Analysis and Optimum Design Chasis of

Three Wheel Auto Rickshaw Passenger

Vehicle

Scientific Research
Methodology and
Seminar
Assignment IV
Research proposal

Prepared by: Nahom Lijalem

Instructor: Gizeaddis L. (Ph.D.)

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Jimma Institute of Technology
Jimma University
Feb-2021

Jimma University

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 Jimma Institute of Technology
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Design Chair

Scientific Research Methodology and Seminar

Assignment IV
Research proposal

Prepared by: Nahom Lijalem

Id No. 2748/12
Instructor: Gizeaddis L. (Ph.D.)
MSc. Program
Mechanical Engineering System Design

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 Table of contents

Contents
1. Introduction............................................................................................................................................5
Aims and Objectives................................................................................................................................5
Problem Statement...................................................................................................................................6
2. Literature Review...................................................................................................................................7
Summary and Research Gap....................................................................................................................8
3. Materials and Methods..........................................................................................................................10
3.1 Stress analysis..................................................................................................................................10
3.2 Designed models.............................................................................................................................10
3.2.1 Modeling...................................................................................................................................10
3.2.2 ANSYS analysis.......................................................................................................................10
3.2.3 Meshing of 3D model in ANSYS.................................................................................................11
4. Time breakdown....................................................................................................................................12
5. Budget breakdown................................................................................................................................13
References.................................................................................................................................................14

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 List of Figures and List of Tables
Figures
Fig1 Depiction of a three wheeled vehicle 5

Tables
Table1 Gantt chart 12
Table2 estimated amount total cost during the research phase 13

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 Abstract
The study of static and dynamic characteristic of the vehicle chassis is very important to avoid
resonance and structure failure of attaining good lateral stability while operation. The modeling
and analysis process had been segmented into phases of goals to accomplish collection of appropriate
literature related to the three-wheeler auto, its design, and manufacturing.

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1. Introduction
The word rickshaw initiates from the Japanese word Jinrikisha, which literally means
human powered vehicle [1]. Three-wheeler auto rickshaws are becoming more popular in
some cities in the twenty first century as an alternative to taxis because of their low cost of
fuel and maintenance. Many three-wheelers which exist in the form of motorcycle-based
machines are often have the front single wheel and mechanics similar to that of a motorcycle and
the rear axle similar to that of a car. Three-wheelers can have either one wheel at the back and
two at the front or one wheel at the front and two at the back.

Recently Bajaj auto rickshaw three-wheeled vehicle becomes the dominant public transport
means in Ethiopia but the road condition in Ethiopia is mostly erratic. Three–wheeled engine
vehicles can be hired to move both people and goods. These vehicles play an important role in
urban transport, being used for a wide range of trip purposes, at a considerably lower cost
that would be incurred in a taxi.

The stress and modal analysis procedures are significant essential for any type automotive
structure design. It is important to study the static and dynamic characteristic of the car chassis to
avoid resonance and structure failure on the chassis in working condition [2].

fig. 1. Depiction of a three wheeled vehicle [16]

Aims and Objectives

Stress analysis of three wheeler passenger vehicle aims to set an input data, Input data on
structural modeling by considering raugh rod signals for stability, for any further studies on any
major or minor components of the vehicle. Any work that can be expressed in terms of efficiency

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or quality of variables in vehicle parts needs the strength requirement to be satisfied due to
various loads acting on the body of the vehicle. Analysis of different force characters on
structural components provides highly stressed areas and parts, which is significantly required
for designs based on stability. Major objectives can be listed as follows.

 Stress analysis of chasis and suspension components using FEM

 Dynamic load analysis using rough rod signal
 Modeling of structural components with respect to stability of the vehicle while operation

Problem Statement
The lateral instability is the major drawback of three-wheel configuration than with a four
wheeled vehicle [3]. The stability is highly affected by the design and load distribution on load
carrying structural components. Putting a base by providing analyzed data considering the
stability by use of different types of signals varied with rod types becomes very mandatory.

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2. Literature Review
Three wheeler automobile vehicles also has the advantage of being a compromise between
two wheeled and four wheeler automobile vehicles in different aspects like cost, load carrying
capacity, fuel consumption, space occupied and weight of the vehicle. Efforts in fixing these
problems will directly depict how the vehicle dynamics of three wheeler is of great significance
and its increasing importance to the transportation systems [15]. A study of literature shows that
lots of work has been pursued in the field of tyre-to-tyre ground friction, suspension and
modeling of active suspension control, lateral and longitudinal car dynamics, suspension
dynamics, aerodynamics etc. The models of vehicles with three wheels have not been described
extensively as those with the four wheels.

[4] This paper has done the existing bracket design of one of the famous three-wheeler of
Scooter India limited named as Vikram 750 D with five new alternative models using
finite element analysis. linear structural finite element analysis of engine mounting bracket of
the existing design was carried out in the first part, to determine the maximum stresses and
deformations in the existing model. Identical analysis was conducted for five proposed
models of the mounting brackets. The maximum stresses and deformations of the proposed
models were compared with that of the existing model to identify a better design. [5] On The
other hand, this dissertations deals with the optimization of front suspension system of three
wheeler passenger vehicle and also suggests modifications to improve the directional
stability of the vehicle. The front suspension it optimized in this in order to reduce its weight
for the small version of three wheeler passenger vehicle. The static stress analysis is
Perform and the results are compare with theoretical calculations. The experimental
investigation is to perform on verified design spring and the results are obtained to find its
performance. [6] States that, the vehicle drifts towards one side due to high weight of
suspension system. Then in the course of the paper its worked to solve the problem by
redesigning and optimizing front suspension spring. The static analysis using finite element
method has been done in order to find out the detailed load vs. defection of the spring.
by doing so The feed wire length required for modified spring new design is reduced by 10% and
Due to the reduction in feed wire length the mass of new design reduced by 10%.

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[7] Aims to apply reverse engineering modification on the three-wheel vehicle chassis. The
maximum stress occurs on the center of beam which is 34.5MPa; maximum deflection of the
plate is 0.085mm. Maximum stress in static condition was found 24.5 MPa with deflection 0.055
mm, and 71.3 MPa Maximum stress with deflection value of 0.105 found in dynamic condition
shows the beam is safe in both static and dynamic condition. This can be a good model for
further studies stability. [8] states that as fender is not designed to take the load there is need to
predict the structural strength of fender. From Stress analysis it is found that the applied lifting
loads results in critical stress concentration areas at the supports, hence the stresses induced at
these supports of the fender increases directly with the lifting loads applied.

Stability of a three wheeled automobile is discussed as a major issue. [9] This study outlines the
effect of applying camber angles on the handling and lateral stability of a three wheeled
automobile vehicle and the use of a rigid body model with two variables, the sprung mass and
un-sprung mass. The study investigates the effect of applying camber angles on the vehicle
handling, lateral stability, ride comfort and skid of a three-wheeled automobile vehicle. Due to
the unbalance nature of the vehicle, controlling the instability especially during turning,
cornering and harsh maneuver is very challenging. This work evaluates the dynamic of three
wheeled automobile vehicle design. [10] In this, stability of a three wheeled vehicle with two
wheels on the front, a three wheeled vehicle with two wheels on the rear and a standard four-
wheeled vehicle are compared. After deriving a particularized formula for Static Stability Factor
a Critical cornering conditions for lift-off are identified for both three wheeler configurations.
finally indicated that, by adopting tilt wheel mechanism, it is possible to design three wheelers
with similar roll over resistance of four wheelers.

Summary and Research Gap

Under the review it’s found, because of the importance of handling quality, many articles are
published in every years on analyzing and improving the handling quality and stability of
different cars. [14] States handling is the vehicle quality in providing feedback to the driver for a
better and easier control. Relatively lesser studies has been done on structural and behavioral
force analysis when it is compared from two and four wheel passengers.

Modeling and analysis works are performed using finite element method software’s. [11]
Detailed description of dynamic modeling of a three wheeled vehicle using ADAMS-CAR. [12]

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Proposed that an engineering approach for replacement of beam-like structures (BLS) and joints
in a vehicle model. The proposed replacement techniques were based on the reduction of
structural modeling approach, which involved a performance analysis of beam-member cross-
sections and a static analysis of frame joints only. [13] presented a reduced beam and joint
modeling approach to analyze and optimize the low-frequency vehicle performance. Despite the
popularity of three-wheeler automobile vehicle and its attractive features, their typical light-
weight and narrow design have one major drawback [17]. Failure prediction methodologies that
can predict sheet metal failure under arbitrary deformation histories including rotating principal,
stretch directions and bending / unbending with considerations of damage evaluation are
explained by Hui-Min Huang and Jwo Pan[18]

The dynamics of the vehicle on different types of roads must be simulated and subsequently, all
forces at all joints of the suspension system also must be estimated on different roads. The
comparisons between static and dynamic analysis will also be literature gap that could have to be
performed in order to determine if the maximum forces on the moving wheels are exceeding
those obtained in the reference static analysis. Then after vertical forces on wheels can be
calculated, which basically will make possible determining the proper tire type for the three-
wheeled vehicle of the interest area.

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3. Materials and Methods
To meet the rigorous requirements, first the chasis has to be analyzed and modeled by its critical
stress value. The different rod conditions will be considered by inserting signals. The maximum
passenger loading condition is also used.

3.1 Stress analysis

Stress analysis is used to determine the stress point when the chassis structure receives the loads.
A finite element stress analysis is carried out at the failure region to determine the stress
distribution and possible design improvement. The analysis will perform by the numbers of
passengers to determine the reaction each load to the chassis for each case. First case for indicate
one passenger, second case for indicate two passengers, third case indicate for three passengers
and forth case indicate for four passengers in the car

3.2 Designed models

For designing and analysis of parts there are many software available in the market. Some of
those are PTC Creo, CATIA, ANSYS, Hyper mesh and Inventor etc. From above
software, CATIA and ANSYS had chosen in this work for design and analysis.

3.2.1 Modeling
Designed and modeling of the exhaust manifold is performed using CATIA V5 R20 and
SOLID45 is used for the modeling of solid structures in 3D. The 3-D "target" surfaces of the
related contact elements are specified by TARGE170. The 3D model developed using CATIA is
imported to ANSYS for analysis. In order to import the model, it is converted into global file
format namely .stl format. After converting the file into .stp format the file is imported into
ANSYS.

3.2.2 ANSYS analysis

The ANSYS program was designed for engineers to construct computer models or
transfer CAD models of structures, products, components, or systems, apply loads or
other design performance conditions and study physical responses such as levels of stress,
distribution of temperature or the impact of vector magnetic fields.

ANSYS (FEA) helps significantly by reducing the time involved in design and
manufacturing and as well as the costs around it, by giving engineers a great tool and that gives
confidence to the designer, in the products they design. When used at the conceptual
design stage FEA is proved to be most effective [19]. Before prototypes, it is very useful when

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used later in manufacturing process to verify the final design, before advancing to manufacturing
the actual product.

3.2.3 Meshing of 3D model in ANSYS

The collection of nodes and elements form the mesh. Stiffness matrix for the governing
equations is written using the finite element (FE) program. The FE program will assemble the
matrix for the complete model. From the displacements at the nodes, the stress in each element
can be calculated. The meshing will divides the single parts into several small elements; the
elements are created by joining the nodes.

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 4. Time breakdown
The following chart shows the major activities of the research work broken down into months and
weeks. The schedule is estimated by considering some clearance time per activities regarding
availability of scarce resources.

Table 1 Gantt chart

2021
Activity
April May June July Augest

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Literature review & questions
Software and tool preparation
Data collection
Data analysis
Modeling and simulation
FEM analysis
Result discusion and validation
Thesis writing
Draft and comments
Finalization
Submission

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5. Budget breakdown
Table 2 estimated amount total cost during the research phase

Budget category Unit cost factor Total cost

(birr) (birr)
1. Personnel Daily Number of days Number of
wage manpower

Technical 350 10 X2 7000.00

consultancy
Data collection 120 20 X3 7200.00
Checking purpose 350 10 X2 7000.00
Software technical 250 10 X1 2500.00
Sub total 23700.00
2. Supplies Cost per Number
item
Photocopying cost 1.00 250 250.00
Printing and 500 2 1000.00
binding
Sub total 1250.00
3. Transport Cost per 1250.00
km(0.75)
4 Procurement 5000.00
Grand Total 31200.00

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 References
[1] Chamberlain, Basil Hall,K. Paul, Trench, "Things Japanese: being notes on various
subjects connected with Japan for the use of travellers and others", Trubner and company
limited; (1891), Page 4

[2] M.S.M.Sani, M.T.Arbain, M.M.Noor, G.L.Ming, M.H.Zohari, C.K.E Nizwan & T.T.Mon,
Stress analysis and modal transient response of car chassis, International conference on advance
mechanical engineering (ICAME09),(2009), page 11

[3] Dr. Osama Mohammed Elmardi Suleiman Khayal, Literature review on the history of bajaj
rickshaw vehicles, · June 2019: page 1. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334030202

[4] Deepak Singh, and Rajeev Kumar, Stress analysis of engine mounting assembly of a three
wheeler, IOP Publishing, ICCEMME 2019,

[5] Sachin N. Lokhande, Dr. Dinesh N. Kamble, Design and Analysis of Front Suspension of
ThreeWheeler Passenger Vehicle International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology,
(IJERT)IJERT ISSN: 2278-0181 IJERTV3IS090211, Vol. 3 Issue 9, September- 2014,
www.ijert.org

[6] H. B. Pawara, D. D. Desale, Optimization of Three Wheeler Front Suspension Coil Spring,
2nd International Conference on Materials Manufacturing and Design Engineering, Procedia
Manufacturing 20 428–433, (2018)

[7] Mewael Gebrehiwot Hailu, Ashish Thakur, Okqubamariam Leake, Reverse Engineering
Approach in Modification of Three Wheeler Bajaj Chassis, Branna Journal of Engineering and
Technology (BJET) Vol. 2, No. 1: May, 2020, pp. 21 – 40

[8] U. A. Malawade, D. G. Thombare, Experimental and finite element stress analysis of three
wheeler front fender, Conference Paper, August 2011,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279223374,

[9] Chukwutoo C. Ihueze1 and Paschal S. Ebisike, Dynamic Analysis of Instability in Three-
Wheeler Automobile Vehicle, ACRI, 13(3): 1-10, Article no.ACRI.38801, March, 2018

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[10] Jignesh Sindha, Basab Chakraborty, Debashish Chakravarty,Rigid body modeling of three
wheel vehicle to determine the dynamic stability A practical approach, Conference Paper, :
August 2015, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280102960,

[11] Venkata Mangaraju Karanam1, Anindya Chatterjee , Ashitava Ghosal, Procedural aspects of
modeling the dynamics of a three wheeled vehicle using ADAMS-CAR, Version 3: Sep27, 2012

[12] Mundo D, Hadjitb R, Dondersb S, Brughmansb M, Masb P, Desmetc W. Simplified

modelling of joints and beamlike structures for BIW optimization in a concept phase of the
vehicle design process. Finite Elements in Analysis and Design. 45:456-462. 2009;

[13] Donders S, Takahashi Y, Hadjita R, Van Langenhovea T, Brughmansa M, Van enechtenb

B, Desmetb W. A reduced beam and joint concept modeling approach to optimize global vehicle
body dynamics. Finite Elements in Analysis and Design. 2009;45:439-455.

[14] T. D. Gillespie, Fundamentals of Vehicle Dynamics, Society of Automotive Engineers,

1992.

[15] Manudeep M, Snehalatha P. Dynamic response analysis of a three wheeler chassis

frame using finite element analysis. Eswar College of Engineering, Narasaraopet, Guntur,
AP, India.2015;4(57) ISSN 2319-8885. page 3

[16] Venkata MK, Anindya C, Ashitava G. Procedural aspects of modeling the dynamics of a
three wheeled vehicle using ADAMS-CAR. Research and Development, TVS Motor Company
Ltd., Hosur, India; 2011

[17] Wang Y, Li Jingzhan. “Whole Vehicle Vibration Response Analysis of XIALI Car”, Study
report of Tianjin Automobile Research Institute; 1999.

[18] Hui-Min Huang, Jwo Pan, Sing Tang, “Failure Prediction of Sheet Metals Based on an
Anisotropic Gurson Model”, SAE Paper No.2000-01-0766, 2000.

[19] Gopaal, M.M.M Kumara Varma, L. Suresh Kumar, “Exhaust Manifold Design FEA
Approach” International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology, 17: 485-489, 2014.

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