Principles
The Neonode Touch Sensor Module detect and trace objects by detecting diffusely reflected infrared light. The
sensor module comprises an optical system arranged to combine emitted IR beams and receiver fields of view
within the same apertures. IR light beams are emitted perpendicular to the output window, while receivers field of
view is centered at a certain angle left and right.

Each emitter-receiver combination covers a narrow region on the active area. An object present in the active area
will affect several emitter-receiver channels, and the reported coordinates is the outcome of a center of gravity
calculation on these signals.

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Neonode® Touch Sensor Module User's Guide Introduction

2.3 Multi-Touch Functionality

The Touch Sensor Module determine an object's position by signals derived from emitter-receiver pairs and have
the capacity to detect and track several objects at the same time. Both the hardware and the software have been
optimized in order to support standard touch gestures like, pinch-to-zoom, rotate, swipe and tap. However, some
combinations of two or more objects might require special consideration, which is described in more detail below.

2.3.1 Shadows

• An object directly behind another object cannot be illuminated. In the figure above, object A will not be
detected since illumination is blocked by object B.
• The correct receiver must have a clear field of view. Object B is in a region covered only by left looking
receivers. Object B will not be detected because its field of view is blocked by object D.
• Object C may be seen by both left and right looking receivers. Although the right looking field of view is
blocked by object D, object C is detected by the left looking receiver.
• Object D is detected by both left and right looking receivers.

Shadow Trick
Note that in most cases, user experience is not affected by the shadow situations mentioned above. This is because
of a functionality implemented in the sensor module's firmware called "shadow trick", which e.g. generates
a smooth "rotate" feeling despite one touch object being shadowed during the rotate gesture. A previously
detected object that can no longer be detected is still reported as present if:
• The object was last seen close to a location where it could be shadowed by another object.
• The potentially shadowing object is still detected and hasn't moved away from a shadowing location.
The shadow trick make multi-touch gestures such as "rotate" and "pinch-to-zoom" work better. 

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Neonode® Touch Sensor Module User's Guide Introduction

2.3.2 Adjacent Objects

• In order to recognize two objects close to each other (A and B), a separation must allow at least one emitter-
receiver channel (~10 mm) to pass freely between them. Otherwise, the two objects will be reported as one
large object.

2.3.3 More Than Two Objects

When more than two objects are being tracked the likelihood that an object ends up being in the shadow of another
object increases. Therefore, it is only recommended to enable more than two tracked objects if, for example:
• it is not vital to track all detected objects 100% in all possible combinations and locations at all time. 
• When all objects are likely to be detected by the sensor module, for example when it is expected that all
objects will be placed along a line that is parallel to the sensor module, as in the example below.

2.4 Applications
The Touch Sensor Module can be integrated for a wide range of applications, such as: 

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Neonode® Touch Sensor Module User's Guide Introduction

• PCs/Tablets
• TVs/Monitors
• Printers
• Mechanical key replacement
• White goods
• Smart furniture
• Interactive mirrors
• Elevator panels
• eReaders
• Instruments
• Vending Machines
• ATM/POS terminals
• Robotics
• Range finders
• Collision detectors
• ... and much more

2.5 Sensor Module Design and Components

The Touch Sensor Module is a laser light based touch sensor module that can be used for various touch and in-air
detection applications. The image below show the sensor module design (0° type). The connector is shown to the
far right.

2.5.1 Exploded view

The image below shows the sensor module (0° type) in an exploded view.

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Neonode® Touch Sensor Module User's Guide Introduction

Part Description

A Cover

B Adhesive

C Front light pipe –   straight shooting or 90 degree shooting depending on sensor module's type

D Lenses - the amount depends on sensor module's length

E PCBA

2.5.2 Sensor Module Components

 The PCBA is equipped with both active and passive components, for example:
• MCU

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Neonode® Touch Sensor Module User's Guide Introduction

• Co-processor, a Neonode proprietary scanning IC

• Optical lenses, made out of polycarbonate
• VCSELs
• Photodiodes
• Other passive components

2.6 Product Integration

The Touch Sensor Module can be integrated into any host system through a physical connector with 8 contact
pads. The connector supports both I2C and USB HID.
The sensor module communicates with messages that are defined in ASN.1-notation. ASN.1 is a standardized way
(ISO/IEC 8824) to describe data regardless of language implementation, hardware system and operation
system. The host system can communicate with the sensor module using the zForce communication protocol.2
To facilitate integration, Neonode has developed function libraries that are available for download.  

2 https://support.neonode.com/docs/display/AIRTSUsersGuide/zForce+Communication+Protocol

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Neonode® Touch Sensor Module User's Guide Getting started with Touch Sensor Module Evaluation

3 Getting started with Touch Sensor Module Evaluation

3.1 Getting Started with Sensor Evaluation - Plug and Play with USB

3.1.1 Required Equipment

The following equipment from the evaluation kit is required:
• 1 x Neonode Touch Sensor Module
• 1 x FPC cable with connector
• 1 x Interface board
Additional required equipment:
• Computer
• Operating system: Windows 8.1 or Windows 10.
• Software requirements: .NET Framework 4.5 or higher is required and can be downloaded from
Microsoft's official website. Windows 8 and higher has this installed by default.
• USB cable with a Micro USB type B connector

 Make sure that the USB cable transmits both power and data and not only power.
• (Optional) tape for mounting

3.1.2 Connecting Sensor Module

1. Connect the FPC cable to the interface board:

a. Lift the flip lock on the interface board.

b. Insert the FPC cable into the end of the connector, with the connector pads facing down, towards
interface board. The yellow piece of PCB of the connector on the other side of the cable is facing

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upwards. Make sure the direction is straight into the connector and the pads have reached the end of
the connector.
c. Make sure the connector pads of the FPC cable are facing downwards, towards interface board. The
sensor module risks damage if the FPC cable is connected in wrong direction.
d. Press down the flip lock.
2. Connect the FPC cable to the sensor module:

a. Place the sensor module so that the module's connector pads are facing downwards (steel surface
upwards).
b. Insert the sensor module into the connector on FPC cable (yellow piece of PCB of the FPC connector
still facing upwards).
c. Make sure the direction of the pads is straight into the connector, and the pads have reached the
end of the connector.
3. Connect a USB cable with a Micro USB type B connector to the interface board.

4. Make sure no object is within the touch active area of the sensor module before connecting power to the
sensor through USB. The sensor calibrates itself when powered on and an object within the touch active
area may interfere with the calibration.

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Neonode® Touch Sensor Module User's Guide Getting started with Touch Sensor Module Evaluation

a. If the sensor module is of the 0° type: place the module on a table with the steel surface facing
downwards and with the optical surface facing towards you.

b. If the sensor module is of the 90° type: place the module on a table with the steel surface facing
upwards, so the optical surface is facing upwards as well. Make sure no object is within the touch
active area above the sensor module. 

i.  Alternatively, you can mount the sensor module by using tape in order to fasten the steel
surface to the edge of a table, with the optical surface facing towards you.

5. Insert the USB cable into a computer.

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Neonode® Touch Sensor Module User's Guide Getting started with Touch Sensor Module Evaluation

6. The green LED on the interface board lights up when connected.

7. When the sensor module has enumerated, it will act as a touch screen USB HID device.
8. Put an object in the touch active area, touch HID reports will be sent to your computer. 
9. To visualize touches, you can for for example use Paint (default Windows application) and draw lines by
moving you finger in the touch active area.

3.2 Getting Started with Sensor Evaluation - Workbench and USB

3.2.1 Required Equipment

The following equipment from the evaluation kit is required:
• 1 x Neonode Touch Sensor Module
• 1 x FPC cable with connector
• 1 x Interface board
Additional required equipment:
• Computer
• Operating system: Windows 8.1 or Windows 10.
• Software requirements: .NET Framework 4.5 or higher is required and can be downloaded from
Microsoft's official website. Windows 8 and higher has this installed by default.
• USB cable with a Micro USB type B connector

 Make sure that the USB cable transmits both power and data and not only power.

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Neonode® Touch Sensor Module User's Guide Getting started with Touch Sensor Module Evaluation

• (Optional) tape for mounting

3.2.2 Connecting Sensor Module

1. Connect the FPC cable to the interface board:

a. Lift the flip lock on the interface board.

b. Insert the FPC cable into the end of the connector, with the connector pads facing down, towards
interface board. The yellow piece of PCB of the connector on the other side of the cable is facing
upwards. Make sure the direction is straight into the connector and the pads have reached the end of
the connector.
c. Make sure the connector pads of the FPC cable are facing downwards, towards interface board. The
sensor module risks damage if the FPC cable is connected in wrong direction.
d. Press down the flip lock.
2. Connect the FPC cable to the sensor module:

a. Place the sensor module so that the module's connector pads are facing downwards (steel surface
upwards).
b. Insert the sensor module into the connector on FPC cable (yellow piece of PCB of the FPC connector
still facing upwards).
c. Make sure the direction of the pads is straight into the connector, and the pads have reached the
end of the connector.

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3. Connect a USB cable with a Micro USB type B connector to the interface board.

4. Make sure no object is within the touch active area of the sensor module before connecting power to the
sensor through USB. The sensor calibrates itself when powered on and an object within the touch active
area may interfere with the calibration.
a. If the sensor module is of the 0° type: place the module on a table with the steel surface facing
downwards and with the optical surface facing towards you.

b. If the sensor module is of the 90° type: place the module on a table with the steel surface facing
upwards, so the optical surface is facing upwards as well. Make sure no object is within the touch
active area above the sensor module. 

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i.  Alternatively, you can mount the sensor module by using tape in order to fasten the steel
surface to the edge of a table, with the optical surface facing towards you.

5. Insert the USB cable into a computer.

6. The green LED on the interface board lights up when connected.

3.2.3 Install and Open Neonode Workbench

1. Download the latest release of the Workbench installation package from https://support.neonode.com/
docs/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=2490816.

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Neonode® Touch Sensor Module User's Guide Getting started with Touch Sensor Module Evaluation

2. Unzip the installation package. 

3. Open the installation package folder. 

4. Run the Workbench installer (.msi file) and follow the instructions.

5. Open the installation package folder again. 

6. Unzip the Workspace folder to a location where you have write permissions. Write permissions are required
to save settings and user data.

 In order for the Workbench application to operate, the files in the Workspace folder must be kept
together. Move the entire folder if you want to relocate the workspace file.

7. Open the Neonode Workbench application.

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8. From the toolbar, select File >> Open Workspace.

9. Navigate to the Workspace folder and double-click the .nww file inside the folder.

3.2.4 Visualizing Touches with Workbench

1. In the left panel of the workspace, double-click zForce AIR Sensor Gadget Detection Visualizer.  A tab with
two sections,  Control Panel and Tracking, opens in the right panel.

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2. If either section in the right panel is collapsed, click   to expand it. 
3. In the right panel
a. Enable or disable Touch Sizing. With Touch Sizing enabled, the size of a detected object is indicated
by the size of the tracking cursor.
b. Enable or disable Trailing Expiration.  With Trailing Expiration enabled, the trail of a detected object
is shown, indicating its movement.
4. Move one or more fingers or other objects in the active area of the sensor module. The registered touches
show on the canvas. Type, ID an x- and y-coordinates of each touch is shown to the right of the canvas.

In Workbench, you can also

• Access sensor information such as firmware version.
• Configure the sensor module to explore different configurations.  
• Perform a test to identify any damaged laser or photo diodes.
• Generate sensor messages in hexadecimal format without understanding the structure of the
communication protocol message.
For further information, please refer to Workbench documentation 3

3.3 Getting Started with Sensor Evaluation - I2C and Arduino

3.3.1 Table of Contents

• Required Equipment (see page 26)

• Connecting Sensor Module using Interface Board (see page 26)
• Connecting Sensor Module using Neonode Prototyping Board (see page 29)

3 https://support.neonode.com/docs/display/Workbench/Getting+Started+with+Neonode+Workbench.

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• Arduino Library (see page 31)

3.3.2 Required Equipment

3.3.3 Required Equipment using Interface Board

The following equipment from the evaluation kit is required:
• 1 x Neonode Touch Sensor Module
• 1 x FPC cable with connector
• 1 x Interface Board
Additional required equipment:
• An Arduino-compatible board. The I2C library described here supports most Arduino-compatible boards.
• An Arduino development environment, for example Arduino IDE.
• USB cable with a Micro USB type B connector

 Make sure that the USB cable transmits both power and data and not only power.
• (Optional) tape for mounting

Required Equipment using Neonode Prototyping Board

• 1 x Neonode Touch Sensor Module
• 1 x Neonode Prototyping Board 
• An Arduino development environment, for example the Arduino IDE.
• USB cable with a Micro USB type B connector

 Make sure that the USB cable transmits both power and data and not only power.
• (Optional) tape for mounting

3.3.4 Connecting Sensor Module using Interface Board

1. Connect the FPC cable to the interface board:

a. Lift the flip lock on the interface board.

b. Insert the FPC cable into the end of the connector, with the connector pads facing down, towards
interface board. The yellow piece of PCB of the connector on the other side of the cable is facing

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upwards. Make sure the direction is straight into the connector and the pads have reached the end of
the connector.
c. Make sure the connector pads of the FPC cable are facing downwards, towards interface board. The
sensor module risks damage if the FPC cable is connected in wrong direction.
d. Press down the flip lock.
2. Connect the FPC cable to the sensor module:

a. Place the sensor module so that the module's connector pads are facing downwards (steel surface
upwards).
b. Insert the sensor module into the connector on FPC cable (yellow piece of PCB of the FPC connector
still facing upwards).
c. Make sure the direction of the pads is straight into the connector, and the pads have reached the
end of the connector.
3. Connect a USB cable with a Micro USB type B connector to the interface board.

4. Make sure no object is within the touch active area of the sensor module before connecting power through
USB. The sensor module calibrates itself when powered on and an object within the touch active area may
interfere with the calibration.

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a. If the sensor module is of the 0° type: place the module on a table with the steel surface facing
downwards and with the optical surface facing towards you.

b. If the sensor module is of the 90° type: place the module on a table with the steel surface facing
upwards, so the optical surface is facing upwards as well. Make sure no object is within the touch
active area above the sensor module. 

i.  Alternatively, you can mount the sensor module by using tape in order to fasten the steel
surface to the edge of a table, with the optical surface facing towards you.

5. Insert the USB cable into a computer.

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6. The green LED on the interface board lights up when connected.

3.3.5 Connecting Sensor Module using Neonode Prototyping Board

Evaluate Touch Sensor Module using Prototyping Board

1. Connect the sensor Module to the Prototyping Board

a. Place the sensor module so that the module's connector pads are facing upwards (black surface
upwards).

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b. Insert the sensor module to the Prototyping Board's sensor port.

2. The sensor module is now connected to the board, which expose all connections between the
sensor module and the board. For details, refer to Electrical Integration (see page 48). Do not connect power
until the following steps have been performed.
3. Make sure no object is within the touch active area of the sensor module before connecting power through
USB. The sensor module calibrates itself when powered on and an object within the touch active area may
interfere with the calibration.
a. If the sensor module is of the 0° type: place the module on a table with the steel surface facing
downwards and with the optical surface facing towards you.
b. If the sensor module is of the 90° type: place the module on a table with the steel surface facing
upwards, so the optical surface is facing upwards as well. Make sure no object is within the touch
active area above the sensor module. 
i.  Alternatively, you can mount the sensor module by using tape in order to fasten the steel
surface to the edge of a table, with the optical surface facing towards you.
4. Connect power to the sensor module through the USB. 

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Neonode® Touch Sensor Module User's Guide Getting started with Touch Sensor Module Evaluation

a. A red light next to the micro USB port should turn on to indicate power transfer. 

5. The Prototyping Board is now ready to be flashed. 

6. For further information, please refer to Get Started With Neonode Prototyping Board4.

3.3.6 Arduino Library

Please refer to our Arduino Library5.

3.4 Getting Started with Sensor Evaluation - SDK and USB

3.4.1 Required Equipment

The following equipment from the evaluation kit is required:
• 1 x Neonode Touch Sensor Module
• 1 x FPC cable with connector
• 1 x Interface board
Additional required equipment:
• SDK System Requirements6
• USB cable with a Micro USB type B connector

 Make sure that the USB cable transmits both power and data and not only power.
• (Optional) tape for mounting.

4 https://support.neonode.com/docs/display/NPB/Get+Started+with+Neonode+Prototyping+Board
5 https://github.com/neonode-inc/zforce-arduino
6 https://support.neonode.com/docs/display/SDKDOC/SDK+System+Requirements

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Neonode® Touch Sensor Module User's Guide Getting started with Touch Sensor Module Evaluation

3.4.2 Connecting Sensor

1. Connect the FPC cable to the interface board:

a. Lift the flip lock on the interface board.

b. Insert the FPC cable into the end of the connector, with the connector pads facing down, towards
interface board. The yellow piece of PCB of the connector on the other side of the cable is facing
upwards. Make sure the direction is straight into the connector and the pads have reached the end of
the connector.
c. Make sure the connector pads of the FPC cable are facing downwards, towards interface board. The
sensor module risks damage if the FPC cable is connected in wrong direction.
d. Press down the flip lock.
Connect the FPC cable to the sensor module:

a. Place the sensor module so that the module's connector pads are facing downwards (steel surface
upwards).
b. Insert the sensor module into the connector on FPC cable (yellow piece of PCB of the FPC connector
still facing upwards).
c. Make sure the direction of the pads is straight into the connector, and the pads have reached the
end of the connector.

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Neonode® Touch Sensor Module User's Guide Getting started with Touch Sensor Module Evaluation

3. Connect a USB cable with a Micro USB type B connector to the interface board.

Make sure no object is within the touch active area of the sensor module before connecting power to the
sensor through USB. The sensor calibrates itself when powered on and an object within the touch active
area may interfere with the calibration.
a. If the sensor module is of the 0° type: place the module on a table with the steel surface facing
downwards and with the optical surface facing towards you.

If the sensor module is of the 90° type: place the module on a table with the steel surface facing
upwards, so the optical surface is facing upwards as well. Make sure no object is within the touch
active area above the sensor module. 

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Neonode® Touch Sensor Module User's Guide Getting started with Touch Sensor Module Evaluation

i.  Alternatively, you can mount the sensor module by using tape in order to fasten the steel
surface to the edge of a table, with the optical surface facing towards you.

5. Insert the USB cable into a computer.

6. The green LED on the interface board lights up when connected.

3.4.3 Download SDK 

1. Follow the SDK guide for your OS.
a. SDK Guide for Windows7
b. SDK Guide for Linux8
For Further information, please refer to SDK Documentation9.

7 https://support.neonode.com/docs/display/SDKDOC/Getting+started+with+SDK+for+Windows
8 https://support.neonode.com/docs/display/SDKDOC/Getting+started+with+SDK+for+Linux
9 https://support.neonode.com/docs/display/SDKDOC

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Neonode® Touch Sensor Module User's Guide Getting Started with Software Integration

4 Getting Started with Software Integration

The Neonode Touch Sensor Module can be integrated into any host system that supports either the I2C or the USB
HID transport protocol. The zForce communication protocol is based on I2C- or USB HID-transport of messages that
are serialized according to the zForce ASN.1 Serialization Protocol. ASN.1 is a standardized way to describe data
regardless of language implementation, hardware system and operating system  (ISO/IEC 8824). 

4.1 Use the zForce SDK

4.1.1 Communicating without Deserializing ASN.1-encoded Messages 

The zForce SDK is compatible with USB and Windows or Linux and allows you to communicate with the
sensor module without considering serialization or deserialization of ASN.1 encoded messages. It can also be used
to create an application for communication with the sensor module. The SDK contains an example program to get
you going. An explanation of the program in pseudocode is available here10.
Download zForce SDK from Downloads11 and please refer to the separate zForce SDK documentation12.

4.2 Use the Touch Sensor Module Interface Library for Arduino

4.2.1 Communicating with I2C and Arduino 

The Touch Sensor Module interface library is compatible with I2C and Arduino. It is a primitive function library and
can be used to handle the communication with the sensor module. The library contains an example program to get
you going.
For more information, refer to zForce Arduino Library (see page 100).

4.3 Communicating Using a System and a Programming Language of Your

Choice
Learn more about the zForce Communication Protocol (see page 56) and write your own application to read and write
data via one of the following transport modes:
• USB Raw HID Mode
• I2C Transport
Make sure to prepare the sensor module for communication, refer to Preparing the Sensor for Communication (see
page 55).

Neonode provides the following help to get you started:

• A Message Generator, as part of the Neonode Workbench. This tool can be used to generate serialized
messages according to the zForce ASN.1 Protocol. Refer to separate Neonode Workbench
documentation13 for further information.
• Examples of different implementations. Refer to Implementation Examples (see page 100).

10 https://support.neonode.com/docs/display/SDKDOC/Example+Program+Pseudocode
11 https://support.neonode.com/docs/display/Downloads/zForce+SDK+Downloads
12 https://support.neonode.com/docs/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=21135404
13 https://support.neonode.com/docs/display/Workbench/Getting+Started+with+Neonode+Workbench

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Neonode® Touch Sensor Module User's Guide Getting Started with Software Integration

• Support. For any questions, please refer to Neonode Help Center14. 

14 https://helpcenter.neonode.com/hc/en-us/requests/new

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Neonode® Touch Sensor Module User's Guide Introduction to Contactless Touch Solutions

5 Introduction to Contactless Touch Solutions

5.1 Introduction
Neonode Touch Sensor Modules are perfectly suited to create a contactless touch environment. Contactless
integration allows interaction to an application or interface without having to touch any surface in order to provide
a germ-free alternative. Made to prevent and reduce spread of bacteria and viruses. 
When connecting the Touch Sensor Module through USB to a supported system, it will immediately be recognized
as a (HID) touchscreen digitizer through Plug-and-Play15. The sensor module could then be positioned at a
preferred distance parallel to the display. The gap would allow the end user to interact with an application by
simply hovering their finger (or any other object) in front of the display in-air. Examples of this has been
implemented in e.g. kiosks in order to provide a contactless alternative. 
Another approach is to let the image display be projected through a special projection plate to create the illusion of
a hologram. The image projection can then be controlled in-air by using the Touch Sensor Module. Examples of this
have been implemented in e.g. elevators around the world.
We separate these two solutions as Parallel Plane Solution and Holographic Display Solution. The sensor module
can also be connected and configured in our get-started tools, such as Workbench16, SDK17, or Arduino
Library18 (I2C) for easier implementation without having to deserialize the ASN.1 encoded message.

5.2 Parallel Plane Solution

The easiest and most cost-effective way to create a contactless touch solution is to position the Touch Sensor
Module above the display, while leaving a gap in-between the sensor module and the chosen display or surface. By
raising the Touch Sensor Module, it is possible to interact with an application of choice by simply hovering across
the Touch Active Area (TAA).
The Parallel Plane Solution is a perfectly suited contactless touch approach for elevators and a variety of kiosks
appliances. That involves self-service kiosks, vending machines, Quick Service Restaurants, ATMs, or coffee
Machines.

15 https://support.neonode.com/docs/display/AIRTSUsersGuide/Getting+Started+with+Sensor+Evaluation+-
+Plug+and+Play+with+USB
16 https://support.neonode.com/docs/display/AIRTSUsersGuide/Getting+Started+with+Sensor+Evaluation+-
+Workbench+and+USB
17 https://support.neonode.com/docs/display/AIRTSUsersGuide/Getting+Started+with+Sensor+Evaluation+-+SDK+and+USB
18 https://support.neonode.com/docs/display/AIRTSUsersGuide/Getting+Started+with+Sensor+Evaluation+-+I2C+and+Arduino

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Neonode® Touch Sensor Module User's Guide Introduction to Contactless Touch Solutions

Since the Touch Sensor Module is recognized as a HID touchscreen digitizer by the host system, the Plug-and-Play19
support allows an easy upgrade on existing systems. To upgrade an existing system, the sensor module will simply
work upon plug-and-play if supported. The sensor module can also be implemented or configured using the
evaluation tools (i.e. Workbench, example-SDK, Arduino Library), or a custom solution through USB HID or I2C.
It is possible to apply a new set of configurations temporarily (RAM) with the use of our evaluation tools, or by
simply sending a configuration message to the sensor module. These settings can change how the sensor module
handles touch input data, which makes it possible to mount the sensor alongside any sides of the display
regardless of its orientation.
For further information about software integration, please refer to section software integration.

5.3 Holographic Display Solution

In-air image projection enables the possibilities to interact with a floating interface. By projecting the image of the
display through a projection plate, the image will appear to be floating in-air. The Touch Sensor Module can then be
positioned to cover the projected image, to make it possible to interact with the projected interface by simply
touching it.

19 https://support.neonode.com/docs/display/AIRTSUsersGuide/Getting+Started+with+Sensor+Evaluation+-
+Plug+and+Play+with+USB

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Neonode® Touch Sensor Module User's Guide Introduction to Contactless Touch Solutions

The Holographic Display Solution enables the in-air image projection of an ordinary LCD to be projected 90 degrees
away from the screen, in-air. Since there is a fixed angular relationship between the display, the projection sheet,
and the final image, the installation geometry of the display and projection sheet determines the orientation of the
final image.
The projection plate reduces the viewing angle of the projected image compared to the original display, which
enables applications with privacy requirements.

5.3.1 Assembly
A projection plate consisting of at least two layers of mirror arrays positioned at 45° relative to the display redirects
light emanating from the display an additional 45° and concentrates it to a position at equal distance from the
plate, creating the floating image.
The Touch Sensor Module can then be positioned underneath the projection plate, where its interactive area (TAA)
is covering the projected image. Please refer to Optical Requirements on External Window20 for optical
requirements.

5.4 Clean Environment 

Contactless integration provides a germ- and smudge-free solution for challenging environments. The light
reflective technology of the Touch Sensor Module allows the user to make interactions using any object, which is

20 https://support.neonode.com/docs/display/AIRTSUsersGuide/Optical+Requirements+on+External+Window

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Neonode® Touch Sensor Module User's Guide Introduction to Contactless Touch Solutions

beneficial for environments that require protective gear, such as gloves. Contactless integration is also an
alternative for environments that cannot risk dirty equipment.
Unlike the standard touchscreen, a contactless holographic display requires less maintenance in regards of
cleaning, as well as a lower risk of spreading bacteria, dirt, and viruses.

5.5 Software Implementation

The Touch Sensor Module can send touch notifications through USB HID pipe or I2C.
The parallel plane or holographic display solution can be implemented quickly with our Sensor Evaluation Tools21.
To create a custom solution on a system of your choice, please refer to Get Started with Software Integration22. 
For further information, please refer to Neonode Support Team

5.5.1 Related Press Releases

• Contactless Touch Interaction with Images Floating In-Air23
• Neonode Enables Contactless Self Check-in Solution at Singapore Changi Airport24
• Neonode Touch Sensor Modules Selected for Touchless Holographic Elevator Rollout in China by Easpeed25
• N26eonode Touch Sensor Modules Selected for Touchless Holographic products by Yesar27

21 https://support.neonode.com/docs/display/AIRTSUsersGuide/Getting+started+with+Touch+Sensor+Module+Evaluation
22 https://support.neonode.com/docs/display/AIRTSUsersGuide/Getting+Started+with+Software+Integration
23 https://neonode.com/contactless-touch-interaction-with-images-floating-in-air/
24 https://neonode.com/neonode-enables-contactless-self-check-in-solution-at-singapore-changi-airport/
25 https://neonode.com/neonode-touch-sensor-modules-selected-for-touchless-holographic-elevator-rollout-in-china-by-
easpeed/
26 https://neonode.com/neonode-touch-sensor-modules-selected-for-touchless-holographic-elevator-rollout-in-china-by-
easpeed/
27 https://neonode.com/neonode-touch-sensor-modules-selected-for-touchless-holographic-products-by-yesar/

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Neonode® Touch Sensor Module User's Guide Mechanical Integration

6 Mechanical Integration
The Neonode Touch Sensor Module can be used for different purposes, such as detecting touches on a surface or
objects in-air. Assembly requirements differ depending on what purpose the Touch Sensor Module fulfills. In
addition, different industries have different standards and demands to fulfill. In-air detection applications generally
require lower mounting tolerances.

6.1 Means of Integration

Neonode Touch Sensor Module comes in two types: one is designed to be integrated horizontally and the other
vertically. This allows different types of assembly possibilities and better adaptation of the available space in the
host system. The two sensor module designs are built on the same concept, but use two different front light pipes.
One light path is unaffected; the other bent 90°.

 
The front optical surface is not allowed to be blocked by the host system. 
The short sides of the sensor module should be protected from light of high intensity. If there is a risk for exposure
to strong light, covering the short sides with, for example, black tape might improve performance.

6.1.1 Horizontal Integration

Light is sent straight out and enables an active area in front of the module, in the same plane as the light path. 

 
When integrating the Touch Sensor Module into a host system make sure not to interfere with the light path. For
horizontal integration, the opening for the sensor modules light path must be minimum 1.4 mm.
If the host system have large tolerances, opening must be adjusted to always be minimum 1.4 mm.

   

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Neonode® Touch Sensor Module User's Guide Mechanical Integration

6.1.2 Vertical Integration

Light is bent 90 degrees within the Touch Sensor Module. This allows the sensor module to be assembled vertically
but still have an active area in the horizontal plane.

To make sure not to interfere with the sensor modules light path, the opening must be minimum 1.6 mm. If the host
system has large tolerances, the opening must always be adjusted to be minimum 1.6 mm. Also note that it is not
allowed to mount, glue or in any other way affect the sensor module's optical surfaces since it will affect the
performance. This applies to both the module's visible optical surface and the back of the mirror surface that bends
the light path 90°.

6.1.3 Options for Guiding and Fastening

• Double adhesive tape – for smaller sizes this can be used alone to hold the Touch Sensor Module.
The host system geometry needs to provide a flat supporting surface.
• Snaps – Host system geometry provides some sort of snap features holding the Touch Sensor
Module in place. These must be developed for each case to fit the host System cover and the
surrounding.
• Sandwiched – the Touch Sensor Module is mounted by pressing the sensor modulebetween host
system exterior cover and display. A structure (ribs, foam gasket or adhesive) is needed to make sure
the Touch Sensor cannot move.

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Neonode® Touch Sensor Module User's Guide Mechanical Integration

The Touch Sensor Module needs to be protected from outer pressure and forces that can bend the module and by
that change the direction of the sensor light. The most common cause of bending is when a sensor module is
mounted on a non-flat surface, so the host system supporting structure needs to be flat. High point load on the
PCBA side of the sensor can also affect touch performance. If any kind of clamp or similar setup is used for
fastening, make sure that the contact surface with the sensor module is as large as possible. 

6.1.4 External Window

An external window is something placed between the sensor module and the desired touch active area, usually in
form of a plastic or glass “window”. It is of high importance for the function that these surfaces fulfill the optical
demands stated in Optical Requirements on External Window (see page 143). It is important to know that each
window the light passes through will reduce the sensor modules received signal levels, even though the
requirements are fulfilled, which in some applications might reduce the maximum detection range.

6.1.5 External Reflective Surface

An external reflective surface is a surface located outside the active area, but close enough to be reached by the IR
light emitted by the sensor module. Depending on the angle and the reflectance of the surface, reflected light can
enter the sensor module and interfere with touch object detection. If the external reflective surface is close to the
touch active area, it is recommended to make sure it has a low reflectance in the direction back towards the sensor
module.

Touch Active Area

Lower reflectance can be achieved by

• Using a color on the reflective material which has low reflectance in the IR spectrum, e.g. black plastic or
black paint.
• Using an angle of the reflective surface to divert the reflective light away from the sensor module, meaning
that the surface can not be perpendicular to the module's optical axis. It need to differ with at least 3
degrees compared to the perpendicular angle. 

6.2 Touch Applications

The sections below describe integration aspects specific for touch applications and do not concern in-air
applications.

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Neonode® Touch Sensor Module User's Guide Mechanical Integration

6.2.1 Touch Accuracy

Mechanical integration of Touch Sensor Module and assembly tolerances has a direct impact on touch accuracy.
For this reason relaxed assembly tolerances might in some applications have an impact on the perceived touch
performance. The best user experience is achieved when the projected Touch Active Area from the Touch Sensor
Module perfectly overlaps the intended touch sensitive area on the host device, for example, the active area on a
display.
The Touch Active Area of host system and the Touch Sensor Module needs to be well aligned. Translational
tolerances in x and y directions and rotational tolerances will affect accuracy. See Translational Tolerances (see page
45) (x and y direction) and Rotational Tolerances (see page 46) (angle "b").

6.2.2 Hovering Touches

Hovering touch means that the Touch Sensor Module reports a touch event before the object reaches the surface.
The basic principle of the Touch Sensor Module is that light is sent above the surface. To provide a good user
experience the Touch Sensor Module software adjusts the signal and reports a touch first when the object reaches
the surface.
Hovering touches is also direct linked to how the sensor module is integrated in the host system. It’s important that
the mounting surface has the correct angle compared to the intended touch surface. Twisting and tilting of the
Touch Sensor Module should always be avoided. Relaxed tolerances can lead to missed touches and increased
hovering. See Translational Tolerances (see page 45) (z direction) and Rotational Tolerances (see page 46) (angle "a").
Furthermore, host system active area surface need to be flat or slightly concave. A convex surface can give false
touches.

6.2.3 Assembly Tolerances

Translational Tolerances

Direction Recommended Tolerances for Touch Applications

x-direction ±0.5 mm

y-direction ±0.5 mm

z-direction 0 mm to +0.5 mm

Translational tolerances affects the overlap between the display active area and the touch active area. For
example, if the Touch Sensor Module is translated 0.5 mm in x-direction there will be a systematic touch offset of
0.5 mm for the complete sensor module in x-direction.
A 0 mm translation in z-direction means that the host system active area surface is positioned exactly at the edge of
the light path. A positive translation means that the Touch Sensor Module, and therefore the light path, is
translated up from the host system active area surface. This will not affect the touch accuracy in the sensor module,
but it can affect the perceived touch performance, since it leads to increased hovering. A negative translation in z-
direction should be avoided since parts of the light will be blocked which leads to no or reduced touch
performance.

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Neonode® Touch Sensor Module User's Guide Mechanical Integration

Rotational Tolerances
There are two types of rotations that can affect the performance; defined as the angles "a" and "b". Angle "a"
affects the hovering and angle "b" affects the overlap between the intended active area and the sensor module's
Touch Active Area. Both these issues will grow with larger display sizes. The angles are exaggerated in the pictures
to better illustrate the problem. For any uncertainty regarding rotational tolerances for a specific application,
contact Neonode for recommendations.

Angle "a"
The angle "a" is defined as shown in the images below.

The example below illustrates how the problem increases with larger active areas.

Angle "b"
The angle "b" is defined as shown in the image below. How sensitive the Touch Sensor Module is for assembly
rotations is directly linked to the size. At any given angle b, the Touch Active Area will be tilted twice as much at 200
mm compared to at 100 mm.

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Neonode® Touch Sensor Module User's Guide Mechanical Integration

6.3 Models and Drawings

3D-models and 2D-drawings for Neonode Touch Sensor Module can be downloaded here28.

28 https://support.neonode.com/docs/display/Downloads

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Neonode® Touch Sensor Module User's Guide Electrical Integration

7 Electrical Integration
 Electrostatic Sensitive Device!
To prevent equipment damage, use proper grounding techniques.

7.1 Electrical Block Diagram

7.2 Physical Connector

The Touch Sensor Module has 8 contact pads and a PCB outline that matches that of a standard 0.3-0.33 mm thick
FFC/FPC with 1 mm pitch and top mounted connectors:

The contact pads are placed on the backside of the sensor module PCBA.
List of supported FFC connectors:

Supplier Part number(s)

Molex29 527930870, 2005290080

Omron Electronic Components30 XF3M(1)-0815-1B

Wurth Electronics Inc31. 686108148922

29 http://www.molex.com/molex/home
30 https://www.components.omron.com/
31 http://www.digikey.com/en/supplier-centers/w/wurth-electronics

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Neonode® Touch Sensor Module User's Guide Electrical Integration

Almita Connectors32 BL124H-8R-TAND

7.3 Pin-Out

Function Pin name Pin No Direction Description Comment

Power ground GND 1 - Ground

Reset N_RST 2 Input Resets sensor module A minimum of a 300 ns

to initial state. Active low pulse is required
low.

Data Ready DR 3 Output Indicates that sensor Push/pull output. Only

module has data to used in I2C mode.
send

I2C Data I2C_DATA 4 I/O I2C data line Requires external pull-
up resistor

I2C Clock I2C_CLK 5 Input I2C clock line Requires external pull-
up resistor

USB DM USB D- 6 I/O USB DM line USB 2.0 Compliant

USB DP USB D+ 7 I/O USB DP line USB 2.0 Compliant

Power supply +5V 8 - +5V power supply USB 2.0 Compliant

Note: All pins use 3.3V voltage level and have 5V tolerance.

32 http://www.almita-connectors.com/

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Neonode® Touch Sensor Module User's Guide Electrical Integration

7.4 Interface Configuration

The Touch Sensor Module provides two interfaces for communication with the host system, I2C and USB HID-
device. The user can choose to connect one of them, or both. The typical Touch Sensor Module connection to a host
system is shown in the following diagram:

7.4.1 USB Connection

The Touch Sensor Module provides a USB full-speed device interface through its 8-pin connector. In this
connection, PIN 1, 6, 7, 8 ( GND, USB D-, USB D+, VBUS  ) are used. After connecting the sensor module to the host
system, it could be enumerated as a normal USB HID-device and act as a digitizer for a touch screen.
In this connection, only the default touch active area size could be used. Please refer to Product Variants (see page
0) for the actual values.

In this case, it is recommended to use two 1kΩ pull-up resistors to tie up I2C_DATA and I2C_CLK pins to VBUS or
3.3V power supply to avoid noise issue on I2C interface, and leave other pins as not connected. PIN 2 ( N_RST )
could be used to reset or enable/disable the sensor module.

USB Characteristics
The USB interface meets the requirements of USB specifictions 2.0:

Symbol Parameter Conditi Min Typ Max Unit

ons

Input   levels VD Diff.   Input sensitivity 0.2 - - V     

I

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Neonode® Touch Sensor Module User's Guide Electrical Integration

Symbol Parameter Conditi Min Typ Max Unit

ons

VC Diff.   common mode 0.8 2.5

M range

VS Single   ended receiver 1.3 2

E threshold

Output   levels VO Output   level low 1.5kΩ - - 0.3

L to VDD

VO Output   level high 15kΩ to 2.8 - 3.6

H VSS

RPD D+/D- VIN=VDD 17 21 24 kΩ  

RPU D+/D- VIN=VSS 1.5 1.8 2.1

USB full speed timings: the definitions of data signal rise and fall time are presented in the following table and
figure:

Driver characteristcs

Symbol Parameter Conditions Min Max

tr Rise time CL = 50pF 4 20

tf Fall time CL = 50pF 4 20

trfm Rise/fall time matching tr/tf 90 110

VCRS Output signal crossover 1.3 2

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Neonode® Touch Sensor Module User's Guide Electrical Integration

7.4.2 I2C Connection
The Touch Sensor Module provides an I2C interface through its 8-pin connector. The interface runs in fast mode,
which means the speed is 400kbps. With this interface, more advanced configuration could be performed. PIN 1, 3,
4, 5, 8 ( GND, DR, I2C_DATA, I2C_CLK, VBUS ) are used for this connection. It is recommended to use two 1kΩ pull-up
resistors to tie up I2C_DATA and I2C_CLK pins to VBUS or 3.3V power supply to perform proper I2C communication.
If USB connection is not used in parallel, PIN 6, 7 ( USB D-, USB D+ ) could be left unconnected.
After the Touch Sensor Module is powered on, it will act as a slave device on a I2C bus. For further information
about what commands could be send or receive through this interface, please refer to I2C Transport (see page 75).

I2C Characteristics
The I2C interface meets the requirements of the standard I2C communication protocol with the following
restrictions: SDA and SCL are mapped to I/O pins that are not “true” open-drain. When configured as open-drain,
the PMOS connected between the I/O pin and VDD is disabled, but is still present.
The I2C characteristics are described in the following table:

Symbol Parameter Min Max Unit

tw(SCLL)  SCL clock low time 4.7 - us

tw(SCLH)  SCL clock high time 4.0 -

tsu(SDA)  SDA setup time 250 - ns

th(SDA)  SDA data hold time 0 -

tr(SDA) SDA and SCL rise time - 1000

tr(SCL)

tf(SDA) SDA and SCL fall time 300

tf(SCL)

th(STA)  Start condition hold time 4.0 - us

tsu(STA)  Repeated Start condition setup time 4.7 -

tsu(STO)  Stop condition setup time 4.0 -

tw(STO:STA)  Stop to Start condition time (bus free 4.7 -

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Neonode® Touch Sensor Module User's Guide Electrical Integration

Symbol Parameter Min Max Unit

tSP Pulse width of the spikes that are 0 50 ns

  suppressed by the analog filter

Cload Capacitive load for each bus line - 400 pF

V IL Input low level voltage 0.8 V

V IH Input high level voltage 2.3 V

V OL Output low level voltage 0.4 V

V OH Output high level voltage 2.9 V

PIN 3 (DR) Characteristics

PIN 3 is used as signal output for DataReady (DR). The DataReady signal is only used in I2C communication.
The sensor module can only act as an I2C slave, therefore this pin is needed to notify the host to read the data in the
output buffer of the sensor module:
• PIN 3 is set to high (1) when there is data in the buffer to be sent from the sensor module.
• PIN 3 is reset to low (0) when there is no data in the buffer to be sent from the sensor module.
PIN 3 can be used as an interrupt input or it can be read repeatedly by the host. When the pin is set to high, the FW
will wait for the host to read data from the I2C bus. When the read transaction is finished, this Data Ready signal will
be reset automatically by the sensor module. The following figure shows the timing behavior of a typical I2C
transaction:

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I2C Reading Sequence

See I2C Transport (see page 75).

7.5 Power On and Boot Sequence

Power on timing latency are listed in the following table:

Name Min Typ. Max Unit Comment

t1 - 15 20 ms Delay time from power on to NRST to high voltage.

t2 - 60 70 ms Delay time from power on to USB pins voltage ready.

t3 - 170 - ms Delay time from USB init ready to sending/receiving data.

t4 5 7 10 ms Delay time from power on to I2C pins voltage ready.

t5 65 70 80 ms Delay time from I2C pins voltage ready to triggering boot

complete packet request.

The power on sequence is shown in the following figure.

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8 Software Integration

8.1 Communication Protocol

Neonode Touch Sensor Module can communicate with a host system through USB HID transport or I2C transport.
The structure of the communicated data is defined in ASN.1 notation and encoded using a defined set of encoding
rules. For more information, refer to zForce Communication Protocol (see page 56).

8.1.1 Preparing the Sensor Module for Communication

When using the USB Raw HID interface or the I2C interface, the sensor module must be prepared for
communication before it can receive messages. Refer to Preparing the Sensor for Communication (see page 55).

8.2 Available Function Libraries

Neonode has developed the following function libraries to facilitate integration of the sensor module:
• The zForce Software Development Kit (SDK) is a complete function library for communication via the USB
HID interface. The SDK allows the user to communicate with the sensor module via USB without deciphering
the serialized ASN.1-messages. Read more under the separate SDK documentation.33
• The zForce interface library for Arduino is a function library for communication via the I2C interface. This
library is primitive, but the I2C read and write functions are public, so the user can receive sensor messages
and send any information, that is correctly encoded, to the sensor module. Refer to zForce library interface
for Arduino (see page 100).

8.3 Preparing the Sensor for Communication

The following procedures are required to prepare a sensor module for communication with I2C or USB Raw HID
mode.

8.3.1 USB Raw HID Mode

The Touch Sensor Module has a setting called operation mode, that determines which data will be sent to the host.
When communicating over USB there are two different operation modes that deliver touch data, called detection
mode and detection mode HID. By default, the sensor module is set in the operation mode detection mode HID.
This mode delivers touch data to the operating system according to the HID standard for touch screen devices. In
order for the host to receive touch data that is serialized according to Neonode's ASN.1 serialization protocol, the
operation mode has to be set to detection mode. In other words, setting the operation mode to detection mode
allows the host to receive touch data over USB Raw HID mode.
Do the following procedure to prepare the sensor module over USB Raw HID mode.
1. Power on the Touch Sensor Module.
2. Wait for the OS to enumerate the device and then enumerate the sensor module in your application.
Depending on which operating system that is used, the application might need permission from the
operating system to access the device.
3. Set the sensor module to the correct operation mode (detection mode) by sending a Feature Report with
report id 1.

33 https://support.neonode.com/docs/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=21135404

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4. Wait for the sensor module to signal that there is data to read. This comes as an Input Report 2 or you can
poll Feature Report with id 2 for new data.
5. Read the response data from Feature Report with id 2. The data that is read reflects the current setting in
the sensor module.
The Touch Sensor Module is now ready to communicate. After the procedure, the sensor module is enabled by
default and will start sending ASN.1 serialized touch notifications. To disable the touch notifications, a Disable
request must be sent. Refer to zForce Message Specification (see page 77) for examples of requests, responses and
notifications.
For further details on how to communicate with the Touch Sensor Module over Feature Report 1 and 2 refer to USB
HID Transport (see page 60).

8.3.2 I2C
Use the following procedure to prepare the Touch Sensor MOdule over I2C.
1. Power on the Touch Sensor Module.
2. Wait for sensor module to assert Data Ready pin (DR).
3. Initiate 2 byte I2C read operation. Payload of this read should be EE XX where XX is the amount of bytes to
read in a second I2C read operation.
4. Read XX amount of bytes (number of bytes to read is indicated by second byte of first I2C Read Operation).
Now read a message called BootComplete. The message should be

F0 11 40 02 00 00 63 0B 80 01 YY 81 02 03 YY 82 02 00 YY

where YY is usually "00" but can have another value. This signals that the sensor module is now booted.
5. To enable the Touch Sensor Module to start sending touch notifications, do the following:
a. Send an Enable command:

EE 09 40 02 02 00 65 03 81 01 00

b. Read the response. The response should be:

EF 09 40 02 02 00 65 03 81 01 00

The Touch Sensor Module is now ready to communicate. When DR is asserted the sensor module will send a touch
notification or a new BootComplete. A BootComplete indicates that the sensor module has restarted for some
reason; Enable must then be set again. For more details, refer to I2C Transport (see page 75).

8.4 zForce Communication Protocol

To communicate with Neonode Touch Sensor Module, you need two things: to send/receive messages and to
encode/decode the messages.
The sending and receiving can be done in one of the following ways:
• USB HID Touch Digitizer: the sensor module can be used as a standard HID Touch Digitizer to report touch
data to the OS. 
• USB RAW HID: The sensor module uses HID Get and Set Feature Reports as a pipe to read and write. For
more information, refer to USB HID Transport (see page 60)

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• I2C transport: The sensor module has support for I2C communication with an extra pin for signaling when
data is ready to be read, which allows the host system to be interrupt driven. The sensor module takes the
role of an I2C slave and has the I2C address 0x50. For more information, refer to I2C Transport (see page 75).
For the encoding/decoding, you need to understand the structure of the messages and the protocol that is used to
serialize them: 

The structure of the sensor messages is defined in ASN.1 notation. ASN.1 is a standardized way (ISO/IEC 8824) to
describe data regardless of language implementation, hardware system and operation system. For more
information, refer to zForce Message Specification (see page 77).
The zForce communication protocol uses the Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER) to serialize messages. For more
information, refer to Understanding the zForce ASN1 Protocol (see page 89).

8.4.1 Serialization Protocol Quick Start

The Touch Sensor Module communicates with messages that are serialized according to the zForce serialization
protocol. Here is a quick introduction to the messages you need to send to get started and also how you interpret
received messages. 

Encoding Integers
ASN.1 encoded integers, for example values representing scanning frequency or touch active area size, are
represented by one or more bytes:
• If the integer is between 0 and 127, it is represented by one byte (00 to 7F).
• If the integer is between 128 and 32767, it is represented by two bytes (00 80 to  7F FF).
The length of the message therefore varies depending on parameter values.

Enabling Touch Sensor Modules

Do the following to enable a Touch Sensor Module, that is, tell the module to start sending touch notifications. 
1. Enable the sensor module by sending a request with an Enable command:

EE 09 40 02 02 00 65 03 81 01 00

This enables the sensor module to send touch notifications.

2. Read the response. The response should be:

EF 09 40 02 02 00 65 03 81 01 00

3. The Touch Sensor Module is now Enabled. After this, wait for the sensor module to indicate it has something
to send, which means that the device will send a Touch Notification or a BootComplete. A BootComplete
indicates that the device has restarted for some reason, so rerun the initialization and enable the
sensor module to start receiving touch notifications again.

Disabling Touch Sensor Modules

Do the following to disable a Touch Sensor Module, that is, tell the module to stop sending touch notifications. 

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1. Disable the sensor module by sending a request with the following command:

EE 08 40 02 02 00 65 02 80 00

This disables the sensor module to send touch notifications.

2. Read the response. The response should be:

EF 08 40 02 02 00 65 02 80 00

3. The Touch Sensor Module is now Disabled. 

Device Configuration
Device configuration is a command that includes different settings for the sensor module, for example the Touch
Active Area. When sending a device configuration message, all of the settings specified are not required to be sent,
however the response from the sensor module will include the full device configuration message.
This is an example message that changes the touch active area using the Device Configuration command:

EE 1A 40 02 02 00 73 14 A2 12 80 02 00 B5 81 01 43 82 02 06 98 83 02 04 34 85 01 FF

The message is explained in the table below:

Part Description

EE 1A ID for request followed by length of total payload (0x1A = 26 bytes)

40 02 02 00 Device address (always the same for Neonode Touch Sensor Modules)

73 14 ID for Device Configuration followed by the length of the total Device

Configuration payload (20 bytes)

A2 12 ID for Sub Touch Active Area followed by the length of Sub Touch Active
Area payload

80 02 00 B5 ID for xMin followed by payload length and an integer value (0x00B5 =

181)

81 01 43 ID for yMin followed by payload length and an integer value (0x43 = 67)

82 02 06 98 ID for xMax followed by payload length and an integer value (0x0698 =

1688)

83 02 04 34 ID for yMax followed by payload length and an integer value (0x0434 =

1076)

85 01 FF ID for "Invert y axis" followed by length of payload and a Boolean (0xFF=

True)

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The response from the sensor module to the above message will contain the full device configuration message, also
the parts not set in the request.
Setting the Touch Active Area should be done before enabling the sensor module with the ENABLE request.

Reflective Edge Filter

In the Device Configuration command there is something called Reflective Edge filter (from firmware version 1.45
and later). This setting is useful if there is a highly reflective material, right outside of the Touch Active Area. If such
conditions are present, enabling this feature could increase the touch performance.

Command to Enable Reflective Edge Filter

EE 09 40 02 02 00 73 03 85 01 80

Command to Disable Reflective Edge Filter

EE 09 40 02 02 00 73 03 85 01 00

Setting Frequency
To set the finger frequency to 200 Hz and idle frequency to 63 Hz use a request with the following command:

EE 0D 40 02 00 00 68 07 80 02 00 C8 82 01 3F

 Neonode Touch Sensor Module does not support Stylus mode, and setting the stylus frequency does not
do anything.

Decoding Touch Notifications

A packet can contain from one up to 10 touches, and optionally a timestamp. On packets where the timestamp is
not included, the 58 02 TT TT bytes are missing from the end and the length bytes are adjusted accordingly, For One
touch (below), F0 15 in the beginning will be F0 11 and A0 0F in the middle will be A0 0B. The same bytes are
decreased by 4 for Two and Three touches.

One Touch
A packet that contains one touch will look like:

F0 15 40 02 02 00 A0 0F 42 09 II VV XX XX YY YY GG GG JJ 58 02 TT TT

where the data is defined as follows:

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Syntax Meaning

II ID of this specific touch object. More than one can be tracked simultaneously.

VV Event:
00 = DOWN (new object). 01 = MOVE (existing object has moved). 02 = UP (existing
object is no longer being tracked).

XX XX X Coordinate of the object. This is in Network Byte Order / Big Endian / Motorola
Endian.

YY YY Y Coordinate of the object. See above.

GG GG Size of object on the X Axis.

JJ This value should be ignored.

TT TT Timestamp of the touch.

Two Touches
A packet that contains two Touches will look like:

F0 20 40 02 02 00 A0 1A 42 09 II VV XX XX YY YY GG GG JJ 42 09 II VV XX XX YY YY GG
GG JJ 58 02 TT TT

where the first "II" and the following bytes up to and including "JJ" are from the first touch, and the second "II" and
the following bytes up to and including "JJ" are from the second touch.

Three Touches
A packet that contains three Touches will look like:

F0 2B 40 02 02 00 A0 25 42 09 II VV XX XX YY YY GG GG JJ 42 09 II VV XX XX YY YY GG
GG JJ 42 09 II VV XX XX YY YY GG GG JJ 58 02 TT TT

For a more thorough explanation of the serialization protocol, refer to Understanding the zForce ASN.1 Serialization
Protocol (see page 89).

8.4.2 USB HID Transport

When connected via USB, the Touch Sensor Module communicates in Full Speed (12 Mbit/s) in two modes: Raw HID
mode (also called HID Pipe) and HID Touch Digitizer mode. HID Touch Digitizer mode is initiated automatically as

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soon as the sensor module is plugged in. In order to use Raw HID mode, the module's operation mode must be
changed. For more information, refer to Initializing Sensor Modules (see page 55).

HID Touch Digitizer Mode

The Touch Sensor Module acts as a HID Input device and communicates directly with the OS, and is completely plug
and play.

 Ubuntu 17.10 - 18.04

The sensor module is not recognized as a touch screen in the Ubuntu versions 17.10 - 18.04. This has been
fixed and works fine in Ubuntu 18.10.

Raw HID Mode / HID Pipe

This mode uses two HID Feature Reports to communicate with the host.
• Send data to the sensor module by writing to Feature Report 1.
• Read data from the sensor module by reading from Feature Report 2.
Refer to zForce Message Specification (see page 77) for examples of requests, responses and notifications.

USB Communication in Different Operating Systems

Depending on the system and programming language you are using to write and read from a feature report, the
implementation differs. For example, in Windows, this is abstracted and the hid.dll offers a function to get and set
feature reports, while in for example a UNIX based OS, you might have to implement your own function to get and
set a feature report.
The communication heading below describes how to implement your own get and set feature report functions,
using a control transfer.

 USB Permission
Depending on operating system you might need explicit permission for your program to have access to the
HID device.

How to Implement Custom Functions for Raw HID Communication

In order to communicate with the sensor module the data flow type called control transfer should be used. The
control transfer usually takes the following parameters:
• Request Type (int)
• Request (int)
• Value (int)
• Index (int)
• Data (byte array)
• Length (int)
• Timeout (int)

Writing to Feature Report 1

When writing to the sensor module, a full 257 bytes need to be sent no matter how long the actual message is. Take
a look at the code snippet below, to see how this could be done.

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uint8_t operationMode[] = { 0x01, 0x17, 0xEE, 0x15, 0x40, 0x02, 0x02, 0x00,
0x67, 0x0F, 0x80, 0x01, 0xFF,
0x81, 0x01, 0x00,
0x82, 0x01, 0x00, 0x83, 0x01,
0x00, 0x84, 0x01, 0x00 }; // The first two bytes are the header. First byte is
feature report, second byte is length of the following data.
uint8_t data[257];
memcpy(data, operationMode, sizeof(operationMode));
 
int requestType = 0x00 | (0x01 << 5) | 0x01; // USB_HOST_TO_DEVICE | USB_TYPE_CLASS |
USB_RECIPIENT_INTERFACE
int request = 0x09; // SET_CONFIGURATION = 0x09
int value = 0x0301; // 0x03 for feature report, 0x01 for feature report 1
int index = 0x0000;
int length = sizeof(data);
int timeout = 0;
 
 connection.controlTransfer(
requestType,
request,
value,
index, data, length, timeout);

Reading from Feature Report 2

When reading from feature report 2, the message is always 258 bytes long.

uint8_t data[258];
 
int requestType = 0x80 | (0x01 << 5) | 0x01; // USB_DEVICE_TO_HOST | USB_TYPE_CLASS |
USB_RECIPIENT_INTERFACE
int request = 0x01; // CLEAR_FEATURE = 0x01
int value = 0x0302; // 0x03 for feature report, 0x02 for feature report 2
int index = 0x0000;
int length = sizeof(data);
int timeout = 0;
 
connection.controlTransfer(
requestType,
request,
value,
index, data, length, timeout);

HID Report Descriptor (click to expand)

HID Report Descriptor

 The HID Report Descriptor is subject to change. The descriptor below is from firmware version 1.47.

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Item Data

Usage Page (Digitizer) 05 0D 

Usage (Touch Screen) 09 04 

Collection (Application) A1 01 

    Report ID (4) 85 04 

    Usage (Contact Count Maximum) 09 55 

    Logical Minimum (0) 15 00 

    Logical Maximum (-1) 25 FF 

    Report Size (8) 75 08 

    Report Count (1) 95 01 

    Feature (Data,Var,Abs,NWrp,Lin,Pref,NNul,NVol,Bit) B1 02 

    Report ID (3) 85 03 

    Usage (Contact Count) 09 54 

    Input (Data,Var,Abs,NWrp,Lin,Pref,NNul,Bit) 81 02 

    Usage (Scan Time) 09 56 

    Logical Maximum (65535) 27 FF FF 00 00 

    Report Size (16) 75 10 

    Unit Exponent (-4) 55 0C 

    Unit (SI Lin: Time (s)) 66 01 10 

    Input (Data,Var,Abs,NWrp,Lin,Pref,NNul,Bit) 81 02 

    Usage (Finger) 09 22 

    Collection (Logical) A1 02 

        Usage (Tip Switch) 09 42 

        Logical Maximum (1) 25 01 

        Report Size (1) 75 01 

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Item Data

        Report Count (1) 95 01 

        Input (Data,Var,Abs,NWrp,Lin,Pref,NNul,Bit) 81 02 

        Usage (Contact Identifier) 09 51 

        Logical Maximum (127) 25 7F 

        Report Size (7) 75 07 

        Report Count (1) 95 01 

        Input (Data,Var,Abs,NWrp,Lin,Pref,NNul,Bit) 81 02 

        Usage Page (Generic Desktop) 05 01 

        Usage (X) 09 30 

        Logical Maximum (65535) 27 FF FF 00 00 

        Report Size (16) 75 10 

        Report Count (1) 95 01 

        Input (Data,Var,Abs,NWrp,Lin,Pref,NNul,Bit) 81 02 

        Usage (Y) 09 31 

        Input (Data,Var,Abs,NWrp,Lin,Pref,NNul,Bit) 81 02 

        Usage Page (Digitizer) 05 0D 

        Unit Exponent (-2) 55 0E 

        Unit (SI Lin: Length (cm)) 65 11 

        Usage (Width) 09 48 

        Usage (Height) 09 49 

        Report Count (2) 95 02 

        Input (Data,Var,Abs,NWrp,Lin,Pref,NNul,Bit) 81 02 

    End Collection C0 

    Usage (Finger) 09 22 

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Item Data

    Collection (Logical) A1 02 

        Usage (Tip Switch) 09 42 

        Logical Maximum (1) 25 01 

        Report Size (1) 75 01 

        Report Count (1) 95 01 

        Input (Data,Var,Abs,NWrp,Lin,Pref,NNul,Bit) 81 02 

        Usage (Contact Identifier) 09 51 

        Logical Maximum (127) 25 7F 

        Report Size (7) 75 07 

        Report Count (1) 95 01 

        Input (Data,Var,Abs,NWrp,Lin,Pref,NNul,Bit) 81 02 

        Usage Page (Generic Desktop) 05 01 

        Usage (X) 09 30 

        Logical Maximum (65535) 27 FF FF 00 00 

        Report Size (16) 75 10 

        Report Count (1) 95 01 

        Input (Data,Var,Abs,NWrp,Lin,Pref,NNul,Bit) 81 02 

        Usage (Y) 09 31 

        Input (Data,Var,Abs,NWrp,Lin,Pref,NNul,Bit) 81 02 

        Usage Page (Digitizer) 05 0D 

        Unit Exponent (-2) 55 0E 

        Unit (SI Lin: Length (cm)) 65 11 

        Usage (Width) 09 48 

        Usage (Height) 09 49 

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Item Data

        Report Count (2) 95 02 

        Input (Data,Var,Abs,NWrp,Lin,Pref,NNul,Bit) 81 02 

    End Collection C0 

    Usage (Finger) 09 22 

    Collection (Logical) A1 02 

        Usage (Tip Switch) 09 42 

        Logical Maximum (1) 25 01 

        Report Size (1) 75 01 

        Report Count (1) 95 01 

        Input (Data,Var,Abs,NWrp,Lin,Pref,NNul,Bit) 81 02 

        Usage (Contact Identifier) 09 51 

        Logical Maximum (127) 25 7F 

        Report Size (7) 75 07 

        Report Count (1) 95 01 

        Input (Data,Var,Abs,NWrp,Lin,Pref,NNul,Bit) 81 02 

        Usage Page (Generic Desktop) 05 01 

        Usage (X) 09 30 

        Logical Maximum (65535) 27 FF FF 00 00 

        Report Size (16) 75 10 

        Report Count (1) 95 01 

        Input (Data,Var,Abs,NWrp,Lin,Pref,NNul,Bit) 81 02 

        Usage (Y) 09 31 

        Input (Data,Var,Abs,NWrp,Lin,Pref,NNul,Bit) 81 02 

        Usage Page (Digitizer) 05 0D 

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Item Data

        Unit Exponent (-2) 55 0E 

        Unit (SI Lin: Length (cm)) 65 11 

        Usage (Width) 09 48 

        Usage (Height) 09 49 

        Report Count (2) 95 02 

        Input (Data,Var,Abs,NWrp,Lin,Pref,NNul,Bit) 81 02 

    End Collection C0 

    Usage (Finger) 09 22 

    Collection (Logical) A1 02 

        Usage (Tip Switch) 09 42 

        Logical Maximum (1) 25 01 

        Report Size (1) 75 01 

        Report Count (1) 95 01 

        Input (Data,Var,Abs,NWrp,Lin,Pref,NNul,Bit) 81 02 

        Usage (Contact Identifier) 09 51 

        Logical Maximum (127) 25 7F 

        Report Size (7) 75 07 

        Report Count (1) 95 01 

        Input (Data,Var,Abs,NWrp,Lin,Pref,NNul,Bit) 81 02 

        Usage Page (Generic Desktop) 05 01 

        Usage (X) 09 30 

        Logical Maximum (65535) 27 FF FF 00 00 

        Report Size (16) 75 10 

        Report Count (1) 95 01 

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Item Data

        Input (Data,Var,Abs,NWrp,Lin,Pref,NNul,Bit) 81 02 

        Usage (Y) 09 31 

        Input (Data,Var,Abs,NWrp,Lin,Pref,NNul,Bit) 81 02 

        Usage Page (Digitizer) 05 0D 

        Unit Exponent (-2) 55 0E 

        Unit (SI Lin: Length (cm)) 65 11 

        Usage (Width) 09 48 

        Usage (Height) 09 49 

        Report Count (2) 95 02 

        Input (Data,Var,Abs,NWrp,Lin,Pref,NNul,Bit) 81 02 

    End Collection C0 

    Usage (Finger) 09 22 

    Collection (Logical) A1 02 

        Usage (Tip Switch) 09 42 

        Logical Maximum (1) 25 01 

        Report Size (1) 75 01 

        Report Count (1) 95 01 

        Input (Data,Var,Abs,NWrp,Lin,Pref,NNul,Bit) 81 02 

        Usage (Contact Identifier) 09 51 

        Logical Maximum (127) 25 7F 

        Report Size (7) 75 07 

        Report Count (1) 95 01 

        Input (Data,Var,Abs,NWrp,Lin,Pref,NNul,Bit) 81 02 

        Usage Page (Generic Desktop) 05 01 

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Item Data

        Usage (X) 09 30 

        Logical Maximum (65535) 27 FF FF 00 00 

        Report Size (16) 75 10 

        Report Count (1) 95 01 

        Input (Data,Var,Abs,NWrp,Lin,Pref,NNul,Bit) 81 02 

        Usage (Y) 09 31 

        Input (Data,Var,Abs,NWrp,Lin,Pref,NNul,Bit) 81 02 

        Usage Page (Digitizer) 05 0D 

        Unit Exponent (-2) 55 0E 

        Unit (SI Lin: Length (cm)) 65 11 

        Usage (Width) 09 48 

        Usage (Height) 09 49 

        Report Count (2) 95 02 

        Input (Data,Var,Abs,NWrp,Lin,Pref,NNul,Bit) 81 02 

    End Collection C0 

    Usage (Finger) 09 22 

    Collection (Logical) A1 02 

        Usage (Tip Switch) 09 42 

        Logical Maximum (1) 25 01 

        Report Size (1) 75 01 

        Report Count (1) 95 01 

        Input (Data,Var,Abs,NWrp,Lin,Pref,NNul,Bit) 81 02 

        Usage (Contact Identifier) 09 51 

        Logical Maximum (127) 25 7F 

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Item Data

        Report Size (7) 75 07 

        Report Count (1) 95 01 

        Input (Data,Var,Abs,NWrp,Lin,Pref,NNul,Bit) 81 02 

        Usage Page (Generic Desktop) 05 01 

        Usage (X) 09 30 

        Logical Maximum (65535) 27 FF FF 00 00 

        Report Size (16) 75 10 

        Report Count (1) 95 01 

        Input (Data,Var,Abs,NWrp,Lin,Pref,NNul,Bit) 81 02 

        Usage (Y) 09 31 

        Input (Data,Var,Abs,NWrp,Lin,Pref,NNul,Bit) 81 02 

        Usage Page (Digitizer) 05 0D 

        Unit Exponent (-2) 55 0E 

        Unit (SI Lin: Length (cm)) 65 11 

        Usage (Width) 09 48 

        Usage (Height) 09 49 

        Report Count (2) 95 02 

        Input (Data,Var,Abs,NWrp,Lin,Pref,NNul,Bit) 81 02 

    End Collection C0 

End Collection C0 

Usage Page (Vendor-Defined 1) 06 00 FF 

Usage (Vendor-Defined 1) 09 01 

Collection (Application) A1 01 

    Report ID (1) 85 01 

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Item Data

    Usage (Vendor-Defined 1) 09 01 

    Report Size (8) 75 08 

    Report Count (1) 95 01 

    Logical Minimum (0) 15 00 

    Logical Maximum (-1) 25 FF 

    Feature (Data,Var,Abs,NWrp,Lin,Pref,NNul,NVol,Bit) B1 02 

    Usage (Vendor-Defined 2) 09 02 

    Report Count (255) 95 FF 

    Feature (Data,Var,Abs,NWrp,Lin,Pref,NNul,Vol,Buf) B2 82 01 

    Report ID (2) 85 02 

    Usage (Vendor-Defined 1) 09 01 

    Report Count (1) 95 01 

    Feature (Data,Var,Abs,NWrp,Lin,Pref,NNul,NVol,Bit) B1 02 

    Usage (Vendor-Defined 2) 09 02 

    Report Count (255) 95 FF 

    Feature (Data,Var,Abs,NWrp,Lin,Pref,NNul,Vol,Buf) B2 82 01 

    Usage (Vendor-Defined 3) 09 03 

    Report Size (1) 75 01 

    Logical Maximum (1) 25 01 

    Report Count (1) 95 01 

    Input (Data,Var,Abs,NWrp,Lin,Pref,NNul,Bit) 81 02 

    Report Size (7) 75 07 

    Input (Cnst,Ary,Abs) 81 01 

    Report Size (8) 75 08 

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Item Data

    Report ID (128) 85 80 

    Usage (Vendor-Defined 1) 09 01 

    Feature (Cnst,Var,Abs,NWrp,Lin,Pref,NNul,NVol,Bit) B1 03 

    Report ID (130) 85 82 

    Usage (Vendor-Defined 1) 09 01 

    Feature (Cnst,Var,Abs,NWrp,Lin,Pref,NNul,NVol,Bit) B1 03 

End Collection C0 

Parsed reports by Report ID

Input Report 2

Bit offset Bit count Description

0 1 Internal use

1 7 (Not used)

Input Report 3

Bit offset Bit count Description

0 8 Contact count

8 16 Scan Time

24 1 Tip Switch

25 7 Contact identifier

32 16 X

48 16 Y

64 16 Width

80 16 Height

96 1 Tip Switch

97 7 Contact identifier

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104 16 X

120 16 Y

136 16 Width

152 16 Height

168 1 Tip Switch

169 7 Contact identifier

176 16 X

192 16 Y

208 16 Width

224 16 Height

240 1 Tip Switch

241 7 Contact identifier

248 16 X

264 16 Y

280 16 Width

296 16 Height

312 1 Tip Switch

313 7 Contact identifier

320 16 X

336 16 Y

352 16 Width

368 16 Height

384 1 Tip Switch

385 7 Contact identifier

392 16 X

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408 16 Y

424 16 Width

440 16 Height

Feature Report 1 - Write

Bit offset Bit count Description

0 8 Payload size (bytes)

8 2040 Payload

Feature Report 2 - Read

Bit offset Bit count Description

0 8 Payload size (bytes)

8 2040 Payload

Feature Report 4

Bit offset Bit count Description

0 8 Contact count maximum

Feature Report 128

Bit offset Bit count Description

0 8 Internal use

Feature Report 130

Bit offset Bit count Description

0 8 Internal use

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8.4.3 I2C Transport

Introduction
Each I2C bus consists of two lines (signals): a clock line (SCL) and a data line (SDA).  The devices on the I2C bus are
either masters or slaves. The master is always the device that drives the clock line. The slaves are the devices that
respond to the master. Only the master can initiate a transfer over the I2C bus. Each slave has a unique address.

 All bytes in this section are written in hexadecimal form, if not indicated otherwise.

  The Touch Sensor Module does not communicate using registers or memory accesses, so the
documentation for the STM32 microcontrollers is not applicable. 

The DataReady signal

The Touch Sensor Module uses a signal called DataReady (DR) to inform the host that there is data to read and that
a read operation can be initialized.  Refer to Electrical Integration (see page 53) for more information.

 Module Address
The slave I2C address of the sensor module is 0x50 (7 bit). The address itself consists of 7 bits but 8 bits are always
sent. The extra bit informs the slave if the master is reading from or writing to it. If the bit is 0 the master is writing
to the slave. If the bit is 1 the master is reading from the slave.
The resulting address bytes are 0xA1 (read) and  0xA0 (write).

 Syntax
The I2C Transport Protocol is simple and the syntax is identical in both directions (read or write):

Byte 1 2 3 to n
number

Descripti FrameStart, a constant. The DataSize, the number of bytes Payload

on value is always EE. in the payload. Datasize >= 1. (serialized ASN.1 message).

 Examples:
1. The payload is 8 bytes long. The transmission reads:

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EE 08 [payload]

2. The payload is 25 bytes long. The transmission reads: 

EE 19 [payload]

Sending Data
To send data to the Touch Sensor Module, the host initiates a write operation for the sensor module's address and
writes the full payload. 
(Do not confuse the I2C FrameStart constant with the type byte that indicates that a serialized message is a
request. The value is EE for both bytes, but the meaning is completely different.)
Example:  Sending a request with an ENABLE command to the sensor module:

EE 0B EE 09 40 02 02 00 65 03 81 01 00

 DataReady
If the sensor module signals DataReady, it is NOT permitted to initiate an I2C write operation as the sensor
module is waiting for the host to initiate a read operation.
Always wait for the corresponding response from one command before sending another command. Note
that not all commands have a response command. If there is no corresponding response command, the
host is free to issue another command.

Receiving Data
The sensor module triggers the DataReady signal when there is data for the host to receive. To maximize the
performance and minimize the load on the I2C bus, the host is expected to read data in a certain sequence:
1. The sensor module asserts DataReady
2. The host initiates a two bytes I2C read operation for the I2C 7-bit address 0x50.
3. The sensor module fills in the first two bytes, FrameStart and DataSize.
4. The host initiates an I2C read operation for address 0x50 and reads XX bytes (as indicated by DataSize).
5. The sensor module deasserts DataReady.

BootComplete
When the sensor module has finished booting, and hardware such as the I2C module have been configured, the
command BootComplete is put into the send queue. The DataReady signal is triggered and the host needs to read
the data to acknowledge that the module is ready to operate. If the sensor module powers on before the host
system does, the host system needs to check if the DataReady signal is active, in which case it needs to read the
data.

 Do not send any commands to the sensor module before BootComplete has been read.

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8.4.4 zForce Message Specification

Definition and Encoding

The message structure that is used in the zForce communication protocol is defined in the zForce PDU definition
file. PDU stands for Protocol Data Unit, the specific block of information that is going to be transferred. The
definition is written according to Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1), a standardized way to describe data
regardless of language implementation, hardware system and operation system (ISO/IEC 8824).
To get the message data format used for information transfer, a set of encoding rules are applied to the ASN.1
definitions. The zForce communication protocol uses the Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER) to serialize the
information that is going to be transferred. For more information, refer to Understanding the zForce ASN1 Protocol
(see page 89).

ASN.1 defines a number of universal types, from which all other types inherit traits. The result is that a set of
encoding rules that covers the universal types can serialize any PDU, as long as the identifier numbers and the
definition categories are available. The identifier numbers and definition categories for the zForce PDU are included
in the PDU definition file.  

Downloading the definition file

Download the zForce® PDU definition file here34.

The zForce message

The communication protocol uses three types of messages:
• Requests
• Responses
• Notifications
The host sends a request to the sensor module, and the device responds with a response. The device may send
notifications to the host at any time.
All messages contain a virtual device address. Virtual devices are functionally isolated from each other, and
communicate separately with the host. There are two types of virtual devices:
• Platform – represents the system.
• Air – represents one Neonode Touch Sensor Module.
A sensor module will always contain one platform virtual device and can contain any number of instances of other
virtual device types.
In the definition file, all sensor messages are described as instances of the top level PDU ProtocolMessage which
have three child PDUs:

PDU Content Explanation

Request deviceAddress Specifies the virtual device within the sensor module that
receives the request.

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PDU Content Explanation

command The command specifies what is being requested.

Response deviceAddress Specifies the virtual device within the sensor module that sends
the response.

command The command contains the result or requested information of

the request.

Notification deviceAddress Specifies the virtual device within the sensor module that sends
the notification.

notificationMessage The message from the sensor module to the host.

notificationTimestamp Timestamp.
(optional)

PDU Description in GSER Notation

The PDU specifies the following message specification templates, notifications and pairs of requests and responses:

• • Application Interface (see page 79)

• Device Information (see page 80)
• Device Count (see page 81)
• Frequency (see page 81)
• Touch Sensor (see page 82)
• Operation Mode (see page 82)
• Touch Format (see page 83)
• Enable Execution (see page 85)
• Touch Notifications (see page 86)
• Information (see page 86)
• Configuration (see page 87)
The messages described here are encoded using the man-readable Generic String Encoding Rules (GSER), as the
messages encoded according to DER can be difficult to read for a human.
A short introduction to the GSER notation:
• Sequences and/or sets (items containing sub items) are shown as curly brackets: { <sub elements> }
• Values encoded as octet strings are written as hexadecimal octets enclosed within single quotes and
suffixed with H: 'FF9900'H
• Bit strings are also shown as octet strings when the number of bits is a multiple of 8, otherwise each bit is
shown as a single 1 or 0, and suffixed with B: '11010101001'B
• In a choice element, the selected type is denoted by its name followed by a colon: request:
Refer to Generic String Encoding Rules (GSER) for ASN.1 Types35 for a full reference.
The tool FFASN1Dump36 can transcode from GSER to DER:

35 https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3641#page-6
36 http://www.bellard.org/ffasn1/

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ffasn1dump -I gser -O der zforce_pdu_def.asn ProtocolMessage <input file> <output

file>

 Currently ffasn1dump does not handle identifiers for Integer values. For this reason, they need to be
replaced with numerical values.

Application Interface
The application interface specifies what requests can be made and what responses and notifications they activate.
Messages are specified according to the following templates:

request

request: {
deviceAddress <address>,
<request command>
}

response

response: {
deviceAddress <address>,
<command response>
}

notification

notification: {
deviceAddress <address>,
<notification>
notificationTimestamp <timestamp>
}

Where
• Address is an octet string with 2 octets, device type and index:
'<device type><index>'H. The available device types are:
Device type Device

0 Platform

1 Core

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Device type Device

2 Air

3 Plus

4 Lightning
Example: ‘0000’H for platform (there can be only one platform device per sensor system).

• Timestamp is an integer representing int16 counting at 32768 Hz.

Device Information
The deviceInformation command fetches for example the product id and the FW version. What information that is
available differs depending on the type of device. The following example shows a response from a platform device.

request command

deviceInformation {
}

command response

deviceInformation {
platformInformation {
platformVersionMajor 7,
platformVersionMinor 0,
protocolVersionMajor 1,
protocolVersionMinor 5,
firmwareVersionMajor 1,
firmwareVersionMinor 0,
hardwareIdentifier "Demo board",
hardwareVersion "R2",
asicType nn1002,
numberOfAsics 1,
mcuUniqueIdentifier '340038000E51333439333633'H,
projectReference "DEMO_1.0_REL",
platformReference "734cebd",
buildTime "16:01:14",
buildDate "2016-07-01"
}
}

The fields have the following meaning:

• platformVersion: FW platform version, version 7.0 in the example.
• protocolVersion: communication protocol version, version 1.5 in the example.

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• firmwareVersion: product FW version, version 1.0 in the example.

• hardware: product hardware, configuration and revision.
• asicType: which type of the Neonode optical scanner ASIC is used, and count.
• mcuUniqueIdentifier: identifier created at mcu manufacturing.
• projectReference: FW GIT tags or hashes. Product specific. Uniquely identifies the FW revision.
• platformReference: FW GIT tags or hashes. Uniquely identifies generic firmware base commit for the
platform.
• buildTime: time of build in Central European Time, a string.
• buildDate: date of build, a string. 

Device Count
The deviceCount command enumerates the available virtual devices.

request command

deviceCount {
}

command response

deviceCount {
totalNumberOfDevices 1,
airDevices 1
}

Device type instances are indexed from zero. The response shown here means that the only virtual device available
is Air[0].

Frequency
The frequency command changes the update frequency of all sensor modules globally, that is for all devices on all
platforms.
The following update frequencies can be set, if enabled in the product:
• finger: activated when objects with characteristics matching regular fingers are detected.
• stylus: activated for narrow stylus-like objects. (Not enabled for Neonode Touch Sensor Module.)
• idle: activated when no objects are detected, in order to minimize power usage.
The unit is Hz.

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request command

frequency {
finger 30,
idle 10
}

The response contains the current frequency settings of the product:

command response

frequency {
finger 30,
idle 10
}

In this example, the sensor module update frequency will be 30 Hz as long as finger-like objects were recently
detected. When no objects are detected, the frequency will drop to 10 Hz.

Touch Sensor
There are a number of different sensor module products that can co-exist on the same physical device. There are
some product-specific commands, but the ones listed here are general.
The Touch Sensor Module will be used as example, which means that the device address will be the first Air virtual
device

address

'0200'H

Operation Mode
The operationMode command sets what processing to perform on the sensor modules signals, and what
diagnostics that are exposed.
The following example sets the operation mode to normal object detection:

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request command

operationMode {
detection TRUE,
signals FALSE,
ledLevels FALSE,
detectionHid FALSE,
gestures FALSE
}

command response

operationMode {
detection TRUE,
signals FALSE,
ledLevels FALSE,
detectionHid FALSE
}

 As can be seen gestures are missing in the response. This is a valid response, since the device is built with a
subset of the protocol, or an older forward-compatible version.

Touch Format
The touchFormat command retrieves the binary format of the detected objects. 

request command

touchFormat {
}

command response

touchFormat {
touchDescriptor { id, event, loc-x-byte1, loc-x-byte2, loc-y-byte1, loc-y-byte2,
size-x-byte1, size-y-byte1 }
}

The touchDescriptor is a bit string, where each bit signifies one byte of payload being included in the
touchNotification octet strings. A touchNotification is the concatenation of those bytes. The following table lists all
bits. Bits used in the example are marked green.

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Name Description Comment

id Touch Identifier

event Up/Down/Move 0=Down; 1=Move; 2=Up; 3=Invalid; 4=Ghost

loc-x-byte1 X coordinate

loc-x-byte2 X expanded for higher precision

loc-x-byte3 X expanded for higher precision

loc-y-byte1 Y coordinate

loc-y-byte2 Y expanded for higher precision

loc-y-byte3 Y expanded for higher precision

loc-z-byte1 Z coordinate

loc-z-byte2 Z expanded for higher precision

loc-z-byte3 Z expanded for higher precision

size-x-byte1 X size

size-x-byte2 X size for higher precision

size-x-byte3 X size for higher precision

size-y-byte1 Y size

size-y-byte2 Y size for higher precision

size-y-byte3 Y size for higher precision

size-z-byte1 Z size

size-z-byte2 Z size for higher precision

size-z-byte3 Z size for higher precision

orientation Orientation Hand orientation

confidence Confidence Ignore. This value is not reliable for the Touch Sensor Module.

pressure Pressure
Location and size coordinates can be specified with up to 3 bytes. The byte order in decreasing significance - big-
endian. For example:
• 1 byte: location x = loc-x-byte1

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• 2 bytes: location x = (loc-x-byte1 << 8) + loc-x-byte2

• 3 bytes: location x = (loc-x-byte1 << 16) + (loc-x-byte2 << 8) + loc-x-byte3
Location is signed, and size is not.
The location coordinate scale is one of two systems, depending on which detector is used:
• Physical: Robair Air and Core detectors: The unit is 0.1 mm. A coordinate value of 463 thus means 46.3 mm
from origin.
• Relative: Triangles and Shape Air detectors: Fraction of the largest screen dimension as fixed point with 14
bits after the radix point (q14). On a widescreen display, the horizontal axis ranges [0, 214[, and vertical [0,
214 * 9/16[ ([0, 16383], [0, 9215]).

 Touch Sensor Module uses Robair, thus the unit is 0.1 mm.
Size is in mm.
Confidence and pressure are fractions of the full values, in percent.

Enable Execution
The enable command activates the Touch Sensor Module, and notifications of detections start to stream.

request command

enable {
enable 0
}

command response

enable {
enable
}

To deactivate the Touch Sensor Module, send the disable command:

request command

enable {
disable NULL
}

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command response

enable {
disable NULL
}

Touch Notifications
A detected object is reported with a touchNotification. The touchNotification payload is a touchDescriptor bit
string. Every concurrently tracked object is represented by its own touchNotification payload.

notification

notificationMessage touchNotifications: {
'0001013600730A0A64'H
},

The following table shows the value of the example payload interpreted with the touch descriptor.  

Name Description Comment Value

id Touch Identifier  0

event Up/Down/Move 0=Down; 1=Move; 2=Up; 3=Invalid; 4=Ghost  1

loc-x-byte1 X coordinate  1

loc-x-byte2 X expanded for higher precision 54 

loc-y-byte1 Y coordinate 0 

loc-y-byte2 Y expanded for higher precision 115 

size-x-byte1 X size 10 

size-y-byte1 Y size 10 

The touchNotification is from a Core device and translates to "Object 0 moved. Location is (31.0, 11.5) mm. Size is
10x10 mm."

Information
The command deviceInformation retrieves some information about the virtual device instance.

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request command

deviceInformation {
}

command response

deviceInformation {
deviceInstanceInformation {
productVersionMajor 1,
productVersionMinor 38,
physicalWidth 1584,
physicalHeight 1341,
numberOfSignalAxes 0
}
}

The response contains the deviceInstanceInformation structure, with the following parts:

Part Description

productVersion The specific type version of the virtual device.

physical Size in unit 0.1 mm. See section Touch Format for the relationship to
location coordinates.

numberOfSignalAxes Only applicable for Core devices. The number of sensor arrays, each
monitoring one dimension/axis of a touch sensor. Generally 2.

Configuration
Some configurations of the Touch Sensor Module can be changed at run-time. The deviceConfiguration request
command and command response are identical, except some configuration items in the request may be omitted in
order to leave them in their current state.
For instance, to set object size restrictions only, omit all other items:

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request command

deviceConfiguration {
sizeRestriction {
maxSizeEnabled TRUE,
maxSize 100,
minSizeEnabled FALSE
}
}

The command response contains the state of all configuration items:

command response

deviceConfiguration {
subTouchActiveArea {
lowBoundX 0,
lowBoundY 0,
highBoundX 1584,
highBoundY 1341,
reverseX FALSE,
reverseY FALSE,
flipXY FALSE,
offsetX 0,
offsetY 0
},
sizeRestriction {
maxSizeEnabled FALSE,
maxSize 0,
minSizeEnabled FALSE,
minSize 0
},
detectionMode default,
numberOfReportedTouches 2,
hidDisplaySize {
x 1584,
y 1341
}
}

The items are:

• subTouchActiveArea: Crop the sensor module to a rectangle between the specified low and high coordinates
in each dimension. Offset can be applied and flip the X and Y axis. Origin of reported locations is set to low
coordinates, or if reversed, the high coordinate with increasing coordinates toward low.
• sizeRestriction: Limit detection to objects within this size range. Unit is 0.1 mm.
• detectionMode, one of the following:
• default: finger and stylus
• finger: Finger only
• mergeTouches: Merges all touch objects into one

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• insensitiveFTIR: Unsupported
• numberOfReportedTouches: Maximum number of reported tracked objects.
• hidDisplaySize: Scaling the coordinate system when using the sensor module in HID Touch Digitizer mode.

8.4.5 Understanding the zForce ASN.1 Serialization Protocol

All communication with the Touch Sensor Module is serialized with Neonodes ASN.1 serialization protocol, and
when implementing your own solution for the sensor module it is vital to know how to encode and decode it. This
article explains the basics of ASN.1 DER/BER encoding and then walks you through the encoding of a
DeviceConfiguration Message from the zForce ASN.1 Protocol.

Downloading the definition file

Download the zForce® PDU definition file here37.

Type, Length, Value

All ASN.1 messages are structured by type, length and value:
• Type describes the type of the whole message or a subpart of a message. Type includes information on class
and tag number.
• Length defines how many bytes there are in the message or in other words, the size of the value.
• Value is the actual value you are sending to the device, it is either a primitive value or a list. The primitive
value types that are used in this protocol are:
• Integer
• Boolean
• Octet String
• Bit String

The Type Byte(s)

Type bytes can be constructed or primitive. A constructed type is a list, and in this protocol, all lists are defined by a
sequence, and will hereafter be referred to as sequences.
Class tags and tag numbers are used to encode a type byte. The following ASN.1 class tags are used:

Class Bit 8 Bit 7 Description

Universal 0 0 Not used in our protocol

Application 0 1 Shared

Context- 1 0 Local. For example specific to an Application

specific

Private 1 1 Only used to describe the type of the whole message, Request/
Response/Notification

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The encoding for tag numbers up to and including 30 (higher code numbers are encoded differently, but those are
not used in our protocol):

Bit position 8th 7th 6th 5th  4th 3rd 2nd 1st

Spec Binary 1000  0100  0010 0000 0001 0000 0000 0000 0000
ific repres 0000 0000 0000 1000 0100 0010 0001
bit entati
valu on
e
Decim 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
al
repres
entati
on

Hexad 0x80 0x40 0x20 0x10 0x08 0x04 0x02 0x01

ecimal
repres
entati
on

Description Reserve Reserve Reserved Reserve Reserve Reserve Reserve Reserve

d for d for for d for d for d for tag d for tag d for tag
class tag class tag primitive/ tag tag number number number
sequence number number

In short this means that the 8th and 7th bits are reserved to specify the class, and the 6th bit is reserved to show if it
is a sequence. Bits 5 to 1 are used to specify the tag number.

Example: The type byte for the command deviceConfiguration

The command as seen in the protocol:

deviceConfiguration [APPLICATION 19] Sequence

This tells us that the deviceConfiguration is a sequence with the class tag Application and 19 as tag number. The
deviceConfiguration type byte looks like this when it is represented as an octet:

Bit position 8th 7th 6th 5th 4th 3rd 2nd 1st

Bit 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1

Hexadecimal 0x40 0x20 0x10 0x02 0x01

Value

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Description Class Class Sequence Tag Tag Tag Tag Tag

tag tag tag number number number number number
value value value value value

All of the hexadecimal numbers are then added together to get the type byte → 0x40 + 0x20 + 0x10 + 0x02 + 0x01 =
0x73.

The Length Byte(s)

The length byte defines the number of bytes in the value byte(s) that follows it, and if the number is 127 or below,
the length byte is only one byte. If the number is 128 or higher, the length byte splits into two pieces: The first piece,
is the first byte that describes the amount of length bytes that follows it, and the second piece is the unsigned
integer that holds the whole length value.

Example: The length byte for a value that is 50 bytes long
The decimal value 50 translates to 0x32 in hexadecimal representation and 0011 0010 in binary representation

Bit position 8th 7th 6th 5th 4th 3rd 2nd 1st

Bit 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0

Hexadecimal 0x20 0x10 0x02

Value

Description If this bit is set the length of the Valu Valu Valu Valu Valu Valu Value
value is 128 bytes or longer e e e e e e

Example: The length bytes for a value that is 300 bytes long
The length bytes for a value that is 300 bytes long consists of three bytes. The first byte indicates that the following
two bytes ((0x01) 0000 0001 (0x2C) 0010 1100) should be added together. The first byte is described in the following
table:

Bit 8th 7th 6th 5th 4th 3rd 2nd 1st

position

Bit 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

Hexadeci 0x80 0x02

mal
Value

Descripti If this bit is set, the Number Number Numbe Numbe Numbe Numbe Numbe
on length of the value is of of r of r of r of r of r of
128 bytes or longer length length length length length length length
bytes bytes bytes bytes bytes bytes bytes

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The Value Byte(s)

The value byte(s) can be as few as one byte or they can be a whole sequence following the Type Length Value
format: 
• Integers are represented by one or more bytes. An integer between 0 and 127 is represented by one byte (00
to 7F). An integer between 128 and 32767 is represented by two bytes (00 80 to 7F FF).
• A Boolean only requires one byte, since it is either true or false. The Boolean is either 0x00 or 0xFF.
• An Octet String takes up just as many bytes as the number of octets.
• Bit string: the number of bytes needed to represent a bit string depends on the number of bits and is easily
explained in code:

int valueLength = 0;

void CalculateValueLength()
{
valueLength = bitString.Length / 8;

if((bitString.Length % 8) != 0)
{
valueLength++;
}
}

Request, Response, and Notification

When the host is communicating with the sensor module, all of the messages are defined as either request,
response, or notification.
• Request is a message that is sent to the sensor module from the host.
• Response is a message that responds to the request.
• Notification is a message that is read by the host and is generated without any input from the host, for
example a touch message or a boot complete message.
The messages look like this in the protocol:

*Message Definition*
ProtocolMessage ::= CHOICE {
request [PRIVATE 14] Message,
response [PRIVATE 15] Message,
notification [PRIVATE 16] Notification
}

All three have the class tag private, and they are all sequences which means that the 8th, 7th, and 6th bits are all
set. In binary this evaluates to 1110 0000 which in hexadecimal translates to 0xE0. Now all that needs to be done is
to define which type of message it is, which in this case is either tag number 14, 15, or 16. In order to define a
request, tag number 14 (0x0E) needs to be added to 0xE0, which sums up to 0xEE.

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Device Address
All messages include a Device Address. Most messages go to the Air Device, but some go to the Platform Device. In
the protocol, the DeviceAddress looks like this:

*Device Address Definition*

DeviceAddress ::= [APPLICATION 0] OCTET STRING (SIZE (2))
-- Addressing information used when multiple touch devices are present
-- in the system.
-- Byte0 - deviceType, Byte1 - deviceIndex
-- DeviceTypes: 0x00 - Platform
-- 0x01 - zForce Core
-- 0x02 - Air (Touch Sensor Module)
-- 0x03 - zForce Plus
-- 0x04 - Lighting devices

Example: Evaluate the device address

How to evaluate the address:  
1. Type byte: The deviceAddress has the class tag Application, the tag number 0 and contains two octet strings.
An octet string is primitive, and therefore the 6th bit is set to 0. In binary this evaluates to 0100 0000 and in
hexadecimal that is 0x40.
2. Length byte: 2 (two octets).
3. Value bytes: The first byte is deviceType, the second is deviceIndex.
a. Device type: In this case this is the Touch Sensor Module (Air), represented by 0x02.
b. Device index: On a Touch Sensor Module (Air) the index is always 0.
The complete device address then evaluates to 0x40 0x02 0x02 0x00:

Type Length Value

DeviceAddress Value length deviceType followed by deviceIndex

0x40 0x02 0x02 0x00

Encoding a Device Configuration Message

Device Configuration will be used as an example as it is a message that contains a large number of values with both
context-specific primitive values and context-specific sequences.

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*Device Configuration ASN.1 Protocol*

-- Instance specific settings for a device
deviceConfiguration [APPLICATION 19] Sequence {
-- Set / get the number of touches to be tracked:
numberOfTrackedTouches [0] INTEGER (0..255) OPTIONAL,
-- Set / get the minimal distance for updating a tracked touch in move
state
trackingMinDistanceMove [1] INTEGER (0..16383) OPTIONAL,
-- Set / get the sub touch active area low bound in X coordinate
subTouchActiveArea [2] Sequence {
-- Write Request and Read Response only:
-- Set / get the sub touch active area low bound in X coordinate
lowBoundX [0] INTEGER (0..16383) OPTIONAL,
-- Set / get the sub touch active area low bound in Y coordinate
lowBoundY [1] INTEGER (0..16383) OPTIONAL,
-- Set / get the sub touch active area high bound in X coordinate
highBoundX [2] INTEGER (0..16383) OPTIONAL,
-- Set / get the sub touch active area high bound in Y coordinate
highBoundY [3] INTEGER (0..16383) OPTIONAL,

All settings are optional and therefore does not require all settings to be defined in the message that is sent to the
sensor module.
We want to set the following settings in the sensor module
SubTouchActiveArea:
• LowBoundX: 500
• LowBoundY: 500
• HighBoundX: 2000
• HighBoundY: 2000
This is how to do it (the length bytes are represented by XX, and are added in the last step):

S What to do Details Result The message

t
e
p

1 Add the code for a See Request, response EE XX EE XX

request, since the and notification (see
message will be page 92).
sent from the host
to the sensor
module: 0xEE 0xXX

2 Add the device See Device Address (see 40 02 02 00 EE XX 40 02 02 00

address 0x40 0x02 page 93).
0x02 0x00

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3 Add the bytes for The command Binary: 0111 EE XX 40 02 02 00 73

deviceConfiguratio deviceConfiguration 0011
n has the class tag Hexadecimal:
Application, tag 0x73.
number 19 and is a
sequence.

4 Add the bytes for SubTouchActiveArea is Binary: 1010 EE XX 40 02 02 00 73 XX A2 XX

SubTouchActiveAr a context-specific 0010
ea sequence with tag Hexadecimal:
number 2.   0xA2  

5 Add the variables All the variables are Per variable: EE XX 40 02 02 00 73 XX A2 XX 80 XX 01

inside of context-specific and Binary: 1000 F4 81 XX 01 F4 82 XX 07 D0 83 XX 07 D0
SubTouchActiveAre primitive (binary 1000 0000 plus tag
a.. 0000, hexadecimal number.
0x80). Depending on Hexadecimal:
which variable that is 0x80 plus tag
currently being number.
added, add the specific
tag number.

6 Add the length Add the number of - EE 18 40 02 02 00 73 12 A2 10 80 02 01

bytes of the bytes for each specific F4 81 02 01 F4 82 02 07 D0 83 02 07 D0
message. part of the message.

8.5 Updating Firmware

The firmware on a Neonode Touch Sensor Module can be updated easily using the Firmware Update application
for Windows. Download it here38.

8.5.1 Prerequisites

Hardware requirements
• CPU: 1 GHz
• RAM: 512 MB
• Disk space: 20 MB
• Internet connection (for the automatic download of necessary Windows drivers)
• The interface board provided with the evaluation kit.

38 https://support.neonode.com/docs/display/Downloads/Firmware+Update+Software

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Operating System requirements

• Windows 10
• Windows 8.1

Software requirements
• .NET Framework 4.5 or higher is required and can be downloaded from Microsoft's official website. Windows
8 and higher has this installed by default.

8.5.2 Procedure
1. Download the wanted firmware here39, and run the application. 
The new firmware version is displayed, under Firmware

2. Connect the Touch Sensor Module to the computer via the provided interface board. Refer to Getting started
with Touch Sensor Module Evaluation (see page 16) for details on how to connect the sensor.

39 https://support.neonode.com/docs/display/Downloads/Firmware+Update+Software

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The connected sensor's current firmware version is displayed, under Device.

3. Make sure the checkbox for the sensor is checked and click Update.

The new firmware will be loaded into the sensor module. If it is the first time the application is used to
update the firmware, an internet connection will be required to install necessary drivers. 
A progress bar will be displayed with status during the firmware update. This process may take a few
seconds to a minute depending on the computer.               
When the firmware update is completed, a pop up message is displayed. The sensor module can be used
right away after the update is finished.                  

8.5.3 Troubleshooting
If the updating fails or the device does not show up in the application, check the following possible scenarios. If the
problem persists, please contact support.
The sensor module does not appear under Device in the application after it is plugged in
1. Click Help... and follow the instructions.
The progress bar gets stuck at 0% to 5% during the firmware update
1. Click Help... and follow the instructions to set the sensor module in DFU mode.
2. Check "STM device in DFU mode" or "STM32 BOOTLOADER" device under "Universal Serial Bus
controller" or "Other devices" in Windows Device Manager to ensure drivers are working properly. Uninstall
or update the driver if necessary.

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The firmware update fails with the message "Failed to download new firmware" or the progress bar gets
stuck at about 50 to 60%
1. Click Help... and follow the instructions.
The progress bar gets stuck at 100%  during firmware update with the message "Waiting for USB
configuration...",
This is because the sensor module failed to leave "boot mode" but the firmware is already updated.
1. Click on Cancel button and re-plug the sensor. The new firmware is updated and the sensor is ready to be
used.

8.5.4 Firmware Release Notes 1.49

Contents of Release
• Bug fix.
• Modified the relationship between Hid Display Size and Offset.
• Extended range.

Fixed bugs
• Fixed an off by one error in the reported Physical Height.

Features and Modifications

• The settings Hid Display Size and Offset (in Device Configuration) are now independent of each other and
changing one of these settings will not affect the other.
• Added an additional firmware package for NNAMC3460PC01 and NNAMC3461PC01 with support for
extended range.

8.5.5 Firmware Release Notes 1.47

Contents of Release
• Bug fixes

Fixed bugs
• Fixed a bug where Flip XY did not work as expected, when ReversY and ReverseX was also set to true.
• FIxed a bug for "Sub Area Offset" when using "Flip XY".

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8.5.6 Firmware Release Notes 1.46

Contents of Release
• Bug fixes

Fixed bugs
A bug was fixed in the gesture feature, that caused poor performance.

8.5.7 Firmware Release Notes 1.45

Contents of Release
• Added a reflective edge filter
• Bug fixes
• Changed name of the hardware id

New features
A new reflective edge filter has been added and is disabled by default. Instructions on how to enable it is available
here40.
Changed the name of the hardware id to "zForceAIR sensor". Previously called "AirModule".

Enhancements

Fixed bugs
A bug was fixed in the X size of the touching object and the Y size is no longer reported

40 https://support.neonode.com/docs/display/AIRTSUsersGuide/Communication+Protocol+Quick+Start

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9 Implementation Examples
The following examples are here to give you an idea of different ways to use the sensor module, and different ways
of integrating the sensor into your system.

9.1 Interface Library for Arduino

9.1.1 Use Case

This library is useful if you would like to easily get started with a prototype, understand how to communicate with
the sensor module using I2C or if you would like to see how the library has implemented the communication.       

9.1.2 Introduction
The library offers an easy way to communicate with the Touch Sensor Module as well as some primitive parsing of
the ASN.1 serialized messages. This makes it easy for the end user to get x and y coordinates from touch
notifications or set different settings such as the correct touch active area. The library does not have support for all
messages available in the ASN.1 protocol, however the I2C read and write functions are public and can be used if
any setting or request not supported by the library needs to be sent/read from the sensor module.

9.1.3 Open Source

This library is distributed under the GNU LGPL v2.1 open source license and is available on GitHub41 along with
additional documentation as well as a full example program. For questions regarding how to use the library, please
refer to our help center42.

9.1.4 How to use the library

Main Loop
The library is built around using zforce.GetMessage() as the main loop for reading messages from the sensor
module. GetMessage checks if the data ready pin is high and if it is, the function zforce.Read() will be called. The
read function takes a buffer parameter which is used to store the data from the sensor module.

41 https://github.com/neonode-inc/zforce-arduino
42 https://helpcenter.neonode.com/hc/en-us/requests/new

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GetMessage

Message* Zforce::GetMessage()
{
Message* msg = nullptr;
if(GetDataReady() == HIGH)
{
if(!Read(buffer))
{
msg = VirtualParse(buffer);
ClearBuffer(buffer);
}
}

return msg;
}

When GetMessage has been called it is up to the end user to destroy the message by calling
zforce.DestroyMessage() and passing the message pointer as a parameter.

Send and Read Messages

The library has support for some basic settings in the Touch Sensor Module, for example
zforce.SetTouchActiveArea(). When writing a message to the sensor module the end user has to make sure that
data ready is not high before writing. This is done by calling GetMessage and reading whatever might be in the I2C
buffer.
When a message has been sent, the sensor module always creates a response that has to be read by the host. It
could take some time for the sensor module to create the response and put it on the I2C buffer, which is why it is
recommended to call the GetMessage function in a do while loop.

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Send and Read

// Make sure that there is nothing in the I2C buffer before writing to the sensor
module
Message* msg = zforce.GetMessage();
if(msg != NULL)
{
// Here you can read whatever is in the message or just destroy it.
zforce.DestroyMessage(msg);
}
 
// Send Touch Active Area request
zforce.TouchActiveArea(50,50,2000,4000);
 
// Wait for the response to arrive
do
{
msg = zforce.GetMessage();
} while (msg == NULL);
 
// See what the response contains
if(msg->type == MessageType::TOUCHACTIVEAREATYPE)
{
Serial.print("minX is: ");
Serial.println(((TouchActiveAreaMessage*)msg)->minX);
Serial.print("minY is: ");
Serial.println(((TouchActiveAreaMessage*)msg)->minY);
Serial.print("maxX is: ");
Serial.println(((TouchActiveAreaMessage*)msg)->maxX);
Serial.print("maxY is: ");
Serial.println(((TouchActiveAreaMessage*)msg)->maxY);
}
// Destroy the message
zforce.DestroyMessage(msg);

9.2 USB HID Communication Example

9.2.1 Use Case

This sort of implementation should be used when you want to communicate using USB, and you are not able to use
either Neonode Workbench or the zForce SDK to configure the sensor, due to system requirements.

9.2.2 Introduction
The zForce AIR sensor supports communication over I2C and USB. Both the Neonode Workbench, and the zForce
SDK uses USB hidpipe to communicate with the sensor, but unfortunately not all systems can use the SDK or the

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Workbench application. This might be the case if you are planning to connect the sensor to (for example) an
Android device, and need to change some settings, which is also why this example will be in Java using the Android
SDK.

What is HID?
HID stands for Human Interface Device, and is generally a device that takes input from humans and delivers it to a
host system. The zForce AIR sensor has two different modes for the USB connection, which are the HID Digitizer
mode, and the Raw HID mode.

Raw HID mode

When the sensor is connected to a system it is automatically put into the HID Digitizer mode, but in order to
communicate with it, and send/read messages from it in a program, it has to be put into (also known as hidpipe)
Raw HID mode. This is done by enumerating the sensor in your program, and sending a command to it.

9.2.3 Connecting to the sensor

Enumerating
The first thing you have to do in your program, is to make sure that the sensor is talking to your program instead of
communicating with the OS. This is done by enumerating the sensor, and the code can look a bit different
depending on which OS or SDK you are using, but the general idea is still the same, and usually follows the USB
standard.
In Java, using the Android SDK, the code looks like this:

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manager = (UsbManager) getSystemService(Context.USB_SERVICE); // Create a UsbManager

Map<String, UsbDevice> connectedDevices = manager.getDeviceList(); // Get all the
connected USB devices and save them in a map
 
 
for (UsbDevice device : connectedDevices.values()) // Loop through all the connected
devices
{
if(device.getVendorId() == 0x1536 && device.getProductId() == 0x0101) // If a
zForce AIR Sensor is found,
{
mPermissionIntent = PendingIntent.getBroadcast(this, 0, new
Intent(ACTION_USB_PERMISSION), 0);
IntentFilter filter = new IntentFilter(ACTION_USB_PERMISSION);
registerReceiver(NmUsbReceiver, filter);
manager.requestPermission(device, mPermissionIntent);
 
Nintf = device.getInterface(0);
// NEONODE 0=IN, no out
Nendpoint = Nintf.getEndpoint(0);
Nconnection = manager.openDevice(device);
Nconnection.claimInterface(Nintf, forceClaim);
configure_neonode();
read_neonode();
}
}

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public void SetOperationMode ()

{
byte[] sendArray = new byte[257];

byte[] detectionMode = {
(byte) 0x01,(byte) 0x17,(byte) 0xEE,(byte) 0x15,(byte) 0x40,(byte) 0x02,
(byte) 0x02,
(byte) 0x00,(byte) 0x67,(byte) 0x0F,(byte) 0x80,(byte) 0x01,
(byte) 0xFF,(byte) 0x81,(byte) 0x01,(byte) 0x00,(byte) 0x82,
(byte) 0x01,(byte) 0x00,(byte) 0x83,(byte) 0x01,(byte) 0x00,
(byte) 0x84,(byte) 0x01,(byte) 0x00
};

System.arraycopy(detectionMode, 0, sendArray, 0, detectionMode.length);

int requestType = UsbConstants.USB_DIR_OUT | UsbConstants.USB_TYPE_CLASS |

UsbConstants.USB_INTERFACE_SUBCLASS_BOOT;
int request = 0x09;
int value = 0x0301;
int index = 0x0000;
 
// write to device to set it in detectionMode, 0x01 for feature report 1
int read_response = sendFeatureReport(0x01, sendArray, sendArray.length);
 
String responseString = "Request";
Log.i(responseString, Integer.toString(read_response));
String byteString = byteArrayToHex(detectionMode);
Log.i(responseString, byteString);

//Read the response of the previous request

byte readBuffer[] = new byte[258];
 
// read from the device, 0x02 for feature report 2
read_response = getFeatureReport(0x02, readBuffer, readBuffer.length);
 
responseString = "Response";
Log.i(responseString, Integer.toString(read_response));
byteString = byteArrayToHex(readBuffer);
Log.i(responseString, byteString);

public int SendFeatureReport(int reportId, byte[] data, int length) {

if ((reportId & 0xFF) != reportId)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("reportId may only set the lowest 8
bits");
return zForceAirConnection.controlTransfer(
UsbConstants.USB_DIR_OUT | UsbConstants.USB_TYPE_CLASS |
UsbConstants.USB_INTERFACE_SUBCLASS_BOOT,
0x09,

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reportId | 0x0300,
0x0000, data, length, 0);
}
 
public int GetFeatureReport(int reportId, byte[] data, int length) {
if ((reportId & 0xFF) != reportId)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("reportId may only set the lowest 8
bits");
return zForceAirConnection.controlTransfer(
UsbConstants.USB_DIR_IN | UsbConstants.USB_TYPE_CLASS |
UsbConstants.USB_INTERFACE_SUBCLASS_BOOT,
0x01,
reportId | 0x0300,
0x0000, data, length, 0);
}

9.3 Sub Touch Active Area

9.3.1 Introduction
The Touch Sensor Module can be adjusted by changing the module's device configuration. By configuring these
settings, the size or orientation of the Touch Active Area (TAA) can for instance be modified. Device Configuration is
implemented according to our ASN.1 protocol (see page 56), and most of the parameters can be configured in
Workbench, zForce SDK, or Arduino Library (I2C). The parameters that have been configured using our evaluation
tools or your own application, are stored in the ram memory. Meaning that the new configuration will have to be
applied after each reboot. Please refer to section Device Configuration List to find all avaliable parameters.

Index
• Axis Orientation (see page 106)
• Device Configuration List (see page 107)
• Reverse X and Y (see page 111)
• Flip XY  (see page 112)
• Offset X and Y (see page 113)
• Hid Display Size X and  Y (see page 114)
• Proportional Mapping (see page 114)
• Selective Touch Area (see page 115)

9.3.2 Axis Orientation

When mapping a reported touch from the Touch Active Area to a display, it is important that the orientation of the
TAA, as well as the display are taken into account. When positioning a Touch Sensor Module over a display to
achieve touch functionality, both systems needs to be co-aligned in order for a reported touch to be projected in
the same corresponding position of the screen. If both systems are not oriented in the same way, the reported
touches are going to be reversed depending of the setup. Luckily, the orientation of the reported touches can be
configured to counter this by using ReverseX/ReverseY or FlipXY in Device Configuration. These settings rotates or

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flips the given coordinates of the reported touches, which allows the sensor to be mounted at any of the 4 sides of
the screen 
Almost all displays has a reference point (or origin) positioned at the upper left corner of the screen, where the x-
axis points in the direction to the right, with the y-axis pointing downwards. The origin of the sensor module's
Touch Active Area is positioned on the left hand side, when having the TAA facing downwards, with the black side of
the sensor module facing outwards.
This means that if a sensor module is positioned above a display, with the black side facing outwards, and its TAA
covering the screen - Both coordinates systems would be co-aligned and a reported touch would project on the
display seamlessly. But if we were to flip the sensor module to cover the screen from underneath the display, a
reported touch would appear to be reversed in y-direction since their coordinate systems would no longer be co-
aligned, as illustrated below.

9.3.3 Device Configuration List

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Configuration Range Measuremen Description

t

Idle Frequency Frequency (see Hz Scanning frequency when the Touch Sensor
page 139) Module have not registered any touch object.

Finger Frequency Frequency (see Hz Scanning frequency when the Touch Sensor
page 139) Module have registered and tracking a touch
object.

Number Of Reported 1-10 touches Quantity The number of touches that can be reported
Touches simultaneously.

Max Size Enabled True/False Boolean Allows a maximum touch object size.

Max Size Mechanical 10-1·mm Max limitation of a touch object (iif Max Size
Data43 Enabled =True).

Min Size Enabled True/False Boolean Allows a minimum touch object size.

Min Size Mechanical 10-1·mm Min limitation of a touch object (iif Min Size
Data44 Enabled =True).

Low Bound X Mechanical 10-1·mm Start position of the (Sub)TAA in x-direction.

Data45

Low Bound Y Mechanical 10-1·mm Start position of the (Sub)TAA in y-direction.

Data46

High Bound X Mechanical 10-1·mm End position of the (Sub)TAA in x-direction.

Data47

High Bound Y Mechanical 10-1·mm End position of the (Sub)TAA in y-direction.

Data48

Reverse X True/False Boolean Reverses the x-coordinates of reported touches.

43 https://support.neonode.com/docs/display/AIRTSUsersGuide/Mechanical+Data
44 https://support.neonode.com/docs/display/AIRTSUsersGuide/Mechanical+Data
45 https://support.neonode.com/docs/display/AIRTSUsersGuide/Mechanical+Data
46 https://support.neonode.com/docs/display/AIRTSUsersGuide/Mechanical+Data
47 https://support.neonode.com/docs/display/AIRTSUsersGuide/Mechanical+Data
48 https://support.neonode.com/docs/display/AIRTSUsersGuide/Mechanical+Data

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Reverse Y True/False Boolean Reverses the y-coordinates of reported touches.

Flip XY True/False Boolean Swaps the y- with the x-coordinates of the

reported touches.

Offset X Mechanical 10-1·mm Offsets the projected (Sub)TAA in x-direction, on

Data49 the display.

Offset Y Mechanical 10-1·mm Offsets the projected (Sub)TAA in y-direction,

Data50 on the display.

Hid Display Size X Mechanical51 D 10-1·mm Width of the display.

ata52

Hid Display Size Y Mechanical53 D 10-1·mm Height of the display.

ata54

Low- and  High Bound

The Low or High Bound of the x- or y-axis can be configured in order to make a Touch Active Area (TAA) smaller,
creating a so-called Sub Touch Active Area (SubTAA). This limits the interactive area, and touches would only be
reported within the SubTAA.
The SubTAA is measured from its origin, in the range of Low Bound and High Bound, in x- or y-direction. 

49 https://support.neonode.com/docs/display/AIRTSUsersGuide/Mechanical+Data
50 https://support.neonode.com/docs/display/AIRTSUsersGuide/Mechanical+Data
51 https://support.neonode.com/docs/display/AIRTSUsersGuide/Mechanical+Data
52 https://support.neonode.com/docs/display/AIRTSUsersGuide/Mechanical+Data
53 https://support.neonode.com/docs/display/AIRTSUsersGuide/Mechanical+Data
54 https://support.neonode.com/docs/display/AIRTSUsersGuide/Mechanical+Data

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Where,
• Low Bound X - Start position of the (Sub)TAA in x-direction, measured from the origin of the TAA.
• High Bound X - End position of the (Sub)TAA in x-direction, measured from the origin of the TAA.
• Low Bound Y - Start position of the (Sub)TAA in y-direction, measured from the origin of the TAA.
• High Bound Y - End position of the (Sub)TAA in y-direction, measured from the origin of the TAA.
When projecting a SubTAA to a display within the host system, the projected SubTAA would then be mapped to the
display's origin, regardless of its position (as shown in the illustration below).

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9.3.4 Reverse X and Y

Reverse X or Y reverses the coordinates of a reported touch in x- or y-direction, without effecting the orientation of
the (Sub) Touch Active Area. When positioning a sensor module, the axes of the Touch Active Area should either be
positioned in the same orientation as the display, or have the reported touch coordinates adjusted. Please consider
the following example.

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9.3.5 Flip XY 

Flip XY swaps the x- with the y-axis of the reported touches, without effecting the orientation of the (Sub) Touch
Active Area. When swapping axes, the reported touch data would then be sent to the host system containing the
new x- and y coordinates. 
FlipXY together with ReverseX/Y can be used together which allows the Touch Sensor Module to be positioned
around all edges of a display. When positioning a sensor module, the axes of the Touch Active Area should either be
positioned in the same orientation as the display, or have the reported touch coordinates adjusted. Please consider
the following example.

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9.3.6 Offset X and Y

Offset X or Y configures the position of the mapped (Sub) Touch Active Area onto the display for the given
axes. When adding the offset to a SubTAA, the position of the projected SubTAA will then be moved according to the
following illustration.

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9.3.7 Hid Display Size X and  Y

Hid Display Size X or Y represent the width and height of a display in the host system. The default value is set to
match the size of the sensor module's Touch Active Area, creating a proportional mapping regardless of the display
size. In practice, this means that if a display is larger than the TAA, a projected touch would by default on the
display proportionally, as if the projected TAA were "stretched" to fit the display size and ratio. An alternative to a
proportional mapping would be to create a selective touch area, where only a part of the display have touch
functionality. 

Proportional Mapping
When Hid Display Size is set to the size of the Touch Active Area, the mapping of a reported touch would get
projected proportionally, to fit the size of the display.
For instance, if a display within the host system is larger than the TAA, a reported touch will get projected as the
illustration show below.

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Selective Touch Area

It is possible to create a so-called Selective Touch Area, where only a part of the display have touch functionality.
For instance, if a Touch Sensor Module is positioned over a larger display, we can create a touch surface over that
specific part of the screen. Please refer to Selective Touch Area55 for further information and examples.

55 https://support.neonode.com/docs/display/AIRTSUsersGuide/Selective+Touch+Area

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9.4 I2C Mouse pad and Keyboard

The Touch Sensor Module can be used to send keyboard or mouse input to a computer through I2C. An example of
how this can be achieved is included in the Arduino Library56 example zForceKeyboardMouse57. The example
uses the official Arduino libraries <Mouse.h> and <Keyboard.h.> to communicate with the host system.

The Touch Sensor Module can be placed as an in-air solution or on any surface, providing plenty of alternatives for
a wide range of users. The sensor module can for instance be configured to work as a personalized control panel, or
mixer board. Due to the customizable layout and controls, It could be used in development, as well as assisting
people who needs a customized workspace.

9.4.1 Description
The zForceKeyboardMouse example showcase how touch input can be converted as mouse or keyboard input. The
example enables SAMD micro based boards (e.g. Neonode Prototyping Board58) to send keystrokes or mouse
navigation to the host system by using the official Arduino libraries <Mouse.h> and <Keyboard.h>, through HID.
The example divides the Touch Active Area into one mouse pad and a keyboard section, containing 5 buttons (A-E).
The mouse section works like a relative mouse pad, where the cursor moves relatively to its previous position. The
Keyboard buttons are programmed to print the letters A-E when a touch is being preformed in each corresponding
section. 
We can access the touch data from the sensor module through the zForce Arduino library

56 https://support.neonode.com/docs/display/AIRTSUsersGuide/Touch+Sensor+Module+Interface+Library+for+Arduino
57 https://github.com/neonode-inc/zforce-arduino
58 https://support.neonode.com/docs/display/NPB/User%27s+Guide+-+Neonode+Prototyping+Board

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int16_t x = ((TouchMessage*)touch)->touchData[0].x; //Touch

input position x coordinate
int16_t y = ((TouchMessage*)touch)->touchData[0].y; //Touch
input position y coordinate
int8_t event = ((TouchMessage*)touch)->touchData[0].event; //Touch input event
state, i.e TouchUp, TouchDown...

Touch handling Mouse Pad

Since the Touch Sensor Module is recognized as a touch screen digitizer, the touch input data needs to be extracted
in order to translate it as mouse input. To translate the absolute position input coordinates to its relative position
(movement), we subtract the current touch data position with the previous tracked object position.

Mouse.move((x - previousTouch.x), (y - previousTouch.y)); //"x" and "y" are

the location of the reported touch coordinates

/"previousTouch.x" and "previousTouch.y" are the location of the

/ previous reported coordinate.

A left-click mouse action is preformed once "tapping" or "clicking" withing the mouse section. The left-click action
is fired when a reported touch has the event data "UP". In practice, this means that the end user would needs to
both "press" and "release" their finger in order to preform a touch. The touch sensitivity can be adjusted by the
global variable holdTime, which acts like a timer for how long a "touch" can take. 
In order to use the mouse pad, we use the collected touch information from the sensor module:

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switch (event)
{
case 0: // DOWN event
previousTouch.x = x;
previousTouch.y = y;
globalMillis = millis();
Serial.println("Mouse Input - DOWN");
 
break;
 
case 1: // MOVE event
if ((millis() - globalMillis) >= holdTime)
{
Mouse.move((x - previousTouch.x), (y - previousTouch.y));
Serial.println("Mouse Input - Moving cursor");
}
previousTouch.x = x;
previousTouch.y = y;
break;
 
case 2: // UP event
Serial.print("Mouse Input - UP");
if (millis() - globalMillis < holdTime) // mouse "left click", sensitivity
{ // can be tuned by changing "holdTime"
Mouse.click(MOUSE_LEFT);
Serial.print("(Left-Click)");
}
Serial.println("");
break;
default: break;
}

In-Air Contactless Touch Adjustment

For in-air solutions, we recommend to preform all "left-clicks" or "key presses" on the DOWN-event instead of the
UP-event. By making this adjustment, the left-click will be fired when the end user press down their finger (instead
of when releasing). This gives the Touch Active Area a more tactile response, which is optimal for in-air solutions

To make a left-click trigger on the DOWN-event instead, please consider the following adjustments:

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switch (event)
{
case 0: // DOWN event
previousTouch.x = x;
previousTouch.y = y;
globalMillis = millis();
Mouse.click(MOUSE_LEFT); //Left-click on DOWN-event
break;
 
case 1: // MOVE event
if ((millis() - globalMillis) >= holdTime)
{
Mouse.move((x - previousTouch.x), (y - previousTouch.y));
}
previousTouch.x = x;
previousTouch.y = y;
break;
 
case 2: // UP event
break;
default: break;
}

Touch Handling Keyboard

The keyboard buttons will send a key press depending on the position of the touch object. Each buttons
are sectioned by the variable keyboardBoundary, and are thereafter sectioned further to distinguish each key.
If a reported touch with a DOWN-event is positioned within the keyboardBoundary, a second look-up will be
preformed in order to evaluate which key to print. 

if (event == 0) { // DOWN event

//assign Key to the given interval

if (y < 250)
Keyboard.print('A'); //Print Key "A"
else if (y < 500)
Keyboard.print('B'); //Print Key "B"
else if (y < 750)
Keyboard.print('C'); //Print Key "C"
else if (y < 1000)
Keyboard.print('D'); //Print Key "D"
else
Keyboard.print('E'); //Print Key "E"
}

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9.5 Selective Touch Area

9.5.1 Use Case

This method of configuring sensor module(s) can be used to get one or multiple touch areas on a larger screen or
on a large projected area, further referred to as Screen.

9.5.2 Illustrations                    

9.5.3 Introduction
A Touch Sensor Module can be mounted on four sides of a screen and with the connector to either the right or the
left (PCB or silver side down) but we recommend mounting it with the silver side towards the screen, as the touch
area is then closer to the screen.
This will give a total of eight different configurations.
It is possible to mount a sensor module "on" or "in" the screen. However this will cover/block part of the screen and
is therefore not a part of this example.
1. Top: Sensor module on top of the screen facing down.
2. Bottom: Sensor module on bottom of the screen facing up.
3. Right: Sensor module on right side of the screen facing left.

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4. Left: Sensor module on the left side of the screen facing right.

9.5.4 HID Display Size

HID Display Size is the physical size of the screen in tenths of millimeters (1/10 ; 1 mm = 10)

9.5.5 Configurations With One Sensor Module

NOTE: Values in bold has to be changed from default to make the configuration work.
Top - Connector to the right

Configuration 1 (Top - Connector to the right)

Sub Area Low <Default values from sensor modules original configuration>
Bound X

Sub Area Low <Default values from sensor modules original configuration>
Bound Y

Sub Area High <Default values from sensor modules original configuration>
Bound X

Sub Area High <Default values from sensor modules original configuration>
Bound Y

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Configuration 1 (Top - Connector to the right)

Sub Area Reverse True

X

Sub Area Reverse False

Y

Sub Area Flip XY False

Sub Area Offset X The offset distance left side of the screen and the (left side of the) sensor module.
If the sensor module sticks out to the left of the screen change "Sub Area High Bound X" .
Subtract the distance the sensor module sticks out from the left edge of the screen and the
SW (Software origin).

Sub Area Offset Y Zero (0)

If you have the sensor above the screen change the "Sub Area Low Bound Y" to the
distance between screen and sensor module.

Hid Display Size X Width of screen in tenths of millimeters.

Hid Display Size Y Height of screen in tenths of millimeters.

Top - Connector to the left

Configuration 1 (Top - Connector to the left)

Sub Area Low <Default values from sensor modules original configuration>
Bound X

Sub Area Low <Default values from sensor modules original configuration>
Bound Y

Sub Area High <Default values from sensor modules original configuration>
Bound X

Sub Area High <Default values from sensor modules original configuration>
Bound Y

Sub Area Reverse False

X

Sub Area Reverse False

Y

Sub Area Flip XY False

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Configuration 1 (Top - Connector to the left)

Sub Area Offset X The offset distance left side of the screen and the (left side of the) sensor module.
If the sensor module sticks out to the left of the screen change "Sub Area Low Bound X" .
Add the distance the sensor module sticks out from the left edge of the screen and the SW
(Software origin).

Sub Area Offset Y Zero (0)

If you have the sensor above the screen change the "Sub Area Low Bound Y" to the distance
between screen and sensor.

Hid Display Size X Width of screen in tenths of millimeters.

Hid Display Size Y Height of screen in tenths of millimeters.

Bottom - Connector to the right

Configuration 2 (Bottom - Connector to the right)

Sub Area Low <Default values from sensor modules original configuration>
Bound X

Sub Area Low <Default values from sensor modules original configuration>
Bound Y

Sub Area High <Default values from sensor modules original configuration>
Bound X

Sub Area High <Default values from sensor modules original configuration>
Bound Y

Sub Area Reverse True

X

Sub Area Reverse True

Y

Sub Area Flip XY False

Sub Area Offset X The offset distance left side of the screen and the (left side of the) sensor module .
If the sensor module sticks out to the left of the screen change "Sub Area High Bound X" .
Subtract the distance the sensor module sticks out from the left edge of the screen and the
SW (Software origin).

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Configuration 2 (Bottom - Connector to the right)

Sub Area Offset Y This is the value of "Hid Display Size Y" minus "Sub Area High Bound Y" plus "Sub
Area Low Bound Y"
If the sensor module is below the screen change the "Sub Area Low Bound Y " to the
distance between screen and sensor module. Also update the value of "Sub Area Offset Y"
to correspond to the new offset.

Hid Display Size X Width of screen in tenths of millimeters.

Hid Display Size Y Height of screen in tenths of millimeters.

Bottom - Connector to the left

Configuration 2 (Bottom - Connector to the left)

Sub Area Low <Default values from sensor modules original configuration>
Bound X

Sub Area Low <Default values from sensor modules original configuration>
Bound Y

Sub Area High <Default values from sensor modules original configuration>
Bound X

Sub Area High <Default values from sensor modules original configuration>
Bound Y

Sub Area Reverse False

X

Sub Area Reverse True

Y

Sub Area Flip XY False

Sub Area Offset X The offset distance left side of the screen and the (left side of the) sensor module.
If the sensor module sticks out to the left of the screen change "Sub Area Low Bound X" .
Add the distance the sensor module sticks out from the left edge of the screen and the SW
(Software origin).

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Configuration 2 (Bottom - Connector to the left)

Sub Area Offset Y This is the value of "Hid Display Size Y" minus "Sub Area High Bound Y" plus "Sub
Area Low Bound Y"
If the sensor module is below the screen change the "Sub Area Low Bound Y " to the
distance between screen and sensor module. Also update the value of "Sub Area Offset Y"
to correspond to the new offset.

Hid Display Size X Width of screen in tenths of millimeters.

Hid Display Size Y Height of screen in tenths of millimeters.

Left - Connector to the top

Configuration 3 (Left - Connector to the top)

Sub Area Low <Default values from sensor modules original configuration>
Bound X

Sub Area Low <Default values from sensor modules original configuration>
Bound Y

Sub Area High <Default values from sensor modules original configuration>
Bound X

Sub Area High <Default values from sensor modules original configuration>
Bound Y

Sub Area Reverse False

X

Sub Area Reverse False

Y

Sub Area Flip XY True

Sub Area Offset X Zero (0)

If you have the sensor module to the left of the screen change the "Sub Area Low Bound Y"
to the distance between screen and sensor.

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Configuration 3 (Left - Connector to the top)

Sub Area Offset Y The offset is the distance from the sensor module to the top of the screen.
Max offset is "Hid Display Size Y" minus "Sub Area High Bound X" plus "Sub Area Low
Bound X".
If the sensor module sticks out to the top of the screen change "Sub Area Low Bound X" .
Add the distance the sensor module sticks out from the left edge of the screen and the SW
(Software origin).

Hid Display Size X Width of screen in tenths of millimeters.

Hid Display Size Y Height of screen in tenths of millimeters.

Left - Connector to the bottom

Configuration 3 (Left - Connector to the bottom)

Sub Area Low <Default values from sensor modules original configuration>
Bound X

Sub Area Low <Default values from sensor modules original configuration>
Bound Y

Sub Area High <Default values from sensor modules original configuration>
Bound X

Sub Area High <Default values from sensor modules original configuration>
Bound Y

Sub Area Reverse X False

Sub Area Reverse Y True

Sub Area Flip XY True

Sub Area Offset X Zero (0)

If you have the sensor module to the left of the screen change the "Sub Area Low Bound
Y" to the distance between screen and sensor.

Sub Area Offset Y The offset is the distance from the sensor module to the top of the screen.
If the sensor module sticks out to the top of the screen change "Sub Area High Bound X" .
Subtract the distance the sensor module sticks out from the left edge of the screen and
the SW (Software origin).

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Configuration 3 (Left - Connector to the bottom)

Hid Display Size X Width of screen in tenths of millimeters.

Hid Display Size Y Height of screen in tenths of millimeters.

Right - Connector to the top

Configuration 4 (Right - Connector to the top)

Sub Area Low <Default values from sensor modules original configuration>
Bound X

Sub Area Low <Default values from sensor modules original configuration>
Bound Y

Sub Area High <Default values from sensor modules original configuration>
Bound X

Sub Area High <Default values from sensor modules original configuration>
Bound Y

Sub Area Reverse True

X

Sub Area Reverse False

Y

Sub Area Flip XY True

Sub Area Offset X This is the value of "Hid Display Size X" minus "Sub Area High Bound Y" plus "Sub
Area Low Bound Y".
If you have the sensor module to the right of the screen change the "Sub Area Low Bound
Y" to the distance between screen and sensor module.

Sub Area Offset Y The offset is the distance from the sensor to the top of the screen.
If the sensor module sticks out to the top of the screen change "Sub Area Low Bound X" .
Add the distance the sensor module sticks out from the left edge of the screen and the SW
(Software origin).

Hid Display Size X Width of screen in tenths of millimeters.

Hid Display Size Y Height of screen in tenths of millimeters.

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Right - Connector to the bottom

Configuration 4 (Right - Connector to the bottom)

Sub Area Low <Default values from sensor modules original configuration>
Bound X

Sub Area Low <Default values from sensor modules original configuration>
Bound Y

Sub Area High <Default values from sensor modules original configuration>
Bound X

Sub Area High <Default values from sensor modules original configuration>
Bound Y

Sub Area Reverse True

X

Sub Area Reverse True

Y

Sub Area Flip XY True

Sub Area Offset X This is the value of "Hid Display Size X" minus "Sub Area High Bound Y" plus "Sub
Area Low Bound Y".
If you have the sensor module to the right of the screen change the "Sub Area Low Bound
Y" to the distance between screen and sensor module.

Sub Area Offset Y The offset is the distance from the sensor module to the top of the screen.
If the sensor module sticks out to the top of the screen change "Sub Area High Bound X" .
Subtract the distance the sensor module sticks out from the left edge of the screen and the
SW (Software origin).

Hid Display Size X Width of screen in tenths of millimeters.

Hid Display Size Y Height of screen in tenths of millimeters.

9.5.6 Configurations With Multiple Sensor Modules

If you would like to configure multiple sensors modules for touch on different parts of the screen, please use the
settings above for each sensor. If you would like to make this setting with Neonode Workbench, please use the
Workspace designated for multiple sensor modules. If you would like to create your own solution, the zForce SDK
can be used to implement this.

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9.6 Touch Device Handling

9.6.1 Introduction
When the Touch Sensor Module sends touch notification, it contains event data that describes the state of the
current tracked touch (DOWN, MOVE, UP). When connecting the Touch Sensor Module over USB HID, It is recognized
as a Touch Screen Digitizer by the Operating System, where a "touch" is recognized on the UP event. In practice,
this means that the end user would have to both "press" and "release" their finger (or touch object) before a touch
can be preformed. Similar to a tapping motion. 
For in-air contactless touch solutions, the application gets a stronger tactile response when the application to
trigger on the DOWN event instead of the UP event. This way, a touch will be recognized as soon as a the object is
entering the Touch Active Area. In this article, we will show how this can be achieved by binding buttons to the
DOWN event of a tracked touch, using a WPF example application. For I2C communications, a demonstration of this
can be found in I2C Mouse pad and Keyboard (see page 117).

9.6.2 USB Touch Screen Digitizer and Mouse

For the application to handle input from the Touch Sensor Module, it needs to both be able to read input from a
touchscreen digitizer, as well as a mouse. The sensor module first sends touch input to the host system, which
would then get translated to mouse input. Therefore, it is important to make sure that the application can handle
both input devices, as well as separating the input devices from one another. Please refer to section WPF Touch
Device Handling Application Example for an MVVM application example using WPF.

 How to bind the touch event to trigger a button command might differ depending on your framework. It is
usually with the same principle as this WPF application shows, but using different formatting.

A "touch" has 4 significant events called, TouchEnter, TouchDown, TouchLeave, and TouchUp that is used to
describe a TOUCH event. The wanted touch events (i.e. TouchDown) could then be handled in the application to
trigger a button, for example.

Touch Event Action

Touch Enter Fired when an object enters the area. Can be either from the side, or a new object registering.

Touch Down Fired when a new object enters the area. Note: Only fired on new events.
If a new object enters straight into this area (or bound button), both TouchEnter and
TouchDown are fired.

Touch Leave Fired when an object leaves the area. Both when it is no longer tracked at all, and when it
leaves the boundaries of the button.

Touch Up Fired when a object leaves the area and is no longer tracked at all
To get a better understanding of the different touch events, please consider the following example. 

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Example
Imagine 4 buttons that are positioned in a 2x2 pattern called UpperLeft, UpperRight, LowerLeft, LowerRight. Each
button can be configured to be fired on one on multiple touch events.

Step-by-Step walkthrough of the touch events in the application

1. Start: No touches exist anywhere.
2. An object (finger) is detected within UpperLeft. (i.e. you put your finger inside the UpperLeft button).
a. The TouchDown event is fired inside UpperLeft (i.e. the handler is called, if it is registered to handle
the TouchDown case).
b. The TouchEnter event is fired inside UpperLeft.
3. The object is moved from UpperLeft to UpperRight.
a. The TouchLeave event is fired inside UpperLeft. Note that TouchUp is NOT fired as we are still
tracking the object!).
b. The TouchEnter event is fired inside UpperRight. Note that TouchDown is NOT fired as this is NOT a
new object!).
4. The object is moved from UpperRight to LowerRight.
a. The TouchLeave event is fired inside UpperRight.
b. The TouchEnter event is fired inside LowerRight.
5. The object is removed from the LowerRight area. I.e. you removed your finger.
a. The TouchLeave event is fired in the LowerRight area.
b. The TouchUp event is fired in the LowerRight area.
6. No objects are tracked anymore.

WPF Application Example for Touch Handling Demonstration

System Requirements
• Windows 8, or higher
• Visual Studio 2019
• .Net Core
Download the Example WPF Application, here.

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Introduction
The WPF Touch Device Handling Application both reads and separates TOUCH- from MOUSE events. The
application contains of 6 buttons that triggers from different touch- or mouse events. A text is printed in the lower
left corner to indicate when a button has been fired, and by what event. The application can be used to test out the
effects of the different touch events. The application code is available for reference, which is created in the
framework WPF. 
To use a Command to handle touches, one must add the NuGet package "Microsoft.Xaml.Behaviors.Wpf", which
has been done in this project already.

Event Button Description

In the application, the 6 buttons will each represent an area that different touch and mouse events reacts to. The
buttons will trigger to the following actions. 

Button Name Action

Left Mouse Button Triggers from MOUSE event, from pressing down left mouse button.
Down

Left Mouse Button Triggers from MOUSE event, from releasing left mouse button.
Up

Touch Enter Triggers from TOUCH event, from entering the event area. Can be either from the side,
or a new object registering.

Touch Down Triggers from TOUCH event, when a new touch object enters the event area.
Note: Only fired on new events. If a new object enters straight into this area (button in
this case), both TouchEnter and TouchDown are triggered.

Touch Leave Triggers from TOUCH event, when a touch object leaves the event area. Both when it is
no longer tracked at all, and when it leaves the boundaries of the button.

Touch Up Triggers from TOUCH event, when a touch object leaves the area and is no longer
tracked at all.

How to run the Application

1. Download the example application.
2. Open the solution in Visual Studio 2019.
a. After opening the solution the first time, build the solution once, or it will show an error: "The name
"MainViewModel" does not exist in the namespace "clr-
namespace:WpfTouchDemo.ViewModels;assembly=WpfTouchDemo.ViewModels". 
After building the first time it is able to resolve the name.
3. Connect the Touch sensor Module to the computer.
4. Run the program (F6).

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a. When you run the program, the application will start, and 6 buttons will appear. 

b. Maximize the application window

5. Test pressing the buttons using both a mouse device, and the Touch Sensor Module.
a. read the latest triggered event response in the lower left corner, and 

Binding Description
The input events are bound in the following two files, and those are.
• MainWindow.xaml - Make sure to bind the button commands correctly here.
• MainViewModel.cs - All code that manage button presses is here.
The trigger event TouchEnterButtonCommand for example, is bound using the following method.

MainViewModel.xaml

<behaviors:InvokeCommandAction Command="{Binding TouchEnterButtonCommand}" /> //

Binding TouchEnterButtonCommand

MainViewModel.cs. TouchEnterButtonCommand : Command

//Bind TouchEnterButtonCommand
this.TouchEnterButtonCommand = new Command ((parameter) => { this.SelectedButtonLabel
= "Touch Enter."; }, () => true);

Where TouchEnterButtonCommand is bound to the button "Touch Enter", as such:

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Section from MainViewModel.xaml

// Touch Enter handling using Command.

<Button Name="TouchEnterButton" Grid.Column="0" Grid.Row="1" Content="Touch
Enter">
<behaviors:Interaction.Triggers>
<behaviors:EventTrigger EventName="TouchEnter">
<behaviors:InvokeCommandAction Command="{Binding
TouchEnterButtonCommand}" /> //Binding TouchEnterButtonCommand
</behaviors:EventTrigger>
</behaviors:Interaction.Triggers>
</Button>

Touch Evaluation Process

Hence, the Touch Sensor Module both sends touch events, as well as mouse events (translated from touch events).
The application should however only process one. If it is not taken to consideration, the application would
presumably react on both event input.

 Mouse events can both be from a mouse device, or promoted from a touch device. If the application reacts
open the "fake" mouse events, there might be a small delay, which is why only the first input event should
be read. The first event in this case would always be a touch event.

The application distinguish touch events from the translated touch events (mouse events) by checking if the events
were originally sent from a touch screen digitizer. 
The following code is an example from WPF example application, which concludes if the application should read
event- or touch data. 

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Section from MainViewModel.cs

switch ( parameter )
{
case TouchEventArgs eventArgs:
// This is a Touch Event.
this.SelectedButtonLabel = "Touch Down in Touch Down Area.";
break;
case MouseEventArgs eventArgs:
// this is a Mouse Event. What we don't know is if it is
promoted from a Touch Event or from a "real mouse".
if ( eventArgs.StylusDevice == null )
{
// This is from a mouse, i.e. not promoted from a Touch
Event. We ignore it if it was promoted, or we get
// two clicks.
this.SelectedButtonLabel = "Left Mouse Button Down in
Touch Down Area.";
}
break;
}

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10 Specifications
10.1 Specifications Summary

10.1.1 Touch Performance Specification

Item  Specification 

Input methods Finger, hand or glove.

Minimum object size (diameter) 5 mm

Number of touch objects 1, 2, or more, depending on application

Touch resolution 0.1 mm

Touch activation force 0 N (no activation force required)

Touch Active Area Up to 345.6 x 327.7 mm. For details, refer to information on product
variants in Introduction (see page 6).

Response time ~50 ms (initial touch, at 33 Hz in idle mode)

10 ms (continuous tracking, at 100 Hz in active mode)

Scanning frequency Configurable up to 900 Hz, depending on product variant. For details,
refer to Touch Performance (see page 139).

Touch accuracy
The specified values are valid for the used test setup. For more information, refer to Performance Test Methods (see
page 149). The touch accuracy is measured inside the TAA, using a silicone based cylindrical test rod with a diameter
of 16 mm. 

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Touch Accuracy for Normal Range Sensor Modules of the 90° and 0° Types 

Product Number Typical Value (mm) μ ± 2σ (mm)

NNAMC346XPC01 1.5 3.5

NNAMC310XPC01 1.5 3.5

NNAMC295XPC01 1.5 3.5

NNAMC230XPC01 1.5 3.5

NNAMC209XPC01 1.5 3.5

NNAMC180XPC01 1.5 3.5

NNAMC158XPC01 1.5 3.5

NNAMC122XPC01 1.5 3.5

NNAMC115XPC01 1.5 4
Typical Value: The accuracy on average, within the TAA. 
μ ± 2σ: 95% of reported touch positions deviate less than this value. (2σ standard deviation).
Product number: "X" indicates if the sensor module is of type 0º ("0") or 90º ("1").
The accuracy specification (normal range, 0° and 90°) is valid for units produced from 15th January 2020. Please
contact our support team for specification regarding earlier produced sensor modules, or general questions about
the accuracy specification. 

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Touch Accuracy for Extended Range Sensor Modules of the 90° and 0° Types

Product Number Typical Value (mm) μ ± 2σ (mm)

NNAMC346XPC01 2.5 [1] 5 [1]

Typical Value: The accuracy on average, within the TAA. 
μ ± 2σ: 95% of reported touch positions deviate less than this value. (2σ standard deviation).
Product number: "X" indicates if the sensor module is of type 0º ("0") or 90º ("1").
[1] Preliminary value.
The accuracy specification (extended range, 0° and 90°) is valid for units produced from 15th January 2020. Please
contact our support team for specification regarding earlier produced sensor modules, or general questions about
the accuracy specification.  

Technical Specification
Item  Sensor module Variant  Specification 

Module size (LxHxW) 0° Type L x 3.46 x 14.5 mm 

L depending on product variant.

90° Type L x 3.46 x 16.05 mm

L depending on product variant.

Power consumption NNAMC0720PC01, 57 mW

I2C interface NNAMC0721PC01
Active mode (100 Hz)
NNAMC2090PC01, 80 mW
NNAMC2091PC01

NNAMC3460PC01, 104 mW
NNAMC3461PC01

NNAMC3460PC01, 135 mW
NNAMC3461PC01,
Extended Range

Power consumption NNAMC0720PC01, 44 mW

I2C interface NNAMC0721PC01
Idle mode (33 Hz)
NNAMC2090PC01, 45 mW
NNAMC2091PC01

NNAMC3460PC01, 47 mW
NNAMC3461PC01

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Item  Sensor module Variant  Specification 

NNAMC3460PC01, 61 mW
NNAMC3461PC01,
Extended Range

10.2 Touch Performance

10.2.1 Touch Object Requirement

The Neonode Touch Sensor Module detect and trace objects by detecting diffusely reflected infrared light.
Requirements on the object to detect include:
• A minimum reflectance of 30% in the near IR-spectrum is needed for proper signal levels, that is, the object
can not be too dark. 
• Object surface must be diffuse. A glossy or mirror-like object may not scatter enough light towards correct
receivers in order to generate a reliable detection. 
• An object must be ≥ 5 mm to ensure sufficient signal levels. This is closely related to reflectance. A white,
diffuse object may be smaller than a dark, glossy one.

10.2.2 Touch Accuracy

Specification
Measured touch coordinate error in X and Y axis is less or equal than the specified value for about 95% of the cases.
Touch coordinate error data is calculated by subtracting the actual position and measured position in X and Y axis.
  

Definition
The touch accuracy of the Touch Sensor Module can be described statistically with the normal distribution and a
standard deviation of 2 sigma. This means that the touch position reported by the sensor module will deviate less
than the specified value in 95% of the cases.

10.2.3 Response Time

The specification of response time reflects the reaction speed of a Touch Sensor Module.

Specification
• Initial touch: ~50 ms, at 33 Hz scanning frequency (default frequency in idle mode).

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• Continuous tracking: 10 ms, at 100 Hz scanning frequency (default frequency in active mode).

Increasing the scanning frequency decreases the response time.

Definition

Initial Touch
The specified response time for the initial touch starts from the instant an object is presented in the sensor
module's touch active area and stops when the module starts to send the first touch notification for this object. The
specified response time consists of two numbers reflecting the best case and the worst case, with the average
response time right in the middle.
The response time (t) can be calculated for different idle mode frequencies (f) can be calculated by the formulas
below:
Best case: t = 16 ms
Worst case: t = 1/f + 16 ms
Average: t = (1/f + 32 ms) / 2
In touch applications, an object will be detected slightly before it reaches the touch surface, making the perceived
response time shorter.

Continuous Tracking
After the first touch notification, the sensor module will continuously track and send touch notifications to update
the object position. The response time is therefore defined as the time between subsequent touch notifications.
The response time (t) can be calculated for different active mode frequencies (f) can be calculated by the formula
below:
t = 1/f

10.2.4 Scanning Frequency

The scanning frequency can be set using the Neonode API. The default value is 100 Hz in active mode, that is, when
an object is detected or tracked. The default value in idle mode, that is, when no object is detected or tracked, is 33
Hz. The maximum scanning frequency depends on the product variant (sensor module's length). See the following
chart.

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The maximum scanning frequency for product variants NNAMC3460PC01 and NNAMC3461PC01 with Extended
Range is 175 Hz.

10.3 Power Consumption

10.3.1 Specification
The graph below shows the power consumption for various sensor module's lengths, in active and idle mode. In
active mode, the scanning frequency is set to 100 Hz, and one object is presented in active area. In idle mode the
scanning frequency is set to 33 Hz, with a clean active area. With higher scanning frequency or more detected
objects, the power consumption might slightly higher than the values in the graph. The sensor module will only be
in active mode when a touch object is being detected or tracked.

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. 
From firmware version 1.49 and higher, the sensor module types NNAMC3460PC01 and NNAMC3461PC01 are
provided with Extended Range, and their power consumption increases 30% in both USB active mode and USB idle
mode. The power consumption for module types shorter than 237 mm is not affected by Extended Range.

10.3.2 Definition
The power consumption is calculated from the current consumption when supplying the sensor module with 5 V. 
The current consumption is, in turn, defined as the average current that goes through a sensor module. This is
measured from the +5V power pin and reflects how much electric energy that is consumed by the whole sensor
module. In real time, the current is not a stable value. Since the Touch Sensor Module has a low power
consumption design, the processor and some peripheral circuits will switch to sleep mode during the time between
two scan periods, to save power. Therefore, the current is frequently changing during run time.
According to the different working modes of the Touch Sensor Module, the current consumption value also changes
between Active mode and Idle mode.

10.4 Environmental Requirements

10.4.1 Operating and Storage Conditions

Condition Operation Storage

Temperature –20°C to +65°C –40°C to +85°C

Humidity 5% to 95% 0% to 95%

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Condition Operation Storage

Altitude ≤5000 m ≤15 km

10.4.2 ESD rating

EN55024
(61000-4-2)
Direct contact discharge: 4 kV
Indirect contact discharge: 4 kV
Air discharge: 8 kV

10.4.3 Agency Approvals

RoHS, IEC60825-1 Class 1

10.5 Electrical Requirements

10.5.1 Absolute Maximum Ratings

Parameter Max Rating Unit

Supply voltage -0.3 to 6.0 V

Input voltage on I/O pins -0.3 to 5.5 V

10.5.2 Recommended Operating Conditions

Parameter Min Typ Max Unit

Supply voltage 4.50 5.00 5.50 V

10.6 Optical Requirements on External Window

Most applications will require an outer cover window, for design cosmetics and protection against dust and
humidity.
The optical properties on cover windows placed in front of the Touch Sensor Module are essential in order to
maintain a high touch performance. If light is lost, scattered or diverted it will lead to shorter detection range and
lower touch accuracy.

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10.6.1 Optical Requirements

Window material must be optically clear, without absorption and have optical quality surfaces.
• Transmission: > 88 % at 945nm
• Haze: < 3%
• Surface finish:  SP1-A2 (max Ra 0.05µm).
Proven plastic materials include optical grade acrylic (PMMA) and polycarbonate. For glass windows, transmission
at 945 nm must be verified. Many borosilicate glasses (such as Borofloat) work well, but some common window
glasses show substantial absorption due to high iron content.

10.6.2 Geometrical Constraints

The Touch Sensor Module is an optical system that both emits and receives IR-light at different incident angles.
When the light hits a transparent material, most of the light is transmitted through the material and exit on the
other side. But in reality the amount of light being transmitted is angle dependent, why some shape constraints
exist on windows placed in front of the sensor module:
• Window surfaces must be parallel.
A wedge, or lens shaped window will shift light beams out of the active area.
• It is a good practice to install the window at a slight angle (~2°) to reduce reflected stray light. See the image
below. The angle can be up to approximately 30° without affecting performance.

• A slight curvature on the window can be allowed.

• In x-direction, a maximum angle of 15° between window normal and sensor module's optical axis is
recommended, for all parts of the window within the sensor module's TAA.

• In z-direction, the angle should be maximum 5°.

, which corresponds to a minimum radius of 12 mm for the surface closest to the sensor module. 

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• Keep window thickness as small as mechanically feasible, to reduce absorption losses.

10.7 Mechanical Data

10.7.1 Physical Dimensions and Position of Origin

Top View
Dimensions C and D vary between the Touch Sensor Module types (0° and 90°) and therefore also the Touch Active
Area (TAA) sizes (A and B). For Touch Sensor Module types with A ≥ 237.6 mm, dimension B also depends on the
installed firmware version. 

Product number Measurements (mm)

0° 90° A B C D

NNAMC0430PC01 NNAMC0431PC01 43.2 14.9 47.2 2

NNAMC0500PC01 NNAMC0501PC01 50.4 29.8 55.9 3.5

NNAMC0580PC01 NNAMC0581PC01 57.6 29.8 61.6 2

NNAMC0640PC01 NNAMC0641PC01 64.8 44.7 70.3 3.5

NNAMC0720PC01 NNAMC0721PC01 72 44.7 76 2

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Product number Measurements (mm)

0° 90° A B C D

NNAMC0790PC01 NNAMC0791PC01 79.2 59.6 84.7 3.5

NNAMC0860PC01 NNAMC0861PC01 86.4 59.6 90.4 2

NNAMC0940PC01 NNAMC0941PC01 93.6 74.5 99.1 3.5

NNAMC1010PC01 NNAMC1011PC01 100.8 74.5 104.8 2

NNAMC1080PC01 NNAMC1081PC01 108 89.4 113.5 3.5

NNAMC1150PC01 NNAMC1151PC01 115.2 89.4 119.2 2

NNAMC1220PC01 NNAMC1221PC01 122.4 104.3 127.9 3.5

NNAMC1300PC01 NNAMC1301PC01 129.6 104.3 133.6 2

NNAMC1370PC01 NNAMC1371PC01 136.8 119.2 142.3 3.5

NNAMC1440PC01 NNAMC1441PC01 144 119.2 148 2

NNAMC1510PC01 NNAMC1511PC01 151.2 134.0 156.7 3.5

NNAMC1580PC01 NNAMC1581PC01 158.4 134.0 162.4 2

NNAMC1660PC01 NNAMC1661PC01 165.6 148.9 171.1 3.5

NNAMC1730PC01 NNAMC1731PC01 172.8 148.9 176.8 2

NNAMC1800PC01 NNAMC1801PC01 180 163.8 185.5 3.5

NNAMC1870PC01 NNAMC1871PC01 187.2 163.8 191.2 2

NNAMC1940PC01 NNAMC1941PC01 194.4 178.7 199.9 3.5

NNAMC2020PC01 NNAMC2021PC01 201.6 178.7 205.6 2

NNAMC2090PC01 NNAMC2091PC01 208.8 193.6 214.3 3.5

NNAMC2160PC01 NNAMC2161PC01 216 193.6 220 2

NNAMC2230PC01 NNAMC2231PC01 223.2 208.5 228.7 3.5

NNAMC2300PC01 NNAMC2301PC01 230.4 208.5 234.4 2

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Product number Measurements, Measurements,

Non-Extended Range (mm) Extended Range (mm)

0° 90° A B C D From A B C D From

Firmw Firmware
are Version
Versio
n

NNAMC238 NNAMC238 237 208. 243 3.5 v1.38 237 223 243. 3.5 Available on
0PC01 1PC01 .6 5 .1 .6 .4 1 request

NNAMC245 NNAMC245 244 208. 248 2 v1.38 244 223 248. 2 Available on
0PC01 1PC01 .8 5 .8 .8 .4 8 request

NNAMC252 NNAMC252 252 208. 257 3.5 v1.38 252 238 257. 3.5 Available on
0PC01 1PC01 5 .5 .3 5 request

NNAMC259 NNAMC259 259 208. 263 2 v1.38 259 238 263. 2 Available on
0PC01 1PC01 .2 5 .2 .2 .3 2 request

NNAMC266 NNAMC266 266 208. 271 3.5 v1.38 266 253 271. 3.5 Available on
0PC01 1PC01 .4 5 .9 .4 .2 9 request

NNAMC274 NNAMC274 273 208. 277 2 v1.38 273 253 277. 2 Available on
0PC01 1PC01 .6 5 .6 .6 .2 6 request

NNAMC281 NNAMC281 280 208. 286 3.5 v1.38 280 268 286. 3.5 Available on
0PC01 1PC01 .8 5 .3 .8 .1 3 request

NNAMC288 NNAMC288 288 208. 292 2 v1.38 288 268 292 2 Available on
0PC01 1PC01 5 .1 request

NNAMC295 NNAMC295 295 208. 300 3.5 v1.38 295 283 300. 3.5 Available on
0PC01 1PC01 .2 5 .7 .2 .0 7 request

NNAMC302 NNAMC302 302 208. 306 2 v1.38 302 283 306. 2 Available on
0PC01 1PC01 .4 5 .4 .4 .0 4 request

NNAMC310 NNAMC310 309 208. 315 3.5 v1.38 309 297 315. 3.5 Available on
0PC01 1PC01 .6 5 .1 .6 .9 1 request

NNAMC317 NNAMC317 316 208. 320 2 v1.38 316 297 320. 2 Available on
0PC01 1PC01 .8 5 .8 .8 .9 8 request

NNAMC324 NNAMC324 324 208. 329 3.5 v1.38 324 312 329. 3.5 Available on
0PC01 1PC01 5 .5 .8 5 request

NNAMC331 NNAMC331 331 208. 335 2 v1.38 331 312 335. 2 Available on
0PC01 1PC01 .2 5 .2 .2 .8 2 request

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Product number Measurements, Measurements,

Non-Extended Range (mm) Extended Range (mm)

0° 90° A B C D From A B C D From

Firmw Firmware
are Version
Versio
n

NNAMC338 NNAMC338 338 208. 343 3.5 v1.38 338 327 343. 3.5 Available on
0PC01 1PC01 .4 5 .9 .4 .7 9 request

NNAMC346 NNAMC346 345 208. 349 2 v1.38 345 327 349. 2 v1.49
0PC01 1PC01 .6 5 .6 .6 .7 6 Extended
Range

Side View
These measurements are identical for all sensor module's lenghts but vary some between the 0° and 90 ° types. The
position of origin is marked with "zero software".

0° Type

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90 °  Type

0.75

1.6 0.05

0.12
16.05
0.30

0.19
3.46 0.13

10.7.2 Packaging 
Please refer to Packaging Blueprints in Downloads59for further information.

10.8 Test Specifications and Definitions

10.8.1 Performance Test Methods

For specifications for the performance test methods, contact Neonode Support60.

59 https://support.neonode.com/docs/display/Downloads/Packaging+Blueprints
60 https://helpcenter.neonode.com/hc/en-us/requests/new

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10.8.2 Reliability Test

Reliability Test Report

The test report can be found here61.

Reliabilty Test Specification Overview

TEST ITEM TEST CONDITION QUANTITY

Neonode Touch Sensor Module:

Low temperature operation test Ta=-20°C, 96 hrs, Powered On 3

Low temperature storage test Ta= -40°C, 96 hrs, Power Off 3

Temperature cycling operation test Ta: 0°C / 65°C, RH: 60% 3

Cycle time: 60 min, Duration: 20 minutes at each
temperature extreme with a 10 minute transition
time.
240 cycles in total ; Power On,
Functionality test every 24 hours.

Thermal shock Ta: +85°C to -40°C 3

Humidity: Off
Duration: 25 minutes at each temperature extreme
with a 5 minute transition time.
120 cycles in total
Operation mode: The DUT is powered off during
testing.

Condensation Test Ta: +25ºC to +65ºC 3

RH: 95%
50 cycles, cycle time:30 + 30 min ; Power Off

Vibration test  Wave form : random 3

Vibration level : 1.0 GRMS
Bandwidth : 10-300 Hz
Cycle: X,Y,Z, 60 min each
Number of cycles: 4
DUT on vibration table: Clamped on 3 positions
along sensor module.

61 https://support.neonode.com/docs/display/Downloads/PDF+Documents

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Shock test Shock level : 50 G 3

Waveform : half sine wave, 2 msec
Direction :±X, ±Y, ±Z
One time each direction

Pressure Intensity  Pressure on surface with a flat ø 10 mm  rod with a 3

force of 10 N. The force should be applied at the
center of the PCB. Test for 168 hrs. Power Off

Contact wear test Wave form : random 3

Vibration level : 1.0 GRMS
Bandwidth : 10-300 Hz
Cycle: X,Y,Z, 60 min
Number of cycles: 1
One time each direction
DUT on vibration table: Clamped on 3 positions
along sensor module. The FPC is clamped to the
table at one position (center). The FFC-connector
will not be clamped to the table.

Cleansing test Rubbed 5 times using a piece of cotton soaked 3

with 2-5 ml (depending on size of object).
Apply the solutions below in following order on the
same place of the object:
o Denatured alcohol (ethanol 99,5%).
o All purpose cleaning solution containing
ammonia (e.g. AJAX Tornado).
o Water.

ESD EN55024 3
(61000-4-2)
Direct contact discharge: 2,4,8 kV
Indirect contact discharge: 2,4,8 kV
Air discharge: 4,8,16 kV

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