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Technical Note TN3501

SEC-MALS Noise Assessment and Cleaning Guide

Check the noise in the MALS detector with an offline

measurement ............................................................................ 3
Summary
Check the noise of mobile phase with an offline
An important part of obtaining high quality SEC-
measurement (aqueous only) ............................................. 3
MALS data is maintaining a clean system.
Contaminants in the system will contribute to a noisy Check the noise of pump and inline filter flowing directly

or wavy light scattering baseline thereby decreasing into the MALS ........................................................................... 4

the signal-to-noise ratio and obscuring meaningful Check the noise of the autosampler ........................................ 5
signals. This guide will describe how to isolate the
Check the noise of the UV detector (if applicable) ............ 6
source of the noise in the HPLC/MALS system in
Flush the entire system (except for the columns) ............... 7
order to clean and remove contaminants.
Check the noise of the columns ................................................ 7

Related Technical Notes and Appendix 1: General System Cleaning Procedures ........ 9

References If your system is in an aqueous mobile phase: .................... 9

If your system is in an organic mobile phase: ...................... 9

M1000 ASTRA 6 User’s Guide
Appendix 2: General Recommendations ..........................10
M3000 miniDAWN TREOS User’s Guide

M3200 DAWN HELEOS II User’s Guide

very dirty flow cell

M3500 μDAWN User’s Guide

TN1007 ASTRA 6 Quick Guide

TN3502 Guidelines for Improving the Quality of SEC-

MALS Data in an Aqueous System

TN3503 Troubleshooting a Clog in a SEC-MALS

System

Contents
Introduction ................................................................................... 2 Figure 1: An example of noisy light scattering signals from
Tools and Supplies needed ...................................................... 2 multiple scattering angles collected from a Bovine Serum
Albumin run through a dirty MALS instrument flow cell.
Procedure ........................................................................................ 3

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Introduction
Before an SEC-MALS measurement can be started, your chromatography system must be equilibrated. When the
baseline is stable, a measurement can be performed. Ideal baseline and noise levels depend on your detector and
the system solvent:

HELEOS II (90° detector):

 Noise: < 30 μV (0.5 s collection interval)
 Baseline: Aqueous ~ 0.015 to 0.02 V
 Baseline: THF ~ 0.04 V
 Baseline: Toluene ~ 0.16 V
TREOS (90° detector):
 Noise: < 30 μV (0.5 s collection interval)
 Baseline: Aqueous ~ 0.015 to 0.02 V
 Baseline: THF ~ 0.04 V
 Baseline: Toluene ~ 0.1 V
µDAWN (90° detector):
 Noise: < 60 μV (0.05 s collection interval)
 Baseline: Aqueous ~ 0.015 to 0.025 V
 Baseline: THF ~ 0.04 V
Figure 2. Noise and baseline shown on the front panel of a
 Baseline: Toluene ~ 0.15 V
HELEOS instrument.

Performing measurements with an increased baseline voltage or noise decreases the accuracy of the results.
Therefore, the root cause of the noise problem should be identified. Noise in the light scattering trace can be
caused by particles or contaminants in one or more of these components:

 Light scattering detector (page 3)

 Mobile phase (page 3)
 HPLC System (pages 4-5)
 Upstream detectors (such as a UV detector) (page 6)
 Column (page 7)

Note: Before you start, contact your HPLC vendor to make sure all components of your HPLC system are
compatible with nitric acid and any other solvent used in the cleaning protocols described below. Wyatt’s
MALS and RI detectors are compatible with 10% nitric acid. Do not flush your column with nitric acid.

Tools and Supplies needed

 Syringe pump
 Pure solvent (e.g. HPLC grade water)
 Alcohol
 10 mL Syringes
 0.02 µm syringe tip filters
 Cleaning solvents (see Appendix 1 and recommendations from your HPLC manufacturer)

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Procedure

Check the noise in the MALS detector with an offline measurement

1) Take the MALS detector offline:

a. Disconnect your MALS detector from the flow path. See

Figure 3.

b. Connect a syringe pump to the MALS detector with a 10

mL syringe filled with pure solvent and a 0.02 µm syringe
tip filter. If your mobile phase is an aqueous buffer, use
18.2 MOhm-cm resistivity water; if your mobile phase is
pure organic solvent, use a new HPLC grade bottle of that
solvent.

c. Begin flushing at a flow rate between 0.1 mL/min and 0.5

mL/min.

Note: You may substitute the 0.02 µm filter with a 0.1 µm syringe tip
filter if the smaller pore size is not available.

2) Collect 5-10 minutes of data in ASTRA and measure baseline noise.

You can use the noise method in the Light Scattering 
Diagnostics folder. Note that the HELEOS noise, TREOS noise, or
μDAWN noise methods measure RMS noise. RMS noise (noise
standard deviation) can be converted to peak-to-peak noise by
multiplying the RMS noise by a factor of 6.6; i.e., (peak-to-peak
noise) = 6.6 x (RMS noise).

3) If the peak-to-peak noise is 30 µV or less, the instrument itself is

clean; proceed to the next section. Otherwise, flush the MALS
detector with 20% alcohol, then 10% nitric acid if needed. See
Appendix 1: General System Cleaning Procedures for more details.

4) After flushing, check the noise again. If it is acceptable, it is Figure 3. The flow path used to check
the noise of the MALS instrument itself.
recommended that you continue checking each component of the
system using the steps below – the MALS detector may not be the
only cause of noise.

Check the noise of mobile phase with an offline measurement (aqueous only)
1) If the peak-to-peak noise determined in step 2 of the “Check the noise in the MALS detector with an offline
measurement” section was 30 µV or less in pure solvent, use the syringe pump to flush your instrument with
your mobile phase that was used during collections in which high noise levels were observed.

2) Collect 5-10 minutes of data in ASTRA and measure baseline noise.

3) If the peak-to-peak noise is 30 µV or less, the mobile phase is clean; proceed to the next section. Otherwise,
replace mobile phase and see if the noise improves.

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Check the noise of pump and inline filter flowing directly into the MALS

Figure 4. The flow path used for checking the noise of the pump, degasser, and inline filter.

Note: Avoid introducing air into the MALS detector. Make sure that the tubing used is filled with liquid. It is
recommended to flush a couple of drops out of the tubing when connecting to the MALS detector.

1) Connect the HPLC pump to the MALS detector bypassing all components between the pump/degasser and
the MALS detector (except the inline filter). See Figure 4.

2) Set the flow rate to 0.5-0.8 mL/min. It will take 5-10 min for the initial noise to decrease. Record 5-10 minutes
of data using your standard online ASTRA method. Uncheck the “Trigger on Auto-Inject” checkbox in the Basic
Collection window and hit the Run button.

3) If the peak-to-peak noise is 30 µV or less, the pump and inline filter are clean; proceed to the section below. If
it is higher, check the pump frit and the inline filter.

 The inline filter membrane should be replaced monthly.

 Check the titanium frit as well. You can sonicate the titanium frit for cleaning or replace it (Upchurch
part number: A-342-02).
 If none of the above improves the noise level, clean the HPLC pump according to the vendor
instructions.
4) After cleaning, check the noise again. If it is acceptable, it is recommended that you continue checking each
component of the system using the steps below – the pump may not be the only cause of noise.

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Check the noise of the autosampler

Figure 5. The flow path used for checking the noise of the autosampler.

1) Add the autosampler into the flow path. See Figure 5.

2) Set the flow rate to 0.5-0.8 mL/min. It may take 5-10 min for the initial noise to come down. Record two
ASTRA collections using your standard online ASTRA method. Uncheck the “Trigger on Auto-Inject” checkbox
in the Basic Collection window and hit the Run button.

2) Check the noise with the injection valve in bypass mode.

3) Check the noise with the injection valve in mainpass (flushing through the loop). If the noise increases
significantly when the system is in mainpass mode, the autosampler loop is dirty and needs to be cleaned.

4) To clean the loop, switch the system to 20% alcohol and make 5-10 injections every 5 minutes. Change back
to your mobile phase and check the new noise level. It should be less than 30 µV. If the noise is acceptable it
is recommended that you continue checking each component of the system using the steps below – the
autosampler may not be the only cause of noise.

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Check the noise of the UV detector (if applicable)

Figure 6. Flow path used for checking the noise of the UV detector.

3) Add the UV detector into the flow path.

4) Set the flow rate to 0.5-0.8 mL/min. It may take 5-10 min for the initial noise to decrease. Record data using
your standard online ASTRA method. Uncheck the “Trigger on Auto-Inject” checkbox in the Basic Collection
window and hit the Run button.

5) If the peak-to-peak noise is 30 µV or less, the UV detector is clean. Otherwise, clean the UV detector
according to vendor instructions and check the noise level again. You may need to replace the UV detector’s
flow cell.

6) Before testing the last source of noise (the column), proceed to the next section to prepare the system for
attaching the column.

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Flush the entire system (except for the columns)

1) After completing all cleaning procedures according to manufacturer recommendations, flush the HPLC/MALS
system from the last cleaning solvent into your mobile phase through a series of miscible solvents (e.g.
methanol to water to buffer).

2) If you ran a nitric acid wash, check the pH of the mobile phase after it passes through the detectors; it should
no longer acidic from the nitric acid wash. Also change the filter membrane of the inline filter if present.

3) Record the noise in ASTRA. Uncheck the “Trigger on Auto-Inject” checkbox in the Basic Collection window and
hit the Run button.

4) If the peak-to-peak noise is 30 µV or less, proceed to the next section. If the noise is still high, consider
changing the tubing.

Check the noise of the columns

Figure 7. Flow path used to check the noise of the columns.

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1) Disconnect the MALS detector from the flow path prior to connecting the column for its initial equilibration.

2) Decrease the flow rate of your system to 0.1 ml/min. Add the column to the flow path and increase the flow
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rate slowly at a rate of 0.1 ml/min .

3) Once you’ve reached your standard system flow rate, let the column equilibrate per the manufacturer’s
instructions.

4) Once the column is equilibrated, reconnect the MALS detector to the flow path. Regular downstream HPLC
detectors can often be connected at the chromatography flow rate since they do not add significant back
pressure for typical flow rates and solvents. UHPLC detectors should not be connected at the regular flow rate
as they add significant back pressure; instead, they should be connected at zero or near zero flow rate (follow
your column manufacturer’s recommendations). Estimated back pressures in water at typical flow rates are
listed in Table 1 for HPLC detectors and in Table 2 for UHPLC detectors.

Table 1. Estimated back pressure for HPLC detectors in water at a flow rate of 1 mL/min.

Instrument [psi] [bar]

DAWN HELEOS ~51 ~ 3.5
miniDAWN TREOS ~44 ~3
Optilab rEX/TrEX ~ 29 ~2
ViscoStar ~ 58 ~4

Table 2. Estimated back pressure for UHPLC detectors in water at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min.

Instrument [psi] [bar]

µDAWN ~ 116 ~8
UT-rEX ~ 232 ~ 16

5) After reconnecting the MALS detector, continue flushing the column. Once the initial noise of the column has
decreased after connecting the column to the MALS detector, purge the RI detector for at least 30 minutes.

6) Record an ASTRA collection (5-10 min) for your setup and note the noise. It should be 50 µV or lower. Up to
100 µV noise can be tolerated for sample injections with a high signal-to-noise ratio, e.g. high molecular
weight polymers or particles.

7) If the noise is still high, consider reconditioning or cleaning the column per manufacturer’s instructions. If
cleaning is not successful it may be necessary to replace the column.

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Appendix 1: General System Cleaning Procedures

If your system is in an aqueous mobile phase:

Flush all of the affected HPLC components with the following solvents in this order:

1) 50 mL water

2) 100 mL or more of a mixture of IPA or other alcohol and water (1:1)

3) 50 mL water

4) 100 mL or more of 10% nitric acid

5) 100 mL water

Note: If cleaning solutions such as Tergazyme or Hellmanex are compatible with the HPLC system according to
the manufacturer, then an additional cleaning step can be performed using these solutions as they can be
effective at removing proteins.

If your system is in an organic mobile phase:

If you wish to clean your system with nitric acid, make sure that either your mobile phase is compatible with water
or you use 100 mL or more of an intermediate solvent (100% alcohol) before flushing into water.

A flushing sequence for organic solvents may look like this:

1) 100 mL or more of 100% alcohol

2) 50 mL water,

3) 100 mL or more of 10% nitric acid

4) 100 mL water

5) 100 mL or more of 100% alcohol

6) Organic mobile phase

Notes: Make sure to change the inline filter membrane after flushing the HPLC system with nitric acid before
reconnecting your column and running experiments.

If in-situ cleaning of the MALS detector as described above does not improve the cleanliness of the flow
cell, disassembling the flow cell and cleaning must be performed as described in the Service and
Maintenance section of the instrument’s User’s Guide. A detailed description of the cell cleaning
procedure is also provided in your LSU binder and a detailed video for cell cleaning can be found in the
Wyatt support center at www.wyatt.com/support (navigate to the Tutorials section).

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Appendix 2: General Recommendations

2
 Always ramp the flow rate of the column gradually at a rate of 0.1 mL/min , both when increasing and
decreasing the flow rate. Do not open or close the purge valve on the HPLC while flowing with the column
attached; instead, slowly ramp down the flow rate before opening or closing the purge valve.

 Clean out the fan filters on the back of the MALS and Optilab instruments every three months. An
ambient MALS instruments should run at a temperature ~ 5 °C above room temperature if sufficient
space for ventilation around the instrument is provided.

 Check the mobile phase daily with a laser pointer for particulates. Alternatively, you can use a batch DLS
instrument to detect particulates.

 Switch off the MALS instrument laser (on the front panel when not in use), or use the Laser Saver Mode in
ASTRA (basic collection procedure) which accomplishes the same thing after running an acquisition. Install
the latest firmware for HELEOS II, TREOS, and μDAWN instruments. Switch off the MALS instrument
completely if you are not using for more than three days. It takes about 30 min to warm up the instrument
electronics. The laser warmup itself is completed within a few seconds.

 Consider a column cleaning or regeneration step of your column according to the manufacturer’s
recommendation. Disconnect the MALS instrument when performing column cleaning.

 If you need to open the top cover of the MALS or Optilab instruments and reach inside, make certain that
you ground yourself electrostatically. Disposable wrist straps are available in the MALS instrument
hardware kits.

 When installing new loops or UV flow cells, pre-flush with alcohol (100% or 20% according to the
manufacturer’s specification) before installing.

 When not using the HPLC system, flush into 20% alcohol and keep running at 0.1 mL/min.

 Purchase a syringe pump for the lab for offline work (a basic model will do since the exact flow rate
delivery is not critical).

 Perform maintenance on your HPLC system at regular intervals (according to your HPLC manufacturer’s
recommendations).

Note: Please see TN3502 – Guidelines for Improving the Quality of SEC-MALS Data in an Aqueous System for
more tips on performing successful SEC-MALS experiments.

© Wyatt Technology Corporation 2016 – All Rights Reserved.

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