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2nd YEAR PHYSICS NOTES
CHAPTER # 13
ELECTROMAGNETISM
(FBISE MCQS, EXERCISE SHORT QUESTIONS AND NUMERICAL)
COMPILED AND EDITED BY

RAJA SHEHRYAR ALI

[LECTURER PHYSICS]
PUNJAB GROUP OF COLLEGES
H-11/4 CAMPUS, ISLAMABAD
CONTACT: rsapu1113@gmail.com

1st EDITION FOR THE SESSION: (2019-2020)

(READERS ARE ENCOURAGED TO IDENTIFY MISTAKES/ERRORS

“NICOLA TESLA” QUOTES:

“I DON’T CARE THAT THEY STOLE MY IDEA, I CARE THAT THEY

DON’T HAVE ANY OF THEIR OWN…”

“THE DAY WILL SOON COME WHEN I WILL SHOW THE WORLD THAT
THE TRANSMISSION OF POWER AND SPEECH WITHOUT THE
AID OF ANY WIRES IS POSSIBLE...”
He was right a century ago! In fact we live in a world
of wireless technology nowadays! Mobile phones
(wifi/Bluetooth/3G/4G/5G)

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 EXERCISE MCQ’S
Encircle the best answer.
1. A moving charge is surrounded by
(a) 2 fields (b) 3 fields (c) 4 fields (d) none of these
2. A photon while passing through a magnetic field is deflected ______.
(a) North pole (b) south pole (c) are ionized (d) none of these
3. Magnetism is related to ________.
(b) Stationary charge (b) moving charge
(c) Stationary and moving charge (d) laws of motion
4. When a charged particle enters perpendicularly to a magnetic field, the path followed
by it is _____.
(a) A helix (b) a circle (c) a straight line (d) ellipse
5. The torque in the coil can be increased by increasing ______.
(a) No. of turns (b) current and magnetic field (c) area of coil (d) all of above
6. The magnetic flux will be maximum for an angle of ______
(a) 00 (b) 600 (c) 900 (d) 1800
7. The weber is the unit of measure of _______
(a) Conductance (b) electric current (c) magnetic flux (d) electric flux
8. One weber is equal to ______
(a) N.A2/m (b) N.m2/A (c) N.A/m (d) N.m/A
9. An electron moves at 2 x 103 m/s perpendicular to the magnetic field of 2 T. What is
the magnitude of magnetic force___.
(a) 1 x 10-6 N (b) 6.4 x 10-17 N (c) 3.6 x 10-24 N (d) 4 x 106 N
[Hint: F = qvBsinӨ]
10. The force on a charged particle moving parallel to magnetic field is ____.
(a) Maximum (b) minimum (c) zero (d) none of these
11. Ampere’s law is applicable to _____.
(a) Circular path only (b) rectangular path only (c) to any closed path (d) none
12. The unit of permeability of free space is _____.
(a) T.m/A (b) T.m2/A (c) T.m/A2 (d) None of these
2
[Solution: unit of permeability is: Wb/Am => T.m /A.m = T.m/A]

EXERCISE SHORT QUESTIONS

1. What is the force that a conductor of length ‘L’ carrying current ‘I’ experiences when
placed in a magnetic field ‘B’. What is the direction of this force?
Ans: It experiences a magnetic force.
Reason: The magnetic force arises because of the interaction of the two magnetic fields. One
associated with the current carrying conductor and the second one is the external magnetic field in
which that conductor is placed.
Formula: FB = I (L x B) = ILBsinӨ
Direction: Being a vector quantity, its direction can be found by using Fleming’s left hand rule.
The direction of this force is always right angles i.e. perpendicular (Ө = 900) to the plane containing
both the conductor and the magnetic field.

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2. What is the nature of force between two parallel current carrying wires (in same
direction)?
Ans: The nature of force between the wire is (i) Magnetic (ii) Attractive.
Reason:
 The current in each wire generates a magnetic field around each wire. These magnetic
fields add as vectors in the region where they overlap
 In the center the magnetic fields tends to cancel out each other as they are oppositely
oriented, therefore creating a weak field region. On the other sides of the wire the field is
strong, so a force is exerted towards the weaker region, hence they attract each other.

3. What is the magnitude of the force on charge “q” moving with a velocity ‘v’ in a magnetic
field ‘B”.
⃑⃑⃑ | = 𝑞(𝒗
Ans: The magnitude of the force is |𝑭 ⃑⃑ ) = 𝑞𝑣𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
⃑ 𝒙𝑩
Explanation:
 The magnetic force on a moving charge is perpendicular to both the velocity of
the charge and the magnetic field with direction given by the right hand rule. The
magnitude of the force depend upon the following conditions:

o (i) If the charges move parallel to field: No force is experienced.

⃑⃑⃑ | = 𝑞𝑣𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛(0) = 0.
|𝑭
o (ii) If the charges move perpendicular to field: Maximum force is experienced.
⃑⃑⃑ | = 𝑞𝑣𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛(90) = qvB
|𝑭
o (iii) If the charges move at an arbitrary angle: Intermediate force is experienced
between maximum and minimum value
⃑⃑⃑ | = 𝑞𝑣𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
|𝑭

4. In a uniform magnetic field B, an electron beam enters with velocity ‘v’. Write an
expression for the force experienced by the electrons.
Ans: The force exerted on the electron is given as ⃑𝑭
⃑ = −𝑒(𝒗 ⃑⃑ ) = −𝑒𝑣𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑛̂
⃑ 𝒙𝑩
Explanation:
 The magnetic force on a moving charge is perpendicular to both the velocity of
the charge and the magnetic field with direction given by the right hand rule. The
magnitude of the force depend upon the following conditions:

o (i) If the charges move parallel to field: No force is experienced.

⃑⃑⃑ | = 𝑞𝑣𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛(0) = 0.
|𝑭

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 o (ii) If the charges move perpendicular to field: Maximum force is experienced.
⃑⃑⃑ | = 𝑞𝑣𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛(90) = qvB
|𝑭
o (iii) If the charges move at an arbitrary angle: Intermediate force is experienced
between maximum and minimum value
⃑⃑⃑ | = 𝑞𝑣𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
|𝑭

5. What will be the path of a charged particle moving in a uniform magnetic field at an
arbitrary angle with the field?
Ans: The path followed by the charged particle would be spiral or helical.
Explanation:
 The magnitude of the force is |𝑭⃑⃑⃑ | = 𝑞(𝒗 ⃑⃑ ) = 𝑞𝑣𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
⃑ 𝒙𝑩
 A charged particle moving with a velocity not in the same direction as the magnetic field
nor perpendicular to it i.e. at any arbitrary angle then the velocity component
perpendicular to the magnetic field creates circular motion, whereas the component
of the velocity parallel to the field moves the particle along a straight line. The result
is a helical motion.
 Component of velocity parallel to the magnetic field is unaffected by magnetic field
and the particle will continue to drift along parallel to the magnetic field in addition
to moving in circular motion.

Q.6 An electron doesn’t suffer any deflection while passing through a region. Are you sure
that there is no magnetic field?
Ans: No, it may or may not be zero.
Explanation: If a charged particle moves in a straight line i.e. its direction doesn’t change through
some region of space magnetic field then there are two possibilities:
(1) Either the magnetic field “B” in this region is zero because
⃑𝑭
⃑ = 𝑞(𝒗 ⃑⃑ ) = 𝑞𝑣𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, if 𝑞𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ≠ 0 then B = 0
⃑ 𝒙𝑩
(2) Charged particle is moving either parallel or antiparallel to the magnetic field therefore,
⃑⃑ = 𝑞(𝒗
𝑭 ⃑⃑ ) = 𝑞𝑣𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, as B, v and q are not zero so if 𝜃 = 0 or 180 then 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 0
⃑ 𝒙𝑩
 Magnetic force F will be zero.

Q.7 An electron beam passes through a region of crossed electric and magnetic fields of
intensity E and B respectively. For what value of the electron speed the beam will remain un-
deflected?

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Ans: If the net forces acting on the electron will become zero then the beam will remain un-
deflected, therefore if they have a speed, v =E/B
Explanation:
 When an electron beam is passed through a region where the electric field and magnetic
field cross each other then there were be total of two forces that will act on the beam. One
will be the electric force that is made due to the electric field and the other is the
magnetic force developed due to the magnetic field.
 If the forces will be equal and opposite then there will be no deflection in the beam
and there would be no acceleration, hence there will be no change in beam speed.
Mathematically,
Electric force = Magnetic force
qE = qvB
v = E/B

Q.8 Uniform electric and magnetic fields are produced pointing in the same direction. An
electron is projected in the direction of the fields. What will be the effect on the kinetic energy
of the electron due to the two fields?
Ans: The magnetic field will not change the kinetic energy but the electric field will decrease
the kinetic energy.
Explanation:
A particle of charge q moving with velocity v in the presence of an electric field E and a magnetic
field B experiences a force
Fnet = Fe + FB = - eE + q (v x B)
 The magnetic force experienced by electron is zero in this case because the electrons are
projected in the direction of field so FB = qvBsin0 = 0, so no change in velocity and hence
K.E
 Electric force is acting opposite to velocity of electron, so velocity of electron will decrease
as it tends to stop it and due to retardation the velocity and hence the K.E will decrease
 Mathematically, Fnet = Fe + FB = - eE + 0 = -eE

Q.9 What is the cyclotron frequency of a charged particle of mass m, charge q moving in a
magnetic field B?
Ans: Definition: The frequency of a charged particle moving perpendicular to the direction of a
uniform magnetic field B (constant magnitude and direction) i,e in a circular path is called
cyclotron or gyro-frequency.
Derivation: It is calculated by the equality of the centripetal force and magnetic force.
𝒗𝟐
qvB= m … (1)
𝒓
as, v = rω
 Eq.1 becomes, qB = mrω
 ω = qB/m … (2)

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 as, ω = 2π/T => T = 2π/ω => T= 2πm/qB
𝟏 𝒒𝑩
=> f = = … (3)
𝑻 𝟐𝝅𝒎
Eq.3 represents the cyclotron frequency.

Q 10. Can neutron be accelerated in a cyclotron? Give reason.

Ans: No, neutrons can’t be accelerated in a cyclotron machine.
Reason:
 Neutrons being neutral experience no magnetic force.
 The magnitude of the force in a cyclotron experienced by charged particles is |𝑭⃑⃑⃑ | =
𝑞(𝒗 ⃑⃑ ) = 𝑞𝑣𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
⃑ 𝒙𝑩
 For neutron, q = 0 => (0) 𝑣𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 => FB = 0
 In other words, the neutrons follow the same path throughout the motion in a magnetic
field and in a same direction without any deflection and without any change in speed.

Q 11. A current carrying loop, free to turn is placed in a uniform magnetic field B. What will
be its orientation relative to B, in the equilibrium state?
(Or) Is it possible to orient a current loop in a uniform magnetic field such that the loop will
not tend to rotate? Why?
Ans: It is possible to orient a current loop in a uniform magnetic field such that the current carrying
loop is in equilibrium and will not tend to rotate if the plane of loop is perpendicular to B
Explanation:
 When a current carrying coil is placed in a uniform magnetic field, it experiences a torque,
which is given by:
𝜏 = 𝐵𝐼𝑁𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
 If we take one loop then N = 1, and when the angle ‘α’ between magnetic field B and plane
of loop becomes 90o i.e. when they are perpendicular to each other then, mathematically,
𝜏 = 𝐵𝐼𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 90 = => 𝜏 = 𝐵𝐼𝐴(0) = 0
 So the above result shows that the torque is zero, so for this orientation the current carrying
loop will not tend to rotate and will maintain equilibrium.

Q.12 How does a current carrying coil behave as a bar magnet?

Ans: One end of the current carrying coil behaves as North pole and the other end as South
pole, which makes it behave like a bar magnet.
Explanation: In two ways it can be explained that electromagnet behaves as a bar magnet.
 The nature of the magnetic field produced by a current carrying coil is similar to the field
around a bar magnet whose direction can be found by right hand rule.
 Both are magnetic dipoles (bar magnet and current carrying coil), and will experience a
torque when placed in an external magnetic field.

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FBISE PHYSICS EXAM MCQS WITH ANSWERS [2008-2019]
CHAPTER # 13 ELECTROMAGNETISM

1. What effect do two parallel wires carrying currents in the opposite directions have on each
other? (2008)
(a) repel (b) attract (c) have no effect (d) they cancel out their individual magnetic effects
2. Which of the following cannot be accelerated by an electric or magnetic field? (2008)
(a) electrons (b) protons (c) neutrons (d) alpha particles
3. What should be done to increase the sensitivity of a Galvanometer? (2008)
(a) increase the number of turns (b) increase the area of its coil
(c) place its coil in a stronger field (d) all of these
4. The grid in CRO is used to________ (2009, 2013)
(a) controls the number of electrons accelerated by anodes
(b) controls the brightness of the spot fall on the screen
(c) both A and B (d) deflect the beam of electrons
5. The brightness of the spot formed on the screen of a CRO cn be controlled by (2009)
(a) grid (b) filament (c) cathode (d) fluorescent screen
6. In SI unit the value of µ0 is: (2009)
(a) 4π x 107 WbA-1m-1 (b) 4π x 10-7 WbA-1m (c) 4π x 107 WbAm-1 (d) 4π x 10-7 WbA-1m-1
7. The e/m of an electron moving with speed along a circular path in a magnetic field is given
as: (2009)
𝒆 𝑩𝟐 𝑹 𝒆 𝑬 𝒆 𝑬𝟐 𝒆 𝑬𝑹
(a) = (b) = (c) = (d) =
𝒎 𝑬 𝒎 𝑩𝟐 𝑹 𝒎 𝑩𝟐 𝑹 𝒎 𝑩𝟐
8. Which of the following graph shows variation of magnetic field B with distance ‘r’ from the
long wire carrying current? (2010)
(a) A (b) A and B (c) C (d) B
9. What is the value of e/m for an electron in SI units? (2010)
(a) 1.76 x 10-11 C/kg (b) 6.67 x 10-11 C/kg (c) 9 x 109 C/kg (d) 1.76 x 1011 C/kg
10. An electron is moving along the axis of a solenoid carrying a current. Which of the following
is a correct statement about the electromagnetic force acting on the electron? (2010)
(a) the force acts radially inwards (b) the force acts radially outwards
(c) the force acts in the direction of motion of electron (d) no force acts
11. An ammeter reads up to 1A. Its internal resistance is 0.81 Ω. To increase the range to 10 A,
the value of required shunt resistance is _________ (2010)
(a) 0.3 Ω (b) 0.9 Ω (c) 0.09 Ω (d) 0.03 Ω
12. Two wires P and Q are made of same material. P has twice cross-sectional area as that of
𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 𝒅𝒓𝒊𝒇𝒕 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝑷
Q. The current in P is twice that in Q. What is he ratio 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 𝒅𝒓𝒊𝒇𝒕 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝑸 ? (2010)
(a) ¼ (b) ½ (c) 1 (d) 2
13. The diagram shows a horizontal beam of electrons entering a region b/w two charged
plates. In which direction the electron beam will be deflected? (2010)
(a) Upwards (b) downwards (c) into the diagram (d) out of the diagram

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14. One Tesla = ______(2012)
(a) NAm (b) NA-1m-1 (c) 10 NAm (d) none of these
15. In CRO, the time base generator circuit is connected to the ______(2010)
(a) x-plate (b) y-plate (c) electron gun (d) accelerating electrodes
16. To convert a Weston-type galvanometer into voltmeter, the series resistance is given by:
(2013)
𝑽 𝑽 𝑽 𝑽
(a) Rh = 𝑰 + Rg (b) Rh = 𝑰 - Rg (c) Rh = 𝑹 - Ig (d) Rh = 𝑹 + Ig
𝒈 𝒈 𝒈 𝒈
17. Emission of electron by metals on heating is called____ (2013)
(a) secondary emission (b) field effect (c) photoelectric emission (d) thermionic emission
18. The accurate potential measuring device should be of ______ (2013)
(a) very low resistance (b) very high resistance
(c) neither very low nor very high resistance (d) infinite resistance
19. The magnetic field at the interior points of a toroid of radius ‘r’ and turns N and each turn
carrying a current I is ______-
µ𝒐 𝑵𝑰 µ𝒐 𝑵𝑰 µ𝒐 𝑵𝑰𝟐 µ𝒐 𝑵𝑰
(a) 𝑩 = (b) 𝑩 = (c) 𝑩 = (d) 𝑩 =
𝟐𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝟐𝝅𝒓 𝟐𝝅𝒓 𝟒𝝅𝒓
20. According to Faraday’s law, EMF induced in a circuit depends on____ (2010)
(a) maximum magnetic flux (b) rate of change of magnetic flux
(c) change in magnetic flux (d) initial magnetic flux
21. An electron beam is moving parallel. The nature of force b/w them is ____ (2010)
(a) Attractive (b) repulsive (c) attractive or repulsive depends on the magnitude
of velocity (d) none of these
22. Which one of the following statements is NOT correct?____ (2013)
(a) an ammeter is moving coil galvanometer of low resistance
(b) a voltmeter is moving coil galvanometer of high resistance
(c) the terminals of an ammeter are made of thick bare metal while that of a voltmeter are light
and well insulated
(d) a voltmeter is always connected in series with the circuit while an ammeter is always
connected in parallel to a circuit
23. Two current carrying conductors are placed parallel to each other then ____ (2014)
(a) They attract each other for the same direction of currents
(b) They attract each other for the opposite direction of currents
(c) They repel each other for the same direction of currents
(d) no force is present b/w them
24. The resistance of an ideal Ammeter and that of an ideal Voltmeter are ____ (2014)
(a) [ RA = 0, Rv = infinity ] (b) [ RA = infinity, Rv = 0 ]
(c) [ RA = 0, Rv = 0 ] (d) none of these
25. A charge ‘q’ is placed stationary in a region where both the electric and magnetic fields are
present. The charge will experience _________ (2014)
(a) both electric and magnetic forces (b) electric force
(c) magnetic force (d) no force at all

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26. When a particle of charge ‘q’ and mass ‘m’ enters a region of constant magnetic induction
‘B’ travelling with velocity ‘v’ perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field, it describes a
circular orbit of radius ____ (2015)
𝒎𝒒 𝒎𝒒𝒗 𝒎𝒗 𝑩𝒒
(a) 𝒓 = 𝒗𝑩 (b) 𝒓 = 𝑩 (c) 𝒓 = 𝑩𝒒 (d) 𝒓 = 𝒎𝒗
27. Which of the following relations between current and angle of deflection is true for a
moving coil galvanometer? (2016)
𝟏
(a) I α θ (b) I α 𝜽 (c) I α sinθ (d) I α cosθ
28. The magnetic force on an electron travelling at 108 m/s perpendicular to a field strength of
1 Wbm-2 is_____ (2016)
(a) 10-11 N (b) 1.6 x 10-11 N (c) zero (d) 108 N
29. If current in two nearby loops is in same order. They ____ (2016)
(a) neither attract nor repel (b) attract and repel (c) attract (d) repel
30. The charge e/m ratio of an electron moving with the speed along a circular path in a
magnetic field is given as: (2017)
𝑬𝟐 𝑬𝑹 𝑩𝟐 𝑹 𝑬
(a) 𝑩𝟐 𝒓 (b) 𝑩𝟐 (c) 𝑬 (d) 𝑩𝟐 𝑹
31. An instrument which can measure potential without drawing any current is _____(2017)
(a) cathode ray oscilloscope (b) ammeter (c) voltmeter (d) galvanometer
32. Two nearby long parallel wires carrying current in the same direction will ___(2018)
(a) attract each other (b) repel each other
(c) not attract each other (d) stop the current in each other
33. The cross (x) symbol on the page indicates that magnetic field is _____ (2018)
(a) zero (no magnetic field) (b) into the page (c) out of the page (d) parallel to the page
34. By proper shunting, a galvanometer is converted into _____ (2018)
(a) ammeter (b) voltmeter (c) Avo-meter (d) Ohmmeter
35. A galvanometer can be made more sensitive, if c/BAN is made ______ (2019)
(a) large (b) infinite (c) small (d) zero
1. A 2. C 3. D 4. C 5. A
6. D 7. B 8. C 9. D 10. D
11. C 12. C 13. A 14. B 15. A
16. B 17. D 18. B 19. B 20. B
21. A 22. D 23. A 24. A 25. B
26. C 27. A 28. B 29. C 30.
31. A 32. 33. 34. 35.
36. 37. 38. 39. 40.

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 EXTRA SHORT QUESTIONS (PREVIOUS BOOK/BOARD)

14.1 A plane conducting loop is located in a uniform magnetic field that is directed along the x-
axis. For what orientation of the loop is the flux a maximum? For what the orientation the flux
a minimum?
Ans For maximum flux: As the magnetic field is directed along x-axis, so if plane conducting loop
is placed in magnetic field in such a way that its plane is perpendicular to x-axis say along yz-
plane, the flux is maximum because the field lines will be parallel to the vector area.
ф𝑒 = ⃑⃑⃑
𝑩. ⃑𝑨
⃑ = 𝐵𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝐵𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(0) = 𝐵𝐴
For minimum flux: And if plane of loop is parallel to x-axis say along zx plane, the magnetic flux
passing through loop is minimum because the field lines will be perpendicular to the vector area.
⃑⃑⃑ 𝑨
ф𝑒 = 𝑩. ⃑ = 𝐵𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝐵𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(90) = 0

14.2 A current in a conductor produces a magnetic field, which can be calculated using
Ampere’s law. Since current is defined as the rate of flow of charge what can you conclude
about the magnetic field due to stationary charges? What about moving charges?
Ans: Stationary charges produce electric field only while moving charges give rise to magnetic
field. The charges in motion will give rise to a current which in turn produces magnetic field.
When a charge is at rest it means that no current flows so if put I = 0 in the given formula
µ𝑜 𝐼
𝐵 = 2𝜋𝑟 = 0 … (1)
When the charge will be in motion, current will be produced and therefore magnetic field will be
produced because I ≠ 0.

14.3 Describe the change in the magnetic field inside the solenoid caring a steady current I if
the length of the solenoid is doubled but the no. of turns remains the same and the no. of turns
is doubled, but the length remains the same.
µ𝒐 𝑵𝑰
Ans: Magnetic field produced by a solenoid is 𝐵 = µ𝑜 𝑛𝐼 =
𝒍
Where ‘N’ is the number of turns of solenoid, 𝒍 is the length of the solenoid.
(1) If ′𝒍′ is doubled => 𝒍′ = 𝟐𝒍 but ‘N’ and ‘I’ remain the same, then the magnetic field is halved.
µ𝒐 𝑵𝑰 µ𝒐 𝑵𝑰 µ𝒐 𝑵𝑰 𝑩
𝐵′ = = =½[ ]=
𝒍′ 𝟐𝒍 𝒍 𝟐
(2) If ‘N’ is doubled => N’ = 2 N, but 𝒍 and ‘I’ remain the same, then magnetic field is doubled.
µ 𝒐 𝑵′ 𝑰 µ𝒐 𝟐𝑵 𝑰 µ𝒐 𝑵𝑰
𝐵′ = = =2[ ] = 2B
𝒍 𝒍 𝒍

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14.4 At a given instant, a proton moves in the positive x direction in the region where there is
magnetic field in the negative z direction. What is the direction of magnetic force? Will the
proton continue to move in the positive x direction? Explain.
Ans: Magnetic force on a charge ‘q’ when incident in a magnetic field B with velocity ‘v’ is
⃑ = 𝑞(𝒗
𝑭 ⃑ 𝒙𝑩⃑⃑ )
For finding the direction of force we use right hand palm rule, if the magnetic field is along the
direction of middle finger of the right hand (negative z axis, take into the plane of the paper), the
velocity in the direction of right hand thumb (towards the x-axis, right side of the page), then
proton will experience a magnetic force 𝑭 ⃑ = 𝑒(𝒗 ⃑ 𝒙𝑩⃑⃑ ), out of the zx-plane i.e. along the positive
y-axis (upwards direction of the paper). The proton will not continue its motion along positive x-
direction because ⃑𝑭 = 𝒊̂ x −𝒌̂ = - (𝒊̂ x 𝒌
̂ ) = - (−𝒋̂) = +𝒋̂ which is along positive y-axis. All of them
will be at an angle of 900 with respect to each other.

14.5 Two charged particles are projected into a region where there is a magnetic field
perpendicular to their velocities, if the charges are deflected in opposite direction, what can
you say about them?
Ans: There are two possibilities about the nature of those charges.
When charged particle having a charge ‘q’ are projected in a magnetic field ‘B’ with velocity ‘v’,
then they will experience a magnetic force ⃑𝑭 = 𝑞(𝒗 ⃑⃑ ). Direction of ⃑𝑭 can be found by right
⃑ 𝒙𝑩
hand palm rule i.e. middle fingers towards the direction of ‘B’, thumb towards the direction of
‘v’ and force will be along the normal to the palm of right hand (i.e. at angle of 90 0). Cases are
discussed below:
Case (i): When two unlike charges are thrown inside a magnetic field along the same direction
they will be deflected in opposite directions because the force will be in opposite direction. So it
may be said that one of them is an electron and the other might a proton.
Case (ii): When two like charges are projected from opposite directions they will also be deflected
along opposite direction because the force will be in opposite direction.

14.6 Suppose that a charge ‘q’ is moving in a uniform magnetic field with a velocity ‘v’, why is
there no work done by the magnetic force that acts on the charge ‘q’?
Ans: Magnetic force is only a deflecting force it cannot do any work on a particle moving in it. If
a charge ‘q’ is moving in a uniform magnetic field with a velocity then work done by the magnetic
force ⃑𝑭
⃑ = 𝑞(𝒗 ⃑⃑ ) is zero because magnetic force and instantaneous displacement are always at
⃑ 𝒙𝑩
right angle. The force is always directed perpendicular to the motion of the charged particles.
Work done = ⃑𝑭. ⃑𝒅 = Fdcosθ = Fdcos90o = Fd x 0 = 0
Secondly in a closed path the particle returns to its initial position so that the displacement is
zero, this means that ⃑𝒅 = 𝟎, which makes w = 0. So no work is done by the magnetic field on a
charged particle.

14.7 If a charged particle move in a straight line through some region of space, can you say that
the magnetic field in the region is zero?

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Ans: If a charged particle moves in a straight line i.e. its direction doesn’t change through some
region of space magnetic field then there are two possibilities:
(1) Either the magnetic field “B” in this region is zero because
⃑𝑭
⃑ = 𝑞(𝒗⃑ 𝒙𝑩⃑⃑ ) = 𝑞𝑣𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, if 𝑞𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ≠ 0 then B = 0
(2) Charged particle is moving either parallel or antiparallel to the magnetic field therefore,
⃑𝑭
⃑ = 𝑞(𝒗 ⃑⃑ ) = 𝑞𝑣𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, as B, v and q are not zero so if 𝜃 = 0 or 180 then 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 0
⃑ 𝒙𝑩
 Magnetic force F will be zero.

14.8 Why does the picture on a T.V screen become distorted when a magnet is brought near
the screen?
Ans: The picture on a TV screen is formed due to the fast moving electrons which collide with the
screen of the TV. These electrons are highly energetic and due to their motion they are
accompanied by a magnetic field (moving charges generate magnetic field). When a magnet is
brought near the screen, the path of these electrons is disturbed due to the magnetic field of the
magnet which interacts with the magnetic field of the moving electrons. The magnetic force is
given as:
⃑ = 𝑒(𝒗
𝑭 ⃑⃑ )
⃑ 𝒙𝑩
So when they experience a force, their path is changed the target where the electrons were going
to strike to form a picture also changes as a result the picture on the screen becomes distorted.

14.9 Is it possible to orient a current loop in a uniform magnetic field such that the loop will
not tend to rotate? Why?
Ans: Yes, it possible to orient a current loop in a uniform magnetic field such that the loop will
not tend to rotate. When a current carrying coil is placed in a uniform magnetic field, it
experiences a torque, which is given by:
𝜏 = 𝐵𝐼𝑁𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
If we take one loop then N = 1, and when the angle ‘α’ between magnetic field B and plane of
loop becomes 90o i.e. when they are perpendicular to each other then, mathematically,
𝜏 = 𝐵𝐼𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 90 = => 𝜏 = 𝐵𝐼𝐴(0) = 0
So the above result shows that the torque is zero, so for this orientation the current carrying loop
will not tend to rotate.

14.10 How can a current loop be used to determine the presence of a magnetic field in a given
region of space?
Ans: When a current carrying coil is placed in a uniform magnetic field, it experiences a torque,
because of the interaction of two magnetic fields (current carrying loop’s field and external
magnetic field) which is given by:
𝜏 = 𝐵𝐼𝑁𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
Where ‘α’ is the angle between magnetic field B and plane of loop. When 00 ≤ α < 900, the loop
is deflected in a given region of space because it experiences a torque, then it confirms the
presence of magnetic field otherwise not.

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14.11: How can you use a magnetic field to separate isotopes of chemical element?
Ans: When a charged particle having a charge ‘q’ is placed in a magnetic field it experiences a
magnetic force given as ⃑𝑭 = 𝑒(𝒗 ⃑⃑ ). The magnetic field will provide the centripetal force and
⃑ 𝒙𝑩
the particle will revolve in a circular path or will be deflected in a circular path.
=> Magnetic force = Centripetal force
2
q(𝒗 ⃑⃑ ) = 𝑚𝑣
⃑ 𝒙𝑩
𝑟
𝑚𝑣 2
𝑞𝑣𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑟
𝑚𝑣
𝑟= … (1)
𝑞𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Putting q = e as it is an electron, θ = 900
𝑚𝑣
So eq.1 reduces to 𝑟 = 𝑒𝐵 => r α m, so by using mass spectrograph it will be found that ions
of different masses will move in circular paths of different radii, so they will be identified as
they will have different circles. In this way isotopes can be separated in a magnetic field.

14.12 What should be the orientation of a current carrying coil in a magnetic field so that the
torque acting upon the coil is? (a)Maximum (b)Minimum
Ans: When a current carrying coil is placed in a uniform magnetic field, it experiences a torque,
which is given by:
𝜏 = 𝐵𝐼𝑁𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
Where ‘α’ is the angle between magnetic field B and plane of coil.
(a) For maximum torque: If the plane of the coil is parallel to the magnetic field, α = 0 0 and
torque will be maximum
𝜏 = 𝐵𝐼𝑁𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = 𝜏 = 𝐵𝐼𝑁𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠00 = 𝐵𝐼𝑁𝐴 (1) = 𝐵𝐼𝑁𝐴 (maximum value)
(a) For minimum torque: If the plane of the coil is parallel to the magnetic field, α = 90 0 and
torque will be minimum
𝜏 = 𝐵𝐼𝑁𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = 𝜏 = 𝐵𝐼𝑁𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 900 = 𝐵𝐼𝑁𝐴 (0) = 0 (minimum value)

14.13 A loop of wire is suspended between the poles of a magnet with its plane parallel to the
pole faces. What happens if a direct current is put through the coil? What happens if an
alternating current is used instead?
Ans: (a) When a current carrying coil is placed in a uniform magnetic field, it experiences a torque,
which is given by:
𝜏 = 𝐵𝐼𝑁𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
Where ‘α’ is the angle between magnetic field B and plane of coil. As the loop of wire is parallel
to the pole faces of the magnet, the angle between the magnetic field B and plane of loop is 900.
Then 𝜏 = 𝐵𝐼𝑁𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = 𝜏 = 𝐵𝐼𝑁𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 900 = 𝐵𝐼𝑁𝐴 (0) = 0 (minimum value)
(b) No change in the position of the loop is observed if A.C is used.

14.14 Why the resistance of an ammeter should be very low?

Ans: To measure the value of current passing through ammeter is used and it is always connected
in series with the circuit. So in series combination the current through all circuit elements remains
same (i.e. through the ammeter and other resistances). If the resistance of the ammeter would

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be high then it will not be able to detect the current as the value of current will be changed. So
in order to keep the same current through the ammeter it should not have high resistance, so
that is doesn’t change the resistance of the circuit and hence the current.

14.15 Why the voltmeter should have a very high resistance?

Ans: To measure the value of voltage across a conductor, voltmeter is used and it is always
connected in parallel with the circuit. It is necessary that the resistance of the voltmeter is large
as compared to the circuit resistance across which the voltmeter is connected to find the voltage.
Otherwise an appreciable current will pass through the voltmeter which will alter the circuit
current and the potential difference to be measured because the if the current passes through
voltmeter it will have voltage drop across its resistance, which will give an inaccurate voltage
drop (potential difference across other circuit elements). Thus the voltmeter can read the correct
potential difference only when it doesn’t draw any current from the circuit across which it is
connected. An ideal voltmeter should have an infinite resistance, however an ideal voltmeter
can’t be made.

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 6 Brilliant Tesla
Inventions That Never
Got Built
(WRITTEN BY: CHRISTOPHER KLEIN )

“It seems that I have always been ahead of my time,” Serbian -American engineer and
physicist Nikola Tesla once mused. While the eccentric inventor pioneered advances in
radio, television, motors, robotics and electricity —including the alternating-
current technology that’s widely used today—he also proposed more outlandish ideas.
The following six futuristic visions of his have yet to come to fruition, either because of
limitations of technology or market viability.

1. Earthquake Machine

In 1893, Tesla patented a steam-powered mechanical oscillator

that would vibrate up and down at high speeds to generate
electricity. Years after patenting his invention
he told reporters that one day while attempting to tune his
mechanical oscillator to the vibration of the building housing
his New York City laboratory, he caused the ground to shake.
During the test, Tesla continuously turned up the power and
heard cracking sounds. “Suddenly,” he recalled, “all the heavy
machinery in the place was flying around. I grabbed a hammer and
broke the machine. The building would have been down about our
ears in another few minutes.” Police and ambulances arrived on
the scene to attend to the commotion, but Tesla told his
assistants to remain quiet and tell the police that it must have
been an earthquake.

2. Thought Camera

Tesla believed it could be possible to photograph thoughts. The

inspiration came while he was doing experiments in 1893, Tesla
told a newspaper reporter decades later: “I became convinced
that a definite image formed in thought must, by reflex action,
produce a corresponding image on the retina, which might
possibly be read by suitable apparatus.” The inventor conceived
of reflecting an image on an artificial retina , taking a
photograph and projecting the image on a screen. “If this can be
done successfully, then the objects imagined by a person would
be clearly reflected on the screen as they are formed,” he said,

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“and in this way every thought of the individual could be read.
Our minds would then, indeed, be like open books.”

3. Wireless Energy

In 1901, Tesla secured $150,000 from financier J.P.

Morgan to build a 185-foot-tall, mushroom-shaped tower
on the north shore of Long Island capable of transmitting
messages, telephony and images to ships at sea and across
the Atlantic Ocean by using the Earth to conduct signals.
As work began on the structure, called Wardenclyffe
Tower, Tesla wanted to adapt it to allow for wireless
power delivery, believing from his experiments on radio
and microwaves that he could light up New York City by
transmitting millions of volts of electricity through the
air. Morgan, however, refused to give Tesla any
additional funding for his grandiose scheme. (Some
speculate that Morgan cut off funds once he realized
that Tesla’s plan would have crippled his other energy -
sector holdings.) Tesla abandoned the project in 1906
before it could ever become operational, and
Wardenclyffe Tower was dismantled in 1917.

4. Artificial Tidal Wave

The engineer and physicist believed the power of science could

be harnessed to prevent war. In 1907 the New York
World reported on another of Tesla’s military innovations in
which wireless telegraphy would trigger the detonations of
high explosives at sea to generate tidal waves so vast that they
would capsize entire enemy fleets. The newspaper reported that
the artificial tidal wave would “make navies as useless as the
paper boats that babies float in bathtubs” and, foreshadowing
later claims about the development of nuclear weapons, “by its
horrors hasten the day of universal peace.”

5. Electric-Powered Supersonic Airship

From the time Tesla was a boy, he had been fascinated with
the idea of flight. Combining his knowledge of electrical

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and mechanical engineering, he began to think more about
aviation after the failure of Wardenclyffe. In an article
in the July 1919 issue of Reconstruction magazine, Tesla
discussed his work on developing a supersonic aircraft
that would travel eight miles above the surface of the
Earth and generate speeds allowing passengers to travel
between New York City and London in three hours. Tesla’s
concept called for the aircraft to be powered by
electricity transmitted wirelessly from power plants on
the ground, eliminating the need for aircrafts to carry
fuel. “The power supply is virtually unlimited, as any
number of power plants can be operated together,
supplying energy to airships just as trains running on
tracks are now supplied with electrical energy through
rails or wires,” Tesla said in the article.

6. “Death Beam”

Tesla’s creative mind continued to spark new visions even late in

his life. On his 78th birthday, he told The New York Times that he
had come up with this most important invention, one that would
“cause armies of millions to drop dead in their tracks.” The
invention? A military weapon that would accelerate mercury
particles at 48 times the speed of sound inside a vacuum chamber
and shoot a high-velocity beam “through the free air, of such
tremendous energy that [it] will bring down a fleet of 10,000
enemy airplanes at a distance of 250 miles.” Although the press
dubbed it a “death beam,” Tesla believed it a “peace beam” that
would foil attacks by airplanes and invading armies and save
lives by acting “like an invisible Chinese wall, only a million times
more impenetrable.” Tesla offered his particle-beam weapon to
numerous governments, including the United States, but the only
country to show interest was the Soviet Union, which conducted
a partial test in 1939.

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