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1.2 FinTech Evolution 1.0 Infrastructure

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1. Finance and technology

2. have been inextricably intertwined

3. since the very beginning.

4. If we look at the earliest days of finance

5. dating back thousands of years ago,

6. the initial impact of technology

7. was in the context of building systems

8. of keeping records of government finances

9. or payments for taxes

10. and agricultural production

11. or building facilities

12. and one of the first physical technologies

13. to develop was money

14. the simple coin

15. or thousands of years later,

16. not long after 1000 A.D.,

17. paper money.

18. Money is a form of technology

19. that allows us to physically handle

20. the ideas embedded in finance.

21. So, if we think about financial technology,

22. the history is very, very long indeed

23. and in addition to coins,

24. paper money, systems of writing

25. or accounting,

26. major points include the evolution


27. of the joint stock company

28. or the corporation,

29. forms of financing like banking,

30. or more recently, stocks, bonds,

31. things that we would call

32. securities or derivatives.

33. Derivatives are financial instruments

34. whose value derives

35. from some underlying financial instrument

36. but if we think of today's fintech,

37. the modern period of fintech

38. and financial technology

39. begins around 150 years ago

40. and we generally mark the date as 1867.

41. Why 1867?

42. 1867 was the date of the establishment

43. of the first transatlantic telegraph cable.

44. That transatlantic telegraph cable

45. made instantaneous communication

46. between the major markets

47. of New York and London,

48. or London and Paris,

49. or even eventually several decades later,

50. Shanghai, or Hong Hong, and London possible.

51. This was the basic infrastructure

52. that underlies all of today's

53. not only financial technology

54. but much of today's communications


55. and media developments as well

56. and it's somewhat ironic

57. that in the past five years

58. more undersea cable has been laid

59. than in the entire previous 150 years combined.

60. Why?

61. Because more physical cables are necessary

62. to handle the ever greater flows of data

63. speeding around the world

64. and underpinning

65. the development of finance.

66. Many would say

67. that the period from the 1860s

68. up to the start of the First World War

69. was a first period of

70. financial and economic globalisation

71. much like the past 30 years or so from today.

72. That period of

73. financial and economic globalisation

74. was underpinned by technological infrastructure

75. like the transatlantic telegraph cable

76. which in fact has been called

77. the Victorian internet.

78. Now, if we think about

79. technological developments

80. in financial services,

81. probably our next significant milestone

82. really comes during the Second War World.


83. During the Second World War,

84. significant effort spent particularly

85. in the context of developing codes

86. for secure communications

87. particularly of military and intelligence operations

88. as well as, significant efforts

89. to develop systems to break those codes

90. and it was this process of encoding

91. and breaking codes that led

92. to come of the groundbreaking thinking

93. in computer technology

94. and in fact,

95. eventually in artificial intelligence or AI

96. which is one of the most exciting developments

97. happening in financial technology today.

98. But it wasn't until the period

99. after the Second War World

100. as the world economy is rebuilding

101. that we begin to see progressive development

102. of those early computer technologies

103. to eventually lay the ground work

104. for the sorts of fintech

105. and regtech developments

106. which we see today.

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