Market Research On Diesel Engines

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INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT
A Company is know by the products it sells but at the same time a company
is famous for the kind marketing that it does. Marketing today is very important for
all aspect of business. It happens through many forms of communication including
things as basic as how your phone is answered, what your marketing collateral
looks like – including business cards and letterhead - to the even more crucial
direct contract of sales and customer service personnel.
Any marketing program has a better chance of being productive if it is timed,

designed and written to solve a problem for potential customers and is carried out
in a way that the customer understands and trusts. The pages that follow will
present the marketing concept of putting the customer first.
This study of DIESEL ENGINE with special reference to TOYOTA KIRLOSKAR

will highlight on the varies aspect of Coffee and the methodologies involved from
growth to production.
In the study we would have a look at the different aspect of consumer

satisfaction programme and also how consumer reacts to it through the
questionnaire.
Marketing involves a range of processes concerned with finding out what

consumers want, and then providing it for them. This involves four key elements,
which are referred to as the 4Ps. A useful starting point therefore is to carry out
market research to find out about customer requirements in relation to the 4Ps.
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There are two main types of market research :
Quantitative research involves collecting a lot of information by using techniques

such as questionnaires and other forms of survey.
Qualitative research involves working with smaller samples of consumers, often

asking them to discuss products and services while researchers take notes about
what they have to say. The marketing department will usually combine both
formsofresearch.
The marketing department will seek to make sure that the company has a
marketing focus in everything that it does. It will work very closely with production
to make sure that new and existing product development is tied in closely with the
needs and expectations of customers.
Modern market focused organizations will seek to find out what their
customers want. For example, Financial service organizations will want to find out
about what sort of accounts customers want to open and the standard of service
they expect to get. Retailers like Argos and Homebase will seek to find out about
customer preferences for store layouts and the range of goods on offer. Airlines will
find out about the levels of comfort that customers desire and the special treatment
that they prefer to receive.
A useful definition of marketing is the anticipation and identification of

customer needs and requirements so as to be able to meet them, make a profit or
achieve other key organizational objectives.
There is still a misunderstanding about the word marketing. Many people,

including top executives, use it as a sophisticated term for selling. Marketing
representative is commonly used in ads to recruit salespeople.
Actually, marketing is a way of managing a business so that each critical business

decision is made with full knowledge of the impact it will have on the customer.
Here are some specific ways in which the marketing approach differs from the
classic, of sales, approach to managing a business.
1. In the classic approach, engineers and designers create a product, which is

then given to salespeople who are told to find customers and sell the product. In the
marketing approach,
The first step is to determine what the customer needs or wants. That information is
given to designers who develop the product and finally to engineers who produce it.
Thus, the sales approach only ends with the customer, while the marketing
approach begins and ends with the customer.
2. The second major difference between the sales and marketing approaches is
the focus of management. The sales approach almost always focuses on volume
while the marketing approach focuses on profit.
In short, under the classic (sales) approach the customer exists for the business,
while under the marketing approach the business exists for the customer.
The marketing concept is a management plan that views all marketing components
as part of a total system that requires effective planning, organization, leadership
and control. It is based on the importance of customers to a firm, and states that
- All company policies and activities should be aimed at satisfying customer

needs.
- Profitable sales volume is a better company goal than maximum sales

volume.
This publication is devoted to the idea that your marketing results can be improved
through a better understanding of your customers. This approach usually is referred
to as the marketing concept.
Putting the customer first is probably the most popular phrase used by firms
ranging from giant conglomerates to the corner barbershop, but the sloganizing is
often just lip service. The business continues to operate under the classic approach
“Come buy this great product we have created or this fantastic service we are
offering”. The giveaway, of course, is the word we. In other words, most business
activities, including advertising, are dedicated to solving the firm’s problems.
Success, however, is mire likely if you dedicate your activities exclusively to solving
your customer’s problems.
Any marketing program has a better chance of being productive if it is timed,

designed and written to solve a problem for customer Understands and trusts. The
pages that follow will present the marketing concept of putting the customer first.
Marketing is a very complex subject; it deals with all the steps between
determining customer needs and supplying them at a profit. In addition to some
introductory material on marketing approaches to budgeting, layout design,
headline writing, copywriting and media analysis. You have to spend money on
marketing; the purpose of this publication is to help you get the most for your
money, or the most bang for the buck.
Kirloskar: Diesel Engine Manufacturers in India
INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY
Kirloskar pioneered the Engineering industry in India with the introduction of

the India’s first Iron Plough in 1988, first Electric Motor, first Pump and first Diesel
Engine in 1946. Today Kirloskar offers a wide range of well thought ort Diesel
Engines from 3HP to 344HP and from 2400 HP to 7200HP that promise failsafe and
long and long life. It is the leading manufacturer of widest variety of Diesel Engines
in India.
These Diesel Engines are the leading prime movers for agricultural
construction, Industrial and power generation applications. The Diesel Engines are
branded as ‘Kirloskar’. The Kirloskar Diesel Engines are manufactured in both air
cooled and water cooled versions. The engine mandufacturing facilities are
continually upgraded and improved to ensure the requisite quality at competitive
cost. The prestigious ISO 9001 certification for quality management systems and
ISO 14001 certification for Environmental management Systems are proof of
Kirloskars commitment to quality and environment.
Ours is the first engine manufacturing company in India to be awarded the

ISO 14001 certification. At Kirloskar we believe that the industry and environment
can and must coexist in a mutually beneficial way. Bringing this thought into
practice is that what has driven us to manufacture the engines that are not only eco
friendly but are also manufactured in an environment friendly way.
We are a 1.20 billion US Dollars engineering conglomerate driving critical

industries. We are century old pioneers in our areas of specialization like power,
construction and mining, agriculture, industry and transport, oil and gas and
environment protection with a range of world-class industrial products and turnkey
services.
We are made up of 8 major group companies, each led by the best

engineering and managerial talent in India. In addition to engineering, we have
interests in civic utility systems and in information Technology and communication.
Our multi-unit, multi-product, multi-location conglomerate is built on the

plinths of Experience, Expertise, Quality, Innovation and Values in the business. Our
best play is successful work and creation of a new industrial order where we can
provide tailor made solutions to the customers.
At Kirloskar, listening to the customer and his needs is a tradition as the

group itself. For it is they who drive us further, make us reach higher, and engineer
better solutions. In the customer’s often unspoken wish for better implements lies
the seed for a new invention, a path – breaking industrial concept.
OBECTIVE OF STUDY
The major objectives of the study have been outlined here:
1) To know the about the Presence of TOYOTA KIRLOSKAR Company.
2) To know about the Consumer opinion towards KIRLOSKAR through a

Questionnaire.
3) To know the sales performance of KIRLOSKAR.
4) Strategies of TOYOTA in terms of customer’s likings.
5) Company policy of KIRLOSKAR towards its customers.
6) KIRLOSKAR Financial Results and overall view of sensex.
7) To know about the competitive strategy towards different actions.
8) To know the Different product that TOYOTA KIRLOSKAR provides.
9) Customer groups of TOYOTA KIRLOSKAR.
10) Geographical regions where TOYOTA KIRLOSKA is distributed.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study sums up some of the descriptive information, as well as

information from the historical record, in an attempt to describe TOYOTA, its
customers, the brand and their impact on customers.
It reviews the various management practices and the pricing and policies. It
also discusses the TOYOTA KIRLOSKAR performance in the stock market and
presents the overview of the financial results highlighting the various products that
TOYOTA KIRLOSKAR has in the market.
To find out more about all these things, various customers were given the
questionnaires and based on their response a detailed summary was derived.
By doing this we got to know what the customers think about the product and
what their reaction towards it is.
The scope of the study was limited to Chickmagalur District.
In this study we would highlight the business process of KIRLOSKAR, it

History, brand presence along with details like the customer approach.
Newly Introduced
Importance :
Kriloskar GREEN received the Frost & Sullivan, India Genset Industry
Excellence Voice of Customer Award – Best Bang foir the Buck, 2007, at the recently
held Frost & Sullivan, Voice of Customers – Industry Excellence Awards in the Indian
Automation and Gensetsmarket, the first of its kind for the Industry in India. Based
on detailed end-user research and customer feedback onvarious parameters, 31
award titles were presented to companies in recognition for their pioneering efforts
with regards to their product lines, innovative distribution strategies, customer
service and support par excellence, outstanding contribution to the industry or for
achieving a competitive or customer-based leading position in the India Gensets
and Automation Industry.
On receiving the award Mr. Vijay Varma, Director, Kirloskar Proprietary

Limited (owner of the Kirloskar GREEN brand) and Senior Vice President, Kirloskar
Oil Engines Ltd., said, “Kriloskar GREEN brand of generating sets were launched in
February 2001. From the start, we committed ourselves to Kirloskar’s core value,
since 1888 – ensure success of our customers by offering unmatched ‘Value for
Money’ through the product life coupled with delightful buying and service
experience. On these strengths, by 2006, Kirloskar GREEN became the world’s
largest selling brand of diesel generating sets. “According to Mr. Amol Kotwal,
Industry Manager, Energy and Power Systems Practice, Frost & Sullivan, “Kirloskar
GREEN is today amongst the well entrenched brands in Indian Genset market,
Customer assistance to achieve profitability through lower cost of Genset ownership
is a true reflection of the competitive commercial terms offered by Kirloskar GREEN.
The Voice of Customer Award in Best Bang for the Buck category further recognizes
the company’s excellent efforts in creating value for money for its customers”.
The Genset market in India is valued at more than INR 50 Billion. A booming
economy and increasing power demand supply deficit actasmajor drivers for this
market. The Indian Genset market is uniquely positioned to traverse on this growth
trajectory. Frost & Sullivan expects it to grow at a compound annual growth rate
(CAGR) of more than 15 percent between 2007 and 2012.
With increasing competition between incumbents and new players, customer

feed back and satisfaction assessment (Voice of Customer) provides insights on how
companies are placed in this market from an end-user perspective. Customers high
degree of preference and satisfaction with a brand reflect the Best Practices
followed by companies in setting the benchmark of excellence.
Frost & Sullivan followed a rigorous methodology for selecting the Award
recipients. Detailed end-user/customer interviews with key decision makers (drawn
from relevant functional departments) from various industry segments were
conducted. These interviews were executed across various locations in India using a
questionnaire. Respondents assigned ratings on a 7 – point semantic scale
reflecting their satisfaction on various attributes within a given criterion.
Weightages were assigned to different criteria based on their perceived

importance. Winners within a category were selected using powerful statistical
analysis to compare the aggregated scores on attributes ad rank assigned to
different brands for relative positions.
About Forst & Sullivan Frost & Sullivan, the Growth Consulting Company,
partners with clients to accelerate their growth. The company’s Growth Partnership
Services, Growth Consulting and Career Best Practices empower clients to create a
growth focused culture that generates, evaluates and implements effective growth
strategies. Frost & Sullivan employs over 45 years of experience in partnering with
Global 1000 companies, emerging businesses and the investment community from
more than 30 offices on six continents. For more information about Frost Sullivan’s
Growth Partnerships, visit http://www.frost.com About Kirloskar GREEN, Power Ideas
Kirloskar GREEN diesel generating sets meet customers requirements in wide range
of 3 to 6600 KVA. The generating sets are sold by over 150 Kirloskar GREEN Diesel
Generating Set Dealers across India, and are serviced by over 200 Kirloskar Service
Dealers.
Over 100 Service Dealers offer round the clock service, 365 days. In 2007,
over 100,000 Kirloskar GREEN diesel generating sets were delivered to users in
India and 30 other countries. While Kirloskar and Kirloskar GREEN are brands owned
by Kirloskar Proprietary Limited, Pune INDIA, the generating set business is
conducted by Kirloskar Oil Engines Ltd. Pune INDIA.
Kirloskar Oil Engines Ltd. is leading manufacturer of diesel engines in India

with annual production of 164,500 engines in 2006. Kirloskar Oil Engines Ltd. offer
generating sets with multiple fuel options such as high speed diesel, natural gas,
bio diesels and straight vegetable oils.
Quality :
Ravi Kirloskar Quality Prize For Business Excellence
Quality is a compelling reality, that’s uppermost in our mind, translating into

constant updating of technology, processes, machinery and resources. Our
continuous quest for quality leads us to the pursuit of zero defect products through
self assessment, right from the suppliers to the shop floor. Which is why, all
Kirloskar businesses are ISO 9001 certified. Every stage of the processes, from R &
D to design and manufacture and from people to the machines, is monitored.
At Kirloskar, listening to the customers and their needs is a tradition as old as

the group itself. For it is they who drive us further, make us reach higher, and
engineer better solutions. In the customer’s often unspoken wish for better
implements lies the seed for a new invention, a path-breaking industrial concept.
HISTORY
The Kirloskar story unfolds
It has now been more than a century since the Kirloskar story started. We
started with an aim of becoming the pioneers in fields in which our country needed
innovation. In the 100 years and more that we have been in existence as a family
and as an pecializati, we’ve been seminal to Indian agricultural and industrial
development. We gave India its first iron plough, pump and engine; inventions that
were born from the need of the hour and went on to become signs of the time. That
is why our group history can in many ways be considered a history of the Economic
and industrial revolution in India.
It has now been more than a century since the Kirloskar story started. We
started with an aim of becoming the pioneers in fields in which our country needed
innovation. In the 100years and more that we have been in existence as a family
and as an pecializati, we’ve been seminal to Indian agricultural and industrial
development. We gave India its first iron plough, pump and engine; inventions that
were devised from the need of the hour and went on to become signs of the time.
Which is why our group history can in many ways can be considered a history of he
economic and industrial revolution in India.
The founder and the first factory village
The Kirloskar story starts with Laxman Rao Kirloskar, the founder. A man who
believed that an understanding of one’s environment and reality was essential to
the manufacture of path-breaking industrial implements. From this stead fast belief
was born the iron plough, the first Kirloskar product. Orininally intended as an
essential aid to agriculture, the plough soon became an icon of reform and
revolution.
A highlight of the early history of the group is Kirloskarvadi, India’s first industrial
township. A model factory – village created by Laxman Rao and his band of
dedicated workers.
In January 1910, when the Kirloskar were being ousted from Belgaum to make room
for a new suburb, they found themselves in dire need of a place to live and work.
Sensing this need, the Raja of the princely state of Aundh, who admired and
respected Laxman Rao Kirloskar, offered the latter all the land he needed in Aundh
state.
Two months later, Laxman Rao Kirloskar set foot on 32 acres of barren land strewn
with cacti and infested with cobras. Driven by his faith in human ability, Laxman
Rao banded together 25 workers and their families and succeeded in transforming
the barren expanse into his dream village. Ramuanna, Laxman Rao’s brother,
planned and administered the township, Shamburao Jambhekar doubled as
Engineer and all – round healing man, K.K.Kulkarni, an unsuccessful student,
became a manager, treasurer and odd jobs man, Mangesh Rao Rege was the clerk
and chief accountant, Anantrao Phalnikar, a school drop-out flowered into an
imaginative engineer. Such was our founder’s faith in the human being that,
Tukaram Ramoshi and Priya Mang, both convicted dacoits, became the trusted
guards of Kirloskarvadi!
The first Kirloskar Group Company
Kirloskar Brothers Limited (KBL) – the first Kirloskar venture at Kirloskarvadi was to
become the base for all of the Kirloskar Group’s subsequent enterprises. It began as
the only Indian company with its own standard products – the fodder cutter and the
iron plough, which competed with the British products.
KBL also manufactured groundnut shellers, sugarcane crushers and pumps, which
were to usher in a new economic order in the Indian Industry. To power these
machines, diesel engines, coal gas generators and electric motors were developed
at Kirloskarvadi.
In a display of great versatility, KBL then shifted its focus to fluid handling and
control. As India’s largest manufacturer of pumps and valves, and also the group’s
flagship company, KBL lends its strength and expertise to every new venture of the
Kirloskar Group.
Playing a Part in the War
The intensified boycott of the British goods and the approaching World War
threatened to stop imports of machine tools into India. The Kirloskar, with
characteristic foresight began making machine tools. This paradigm shift of sorts,
from farm implements to machine tools, created a new company – The Mysore
Kirloskar Limited. This company, situated in Harihar, benefited greatly from the
patronage of yet another Raja – the Maharaja of Mysore. In the first month of
production, Mysore Kirloskar sold all of manufactured seven lathes.
The new generation – Innovation, creation, tradition
From colonialism to independence
An important change, for the country, and for one of its premier industrial houses,
the Kirloskar Group. The altered political climate of the 1940s heralded the end of
the princely patronage for enterprise. The policy shifts and changes in authority
were the order of the day. This marked a turning point for the group.
Shantanurao Kirloskar, the eldest son of the founder peciali to Pune to initiate a new
aspect of the group’s activites – diesel engines. His experience of trying to secure
the land for his factory in Pune was quite different from his father’s in Kirloskarvadi.
There was no benevolent ruler here to bestow acres gratis. Shantanurao had to face
the tangle of red tape and public resistance to acquisition of land for industrial
purposes.
Finally, after arguing that factories have a longer life than human beings
Shantanurao Kirloskar won a place for Kirloskar Oil Engines Ltd. (KOEL), twelve
months after signing an agreement of collaboration with Associated British Oil
Engines Export Ltd. Of UK.
This collaboration, incidentally, was the first of its kind between an Indian and a
foreign company, and signified a bridging of the technological gap between east
and west.
The KOEL factory was incorporated in 1946, and soon after that gave India her first
vertical high – speed engine. Brijlal Sarda, who reported its satisfactory running for
over 4 decades, bought this first engine!
To electric motors and pneumatics
The making of the electrical motor. This was the second of Laxmanrao Kirloskar’s
long cherished dreams, the first being the making of an engine. This task was
brought to completion by Ravi Kirloskar, his youngest son, in 1946. Way back then,
the authorities whom Ravi Kirloskar had approached for land were astonished by
the request for 25 acres. Today, Kirloskar Electri Company Limited (KECL) has four
plants occupying several times that acreage.
KECL’s logo in the 40’s
The setting up of KECL and other Kirloskar companies saw a major role being played
by Nanasaheb Gurjar, a lawyer who made industry his sole area of operation.
Though the development of air compressors was an established activity at
Kirloskarvadi, a full – fledged plant to manufacture the same was set up at Pune in
1958, under the eventual management of Shreekant Kirloskar, Shantanurao’s
youngest son. In collaboration with Broom and Wade of England, Kirloskar
Pneumatic Company Limited began the manufacture of air compressors and
pneumatic tools.
Today, its turnkey expertise is sought in almost every major industrial project in
India. Collaboration with Twin Disc Inc. of the USA has taken the company into
torque invertors, marine gear boxes and rail traction transmissions.
A New Direction – services
The phenomenal success of the Kirloskar name prompted entrepreneurs and

businessmen of the time to approach the group for guidance and expertise. This
gave birth to the concept of pecializa engineering consultancy and a new company
– Kirloskar Consultants Limited (KCL) in 1963. Marking an extension of the group’s
repertoire from manufacturing to services, KCL, in its 25 years of operation, has
contributed to critical areas such as defense, irrigation, roads and environment.
This paradigm shift saw the setting up of yet another service company – Pune
Industrial Hotels Limited in 1964, the Kirloskar Group’s first foray into hospitality.
This company set up Hotel Blue Diamond in Pune and began to manage Hotel Pearl
in Kolhapur. The Baker’s Basket confectionery chain and the Hotel and Catering
Consultancy Services (HOCON) were also set up.
The dawn of a new millennium
To meet the changing demands of a global business environment and

emerging Economic trends, the Kirloskar Group has refocused and restructured its
direction by concentrating on its core segment of agriculture, water supply, power,
and air conditioning. By consciously opting out of hospitality, advertising and unreal
services, the Group has channeled its potential in these core sectors.
The Group aims at unlocking the strength and value in the Kirloskar brand and
distribution to enhance returns for its stakeholders. It has identified and is
implementing processes that would bring greater customer focus and
competitiveness.
Today, the Kirloskar Group is a conglomerate with interests across a diverse range
of industries. It is still spurred by the simple yet profound ethic born with
Laxmanrao Kirloskar that where there is will there are many ways.
Landmarks in the Kirloskar Saga
1888
Our Kirloskar Brothers established.
1901
India’s first fodder – cutter made.
1904
First six ploughs made.
1924
Export of ploughs to Britain begins.
1927
Kirloskar becomes the first manufacturer of India’s first HP electric motor.
1940
India’s first vertical diesel engine manufactured.
1941
The Mysore Kirloskar Limited established.
1946
Kirloskar Oil Engines and Kirloskar Electric established.
1949
India’s first 5 HP Petter type AV1 Engine manufactured.
1950
Manufacture of bi-metal thin-walled bearings started.
1953
Kirloskar manufactures India’s first transformer.
1958
First alternator made and Kirloskar Pneumatic Company established.
1962
Hotel Blue Diamond started, Diversification in Hospitality Industry.
1964
First DC motor made ; Kirloskar Consultants and Kirloskar Systems incorporated.
1966
FH Schule purchased in Germany.
1973
First overseas office established in Malaysia.
1975
Bearing plant started in Ahmedngar.
1976
Kirloskar Kenya set up in Nairobi.
1982
First pie stick engine manufactured.
1984
Thyristor converter made ; Kirloskar Ebara JV established for specialization in

Pumps.
1988
Kirloskar Group Completes a 100 years in operation ; the Centenary year.
1991
Kirsons Trading Pvt. Ltd. Singapore established.
1992
Kirloskar Ferrous Industries Ltd. Established.
1993
All major companies in the group receive ISO 9001 Certification.
1996
India’s first Concrete Volute Pump installed in Dahanu ; KOEL and KEC celebrate
Golden Jubilee Merger of Kirloskar Oil Engines Limited, with Prashant Khosla
Pneumatic Limited on March 1, 1996.
1997
Agreement to dissolve the partnership between Kirloskar Oil Engines Limited and
Cummins Engine Inc. USA dated March 8, 1997 Manufacturing of Anti – Corrosion
Coatings at Kirloskar Brothers Limited, Kirloskarvadi.
1. Kirloskar Filters Limited merged with Kirloskar Oil Engines Limited and later
demerged to form a joint venture company.
2. Joint Venture between Kirloskar Oil Engines Limited and KNECHT Filterwerke
GmbH, Germany, to manufacture automotive and industrial filters.
3. Joint Venture between Kirloskar Oil Engines Limited and Briggs & Stratton
Corporation, USA, for the manufacture and sale of stationary non – vehicular, petrol
and kerosene gensets and Pumpsets.
1998
1. With the stepping down of Mr. Vijay Kirloskar as Chairman and Director as on
23rd July 1998, the following took over as Chairman and Managing Directors of the
respective companies:
Mr. Atul C. Kirloskar, Kirloskar Oil Engines Limited. Mr. Sanjay C. Kirloskar, Kirloskar
Brothers Limited. Mr. Rahul C. Kirloskar, Kirloskar Pneumatic Company Limited.
2. Mr. Gautam Kulkarni co-poted as an additional director on the Board of

Kirloskar Oil Engines Limited, and the directors appointed him as the Joint Managing
Director with effect from 20th August 1998, for a period of five years.
3. Joint Venture between Kirloskar Oil Engines Limited and Denso Corporation,
Japan, for the manufacture of car air conditioners and aluminum radiators for
Automotive applications.
1999
1. Hotel Blue Diamond, Pune and Hotel City Inn, Baramati, undertakings of
Poona Industrial Hotel Ltd. Were sold to Taj Group of Hotels.
2. Shivaji Works Ltd., merged with Kirloskar Oil Engines Limited.
3. Kirloskar Oil Engines Limited gets ISO 14001 certification for Environment
Management Systems from TUV.
4. Collaboration Agreement of Kirloskar Brothers Limited with Ebara Corporation

– Japan for Hydro Turbines.
5. ISO 14001 Certifications for major plants of Kirloskar Brothers Limited and
Kirloskar Oil Engines Limited.
6. All India trophy of largest exporter of pumps for 11th successive year from
EEPC.
2000
Mr. Vijay Kirloskar and six companies under him separate from the Kirloskar group
of Companies.
Launch of Kirloskar Green Power Ideas by KOEL at New Delhi on 26th Feb 2000.
2001
KBL gets order to supply concrete volute pumps worth 78 Million US Dollors to
world’s largest hydro – electric project : Sardar Sarovar Narmada Valley Project.
Toyota Corp. Japan forms a joint venture with Kirloskars to manufacture multi-utility
vehicle QUALIS.
2002
Briggs & Stratton Corporation, USA.
KNECHT Filterwerke GmbH, Germany.
Toyota- Kirloskar introduces its latest offering in India the luxury sedan CAMRY.
The Kirloskar Group of Companies :
We are made up of 8 major group companies, who are players in major

sectors like manufacturing, oil and gas, power, construction and mining, agriculture,
industry and transport each led by the best engineering and managerial talent in
India. In addition to engineering, we also have interests in civic utility systems and
in information Technology and communication. These 8 companies form the core of
Kirloskar group. Each company is a renowned name in its own area of operation and
is respected world wide for its services and products. For us manufacturing is just
not limited to our factory premises and our products. It is also about world class
service.
• Kirloskar Brothers Limited. (KBL)
• Kirloskar Ferrous Industries Limited. (KFIL)
• Kirloskar Middle East FZE. (KMEF)
• Kirloskar Oil Engines Limited. (KOEL)
• Kirloskar Pneumatic Company Limted. (KPCL)
• Kirloskar Proprietary Limited. (KPL)
We are also proud partners in joint ventures with companies like Ebara Corporation,
Toyota Motor Corporation, the renowned auto manufacturer.
• Kirloskar Ebara Pumps Limited. (KEPL)

We take equal pride in shaping capable managers and dedicated human beings at
Kirloskar Institute of Advanced Management Studies. It is our education center for
imparting knowledge to the managers of tomorrow.
• Kirloskar Institute of Advanced Management Studies. (KIAMS)
Kirloskar Brothers Limited
Kirloskar Brothers Limited (KBL), incorporated in 1920 is the acknowledged leader in

fluid handling and largest manufacturer and exporter and exporter of pumps in
India.
Capital Structure
Period Instrument Authorized Issued- P A I D U P -
From To Capital (cr) Capital (cr) Shares (nos) Face value Capital
2006 2007 Equity Share 110 19.65 97086190 2 19.42
2005 2006 Equity Share 22 19.65 97086500 2 19.42
2004 2005 Equity Share 22 19.65 19417238 10 19.42
2003 2004 Equity Share 22 19.65 19417238 10 19.42
2002 2003 Equity Share 22 19.4 19163548 10 19.16
2001 2002 Equity Share 22 19.4 19163548 10 19.16
2000 2001 Equity Share 22 19.4 19163548 10 19.16

1997 1999 Equity Share 22 19.25 19016362 10 19.02
1996 1997 Equity Share 22 17.22 17216644 10 17.22
1995 1996 Equity Share 22 0.58 584250 10 0.58
1994 1995 Equity Share 4.5 0.11 109170 10 0.11
1993 1994 Equity Share 4.5 2.18 2183200 10 2.18
BSE : 500243 NSE : KIRLOSKAR Reuters: KROL.BO KROL . NS
Cash Flow ----------------- in Rs. Cr. ---------------
Mar’03 Mar’04 Mar’05 Mar’06 Mar’07
12 mths 12 mths 12 mths 12 mths 12
mths
Net
Tax Profit Before
38.30
105.60
201.28
245.97
239.50
Net
Operating Cash From
77.75
73.03
62.31
108.32
137.70
Activities
Net
Cash
(used in)/from
12.64
-34.07
-78.64
-68.99
-100.59
Investing Activities
Net Cash (used
in)/from Financing
-86.96
-32.37
-2.71
-28.39
-13.39
Activities
Net
(decrease)/increase
in
3.43
6.60
-19.04
10.95
23.71
Cash and Cash
Equivalents
Opening Cash &
Cash Equivalents
15.71
19.14
25.73
6.69
17.59
Closing Cash &
Cash Equivalents
19.14
25.73
6.69
17.64
41.30
BSE : 500243 NSE : KIRLOS SOIL Reuters : KROL.BO KROL.NS
Comparison with other Engines
Market Cap
BSE – All Groups 01 Feb 17:31
Company Name Last Price % Chg 52 wk 52 wk Market
High Low Cap

Cummins 342.35 1.20 462.80 256.00 6,778.53
Kirloskar Oil 126.00 0.64 200.00 100.10 2,446.57
Greaves Cotton 317.70 0.08 466.00 276.00 1,551.69
Swaraj Engines 301.00 3.81 380.00 139.00 373.84
Price
List of Companies within the industry selected, traded as on 01 Feb 17:31
Company Name Open High Low Last Prv Change %
Name Price Close Chg
Cummins 325.00 348.00 314.50 342.35 338.30 4.05 1.20
Creaves
Cotton 318.55 324.35 312.55 317.70 317.45 0.25 0.08
Kirloskar 132.00 132.00 122.00 126.00 125.20 0.80 0.64
Swaraj
Engines 280.10 301.00 280.10 301.00 289.95 11.05 3.81

Net Sales
BSE – All Groups 01 Feb 17:31
Company Name Last Price Change % Change Net Sales
(Rs. cr)
Kirloskar Oil 126.00 0.80 0.64 1,918.72
Cummins 342.35 4.05 1.20 1,875.57
Greaves Cotton 317.70 0.25 0.08 1,063.39
Swaraj Engines 301.00 11.05 3.81 129.32
Net Profit
Company Name Last Price Change % Change Net Profit
(Rs. cr)
Cummins 342.35 4.05 1.20 242.05
Kirloskar Oil 126.00 0.80 0.64 178.41
Greaves 317.70 0.25 0.08 122.32
Cotton
Swaraj 301.00 11.05 3.81 14.86
Engines
Chapter – 2
COMPANY PROFILE
Engine
An Engine is something that produces some form of output from a given

input. Military engines included siege engines, large catapults, trebuchets, battering
rams, etc., so the first engineers were military engineers. Later came civil
engineers, who designed and built roads, bridges, docks and buildings.
An engine whose purpose is to produce kinetic energy output from a fuel

source is called a prime mover; alternatively, a motor is a device which produces
kinetic energy from a preprocessed “fuel” (such as electricity, a flow of hydraulic
fluid or compressed air).
A car has a starter motor, a windscreen wiper motor, windscreen washer

motor, a fuel pump motor and motors to adjust the wing mirrors from within the car
and a (motorized) radio antenna – but the power plant that propels the car is an
engine. Again an aircraft will have many motors installed for operation of its many
auxiliary operations and services, but aircraft are propelled by engines, in this case,
jet engines.
Usage of the term
Originally an engine was any sort of mechanical device that converted some
form of force into mechanical or motion force. Military devices such as catapults are
referred to as siege engines. The term “gin” as in cotton gin is recognized as a
short form of the Old French word engine, in turn from the Latin ingenium, related
to ingenious. Most devices used in the industrial revolution were referred to as an

engine, and this is where the steam engine gained its name.
In more modern usage, the term is used to describe devices that perform
mechanical work, follow – ons to the original steam engine. In most cases the work
is supplied by exerting a torque, which is used to operate other machinery,
generate electricity, pump water or compress gas. In the context of propulsion
systems, an air breathing engine is one that uses atmospheric air to oxidize the fuel
carried, rather than carrying an oxidizer, as in a rocket.
The term has more recently become popular in computer science in terms
like “search engine”, “3-D graphics game engine”, “rendering engine” and “text – to
– speech engine”, even though these “engines” are no mechanical and cause no
mechanical action (this usage may have been inspired by the “difference engine”,
an early mechanical computing device).
Antiquity
Simple machines, such as club and oar (examples of the lever), are
prehistoric. More complex engines using human power, animal power, water power,
wind power and even steam power date back to antiquity. Human power was
focused by the use of simple engines, such as the capstan, windlass or treadmill,
and with ropes, pulleys, and block and tackle arrangements, this power was
transmitted and multiplied. These were used in cranes and aboard ships in Ancient
Greece, and in mines, water pumps and siege engines in Ancient Rome. The writers
of those times, including Vitruvius, Frontinus and Pliny the Elder, treat these
engines as commonplace, so their invention may be far more ancient. By the 1st
century AD, various breeds of cattle and horses were used in mills, using machines
similar to those powered by humans in earlier times.
According to Strabo, a water powered mill was built in Kaberia in the kingdom
of Mithridates in the 1st century BC. Use of water wheels in mills spread throughout
the Roman Empire over the next few centuries. Some were quite complex, with
aqueducts, dams, and sluices to maintain and channel the water, and systems of
gears, or toothed-wheels made of wood with metal, used to regulate the speed of
rotation. In a poem by Ausonius in the 4th centuary, he mentions a stone – cutting
saw powered by water. Hero of Alexandria demonstrated both wind and steam
powered machines in the 1st century, although it is not known if these were put to
any use.
Medieval
During the Muslim Agricultural Revolution from the 7th to 13th centuries,
Muslim engineers developed numerous innovative industrial uses of hydropower,
early industrial uses of tidal power, wind power, and fossil fuels such as petroleum,
and the earliest large factory complexes (tiraz in Arabic). [1] The industrial uses of
watermills in the Islamic world date back to the 7th century, while horizontal –
wheeled and vertical – wheeled water mills were both in widespread use since at
least the 9th century. A variety of industrial mills were invented in the Islamic world,
including fulling mills, gristmills, hullers, paper mills, sawmills, ship mills, stamp
mills, steel mills, sugar refineries, tide mills, and windmills. By the 11th century,
every province throughout the Islamic world had these industrial mills in operation,
from the Middle East and Central Asia to al Andalus and North Africa. [2]
Muslim engineers also invented crankshafts and water turbines, employed

gears in mills and water-raising machines, and pioneered the use of dams as a
source of water power to provide additional power to watermills and water-raising
machines.[3] Such advances made it possible for many industrial tasks that were
previously driven by manual labour in ancient times to be mechanized and driven
by machinery to some extent in the medieval Islamic world. The transfer of these
technologies to medieval Europe later laid the foundations for the industrial
Revolution in 18th century Europe. [2]
In 1206, al-Jazari invented the crankshaft and connecting rod, and employed
them in a crank – connecting rod system for two of his water – raising machines. His
invention of the crankshaft is considered one of the most important mechanical
inventions after the wheel, as it transforms continuous rotary motion into a linear
reciprocating motion, and is central to modern machinery such as the steam engine
and the internal combustion engine. [4][5] In 1551, Taqi al-Din invented a practical
steam turbine as a prime mover for rotating a spit. A similar steam turbine later
appeared in Europe a century later, which eventually led to the steam engine and
Industrial Revolution in 18th centuary Europe.
Modern
Samuel Morland allegedly used gunpowder to drive water pumps in the 17th
century. For more conventional, reciprocating internal combustion engines. The
fundamental theory for two – stroke engines was established by Sadi Carnot,
France, 1824, whilst the American Samuel Morey received a patent on April 1, 1826.
Sir Dugald Clark (1854 – 1932) designed the first two – stroke engine in 1878 and
patented it in England in 1881. Automotive production has used a range of energy –
conversion systems. These include electric, steam, solar, turbine, rotary, and piston
– type internal combustion engines. The petrol internal combustion engine,
operating on a four – stroke Otto cycle, has been the most successful for
automobiles, while diesel engines are used for trucks and buses. Karl Benz was one
of the leaders in the development of new engines. In 1878 he began to work on new
designs. He concentrated his efforts on creating a reliable gas two – stroke engine
that was more powerful, based on Nikolaus Otto’s design of the four-stroke engine.
Karl Benz showed his real genius, however, through his successive inventions
registered while designing what would become the production standard for his two –
stroke engine. Benz finished his engine on New Year’s Eve and was granted a
patent for it in 1879.
In 1896, Karl Benz was granted a patent for his design of the first engine with
horizontally – opposed pistons. Many BMW motorcycles use this engine type. His
design created an engine in which the corresponding pistons move in horizontal
cylinders and reach top dead centre simultaneously, thus automatically balancing
each other with respect to their individual momentums. Engines of this design are
often referred to as flat engines because of their shape and lower profile. They must
have an even number of cylinders and six, four or two cylinder flat engines have all
been common. The most well-known engine of this type is probably the Volkswagen
beetle engine. Engines of this type continue to be a common design principle for
high performance aero engines (for propeller driven aircraft) and, engines used by
automobile producers such as Porsche and Subaru.
Continuance of the use of the internal combustion engine for automobiles is partly
due to the improvement of engine control systems (onboard computers providing
engine management processes, and electronically controlled fuel injection). Forced
air induction by turbo charging and supercharging have increased power outputs
and efficiencies available. Similar changes have been applied to smaller diesel
engines giving them almost the same power characteristics as petrol engines. This
is especially evident with the popularity of smaller diesel engine propelled cars in
Europe. Larger diesel engines are still often used in trucks and heavy machinery.
They do not burn as clean as gasoline engines, however they have far more torque.
The internal combustion engine was originally selected for the automobile due to its
flexibility over a wide range of speeds. Also, the power developed for a given weight
engine was reasonable; it could be produced by economical mass-production
methods; and it used a readily available, moderately priced fuel – petrol.
There has been a growing emphasis on the pollution producing features of

automotive power systems. This has created new interest in alternate power
sources and internal combustion engine refinements. Although a few limited –
production battery – powered electric vehicles have appeared, they have not proved
to be competitive owing to costs and operating characteristics. In the twenty –first
century the diesel engine has been increasing in popularity with automobile owners.
However, the gasoline engine, with its new emission control devices to improve
emission performance, has not yet been significantly challenged.
The first half of the twentieth century saw a trend to increasing engine
power, particularly in the American models. Design changes incorporated all known
methods of raising engine capacity, including increasing the pressure in the
cylinders to improve efficiency, increasing the size of the engine, and increasing the
speed at which power is generated. The higher forces and pressures created by
these changes created engine vibration and size problems that led to stiffer, more
compact engines with V and opposed cylinder layouts replacing longer straight -
line arrangements. In passenger cars, V-8 layouts were adopted for all piston
displacements greater than 250 cubic inches (4 litres).
The design principles favoured in Europe, because of economic and other

restraints, leant toward smaller cars and corresponding design principles that
concentrated on increasing the combustion efficiency of smaller engines. This
produced more economical engines with earlier four - cylinder designs rated at 40
horsepower (30 KW), compared with six-cylinder designs rated as low as 80
horsepower (60 KW), compared with the large volume V-8 American engines with
power ratings in the range from 250 to 350 hp (190 to 260 KW).
Earlier automobile engine development produced a much larger range of engines

than is in common use today. Engines have ranged from 1 to 12 cylinder designs
with corresponding differences in overall size, weight, piston displacement, and
cylinder bores. Four cylinders and power ratings from 19 to 120 hp (14 to 90 KW)
were followed in a majority of the models. Several three – cylinder, two – stroke –
cycle models were built while most engines had straight or in – line cylinders. There
were several V-type models and horizontally opposed two – and four – cylinder
makes too. Overhead camshafts were frequently employed. The smaller engines
were commonly air – cooled and located at the rear of the vehicle; compression
ratios were relatively low. The 1970s and 80s saw an increased interest in improved
fuel economy which brought in a return to smaller V-6 and four – cylinder layouts,
with as many as five valves per cylinder to improve efficiency.
The largest internal combustion engine ever built is the Wartsila – Sulzer RTA
96-C, a 14-cylinder, 2-stroke turbocharged diesel engine that was designed to
power the Emma Maersk, the largest container ship in the world. This engine weighs
2300 tonnes, and when running at 102 RPM produces 109,000 php (80, 080 KW)
consuming some 13.7 tonnes of fuel each hour.
Air – breathing engines
Air – breathing engines use atmospheric air to oxidize the fuel carried, rather than
carrying an oxidizer, as in a rocket. Theoretically, this should result in a better
specific impulse than for rocket engines. Air – breathing engines include :
• Internal combustion engine
• Jet engine
• Ramjet
• Scramjet
• Pulse detonation engine
• Pulse jet
• Liquid air cycle engine / SABRE
Diesel engine
A Diesel engine is an internal combustion engine which operates using the

Diesel cycle. Invented in 1892 by German engineer Rudolf Diesel, it was based on
the hot bulb engine design and patent on February 23, 1893.
A Diesel engine uses compression ignition, a process by which fuel is injected after
the air is compressed in the combustion chamber causing the fuel to self ignite. By
contrast, a gasoline engine utilizes the Otto cycle, in which fuel and air are mixed
before entering the combustion chamber and then ignited by a spark plug.
Patent controversy
It is possible that Rudolf Diesel was not the first to invent the diesel engine.
His patent (No. 7241) was filed in 1892. [1] However, Herbert Akroyd Stuart and
Charles Richard Binney had already obtained a patent (No. 7146) in 1890 entitled :
“Improvements in Engines Operated by the Explosion of Mixtures of Combustible
Vapour or Gas and Air” which described the world’s frist compression – ignition
engine. [2] Akroyd-Stuart constructed the first compression – ignition oil engine in
Bletchley, England in 1891 and leased the rights to Richard Hornsby & Songs, who
by July 1892, five years before Diesel’s prototype, had a diesel engine working for
Newport Sanitary Authority. By 1896, diesel tractors and locomotives were being
built in some quantity in Grantham. Importantly, Diesel’s airblast injection system
did not become part of subsequent “diesel” engines. From around 1910,
manufacturers building diesel engines under patent from MAN began building
engines with ‘solid’ injection systems, where fuel is delivered to the cylinder by a
high pressure jerk-pump rather than compressed air. This system was invented by
Herbert Akroyd Stuart and used on Ruston-built oil engines. MAN continued to build
engines to Diesel’s original design into the 1920s. By this time Robert Bosch had
developed the spring – loaded fuel injector, which provided greater accuracy than
the simple nozzle of earlier systems. All mechanical – injection diesel engines built
from the 1920s onwards used some form of jerk-pump and spring – nozzle injection.
No engine has been built to Diesel’s original design since the 1930s.
Early history timeline
• 1862: Nicholas Immel develops his coal gas engine, similar to a modern
gasoline engine.
• 1891: Herbert Akroyd Stuart, of Bletchley perfects his oil engine, and leases
rights to Hornsby of England to build engines. They build the first cold start,
compression ignition engines.
• 1892: Hornsby engine No. 101 is built and installed in a water works. It was in
the MAN truck museum in Stockport, and is now in the Anson Engine Museum in
Poynton. T.H.Barton at Hornsbys builds an experimental version where the
vaporizer was replaced with a cylinder head and the pressure increased. Automatic
ignition was achieved through compression alone (the first time this had
happended), and the engine ran for six hours. Diesel would achieve much the same
thing five years later, claiming the achievement for himself.
• 1892 : Rudolf Diesel develops the principles of his proposed Carnot heat
engine type motor which would burn powdered coal dust. He is employed by
refrigeration genius card von Linde, then Munich iron manufacturer MAN AG, and
later by the Sulzer engine company of Switzerland. He borrows ideas from them and
leaves a legacy with all firms.
• 1892: John Froelich builds his first oil engine powered farm tractor.
• 1893: August 10th – Diesel builds a working version of his ideas.
• 1894: Witte, Reid, and Fairbanks start building oil engines with a variety of
ignition systems.
• 1896 : Hornsby builds diesel tractors and railway engines.
• 1897 : Winton produces and drives the first US built gas automobile; he later
builds diesel plants. On February 17th, Diesel builds his first working prototype,
which narrowly avoids a catastrophic explosion in Augsburg. The engine was not
really ready for market until 1908, thanks to other people’s improvements.
• 1897 : Mirrlees, Watson & Yaryan build the first British diesel engine under
license from Rudolf Diesel. This is now displayed in the Anson Engine Museum at
Poynton, Cheshire U.K.
• 1898 : Busch installs a Rudolf Diesel type engine in his brewery in St. Louis. It
is the first in the United States. Rudolf Diesel perfects his compression start engine,
patents, and licenses it. This engine, pictured above, is in a German museum.
Burmeister & Wain (B & W) of Copenhagen, Denmark buy rights to build diesel
engines.
• 1899 : Diesel licenses his engine to builders Krupp and Sulzer, who become
famous builders.
• 1902 : F. Rundlof invents the two – stroke crankcase, scavenged hot bulb
engine.
• 1902 : A company named Forest City started manufacturing diesel

generators.
• 1903 : Ship Gjoa transits the ice-filled Northwest Passage, aided with a Dan
kerosene engine.
• 1904 : French build the first diesel submarine, the Z.
• 1908 : Bolinder – Munktell starts building two stroke hot-bulb engines.
• 1912 : First diesel ship MS Selandia is built. SS Fram, polar explorer

Amundsen’s flagship, is converted to a AB Atlas diesel.
• 1913 : Fairbanks Morse starts building its Y model semi diesel engine. US
Navy submarines use NELSECO units. Rudolf Diesel died mysteriously when he took
a ship (SS Dresden) to cross the English Channel.
• 1914 : German U-Boats are powered by MAN diesels. War service proves
engine’s reliability.
• 1920s : Fishing fleets convert to oil engines. Atlas Imperial of Oakland, Union,
and Lister diesels appear.
• 1922 : Mack Boring & Parts Company is established.
• 1924 : First diesel trucks appear.
• 1928 : Canadian National Railway employs a diesel shunter in their yards.
• 1930 : Edward McGovern Sr., founder of Mack Boring & parts company, opens
the first diesel – only engine institute in North America.
• 1930s : Clessie Cummins starts with Dutch diesel engines, and then builds his
own into trucks and a Duesenberg luxury car at the Daytona speedway.
• 1930s : Caterpillar starts building diesels for their tractors.
• 1933 : Citroen introduced the Rosalie, a passenger car with the world’s first
commercially available diesel engine developed with Harry Rcicardo.
• 1934 : General Motors starts a GM diesel research facility. It builds diesel

railroad engines-The Pionee Zephyr-and goes on to found the General Motors
Electro-Motive Division, which becomes important building engines for landing craft
and tanks in the Second World War. GM then applies this knowledge to market
control with its famous Green Leakers for buses and railroad engines.
• 1936 : Merceds – Benz builds the 260D diesel car. AT & SF inaugurates the
diesel train Super Chief.
• 1936 : Airship Hindenburg is powered by diesel engines.
How diesel engines work
In mechanical terms, the internal construction of a diesel engine is similar to

its gasoline counterpart-components such as pistons, connecting rods and a
crankshaft are present in both. Like a gasoline engine, a diesel engine may operate
on a four – stroke cycle (similar to the gasoline unit’s Otto cycle), or a two-stroke
cycle, albeit with significant dissimilarity to the gasoline equivalent. In both cases,
the principal differences lie in the handling of air and fuel, and the method of
ignition.
A diesel engine relies upon compression ignition to burn its fuel, instead of
the spark plug used in a gasoline engine. If air is compressed to a high degree, its
temperature will increase to a point where fuel will burn upon contact. This principle
is used in both four-stroke and two-stroke diesel engines to produce power.
Unlike a gasoline engine, which draws an air/fuel mixture into the cylinder
during the intake stroke, the diesel aspirates air alone. Following intake, the
cylinder is sealed and the air charge is highly compressed to heat it to the
temperature required for ignition. Whereas a gasoline engine’s compression ratio is
rarely greater than 11:1 to avoid damaging preignition, a diesel’s compression ratio
is usually between 16:1 and 25:1 this extremely high level of compression causes
the air temperature to increase to 700 to 900 degrees Celsius (1300 to 1650
degrees Fahrenheit). If a piece of steel were to be heated to that level it would glow
cherry red.
As the piston approaches top dead center (TDC), fuel oil is injected into the
cylinder at high pressure, causing the fuel charge to be atomized. Owing to the high
air temperature in the cylinder, ignition instantly occurs, causing a rapid and
considerable increase in cylinder temperature and pressure (generating the
characteristic Diesel “knock”). The piston is driven downward with great force,
pushing on the connecting rod and turning the crankshaft.
When the piston nears bottom dead center the spent combustion gases are
expelled from the cylinder to prepare for the next cycle. In any cases, the exhaust
gases will be used to drive a turbocharger, which will increase the volume of the
intake air charge, resulting in cleaner combustion and greater efficiency.
The above sequence generally describes how a diesel operates. However, there are
striking differences between the four – stroke and two –stroke versions:
Fuel Injection in Diesel Engines
Earl fuel injection systems
The modern diesel engine is a combination of two inventors’ creations. In all

major aspects, it holds true to Rudolf Diesel’s original design, that of igniting fuel by
compression at an extremely high pressure within the cylinder. However, nearly all
present – day diesel engines use the so – called solid injection system invented by
Herbert Akroyd Stuart for his hot bulb enine (a compression – ignition engine that
precedes the diesel engine and operates slightly differently). Solid injection raises
the fuel to extreme pressures by mechanical pumps and delivers it to the
combustion chamber by pressure – activated injectors in an almost solid – state jet.
Diesel’s original engine injected fuel with the assistance of compressed air, which
atomized the fuel and forced it into the engine through a nozzle (a similar principle
to an aerosol spray). This is called an air-blast injection. The size of the gas
compressor needed to power such a system made early diesel engines very heavy
and large for their power outputs, and the need to drive a compressor lowered
power outputs, and the need to drive a compressor lowered power output even
more. Early marine diesels often had smaller auxiliary engines whose sole purpose
was to drive the compressors to supply air to the main engine’s injector system.
Such a system was too bulky and inefficient to be used for road- going automotive
vehicles.
Solid injection systems are lighter, simpler, and allow for much higher speed, an so
are universally used for automotive diesel engines. Air-blast systems provide very
efficient combustion under low-speed, high-load conditions, especially when running
on poor-quality fuels, so some large marine engines use this injection method. Air-
blast injection also raises the fuel temperature during the injection process, so is
sometimes known as hot-fuel injection. In contrast, solid injection is sometimes
called cold-fuel injection.
The vast majority of diesel engines in service today use solid injection and the
information below relates to that system. In the diesel engine, only air is introduced
into the combustion chamber. The air is then compressed to about 600 pounds per
square inch (psi), compared to about 200 psi in the gasoline engine. This high
compression heats the air to about 1000 degrees Fahrenheit. At this moment, fuel is
injected directly into the compressed air.
The fuel is ignited by the heat, causing a rapid expansion of gases that drive the
piston downward, supplying power to the crankshaft. In Diesel’s manuals, he
described the supply of compressed gas into the cylinder to promote the final burn.
It is now possible to fumigate the air intake with a small quantity of LPG/CNG. The
now air-gas mixture is compressed as above, and when the diesel ignites, the small
quantity of gas ignites as well, causing a more rapid and more complete burn of the
diesel. Most diesel engines waste between 30 and 15% of the diesel fuel, so by
burning the near total amount of diesel consumed on each stroke, the mechanical
effect is to improve the torque curve by as much as 28%. The net outcome of
applying gas into diesel is improved fuel economy via better torque at the driving
wheels resulting in fewer gear changes, and greatly reduced exhaust emissions.
Advantages of the diesel engine are numerous. It burns considerably less fuel than
a gasoline engine performing the same work. It has no ignition system to attend to.
It can deliver much more of its rated horsepower on a continuous basis than can a
gasoline engine. The life of a diesel engine is generally longer than a gasoline
engine. Although diesel fuel will burn in open air, it will not explode unless
compressed.
Some disadvantages to diesel engines are that they are very heavy for the
horsepower they produce due to the required heavy design, and their initial cost is
much higher than a comparable gasoline engine.
Mechanical and electronic injection :
Older engines make use of a mechanical fuel pump and valve assembly that
is driven by the engine crankshaft, usually from the timing belt or chain. These
engines use simple injectors that are basically very precise spring-loaded valves
that open and close at a specific fuel pressure.
The pump assembly consists of a pump that pressurizes the fuel and a disc-
shaped valve that rotates at half crankshaft speed. The valve has a single aperture
to he pressurized fuel on one side, and one aperture for each injector on the other.
As the engine turns, the valve discs will line up and deliver a burst of pressurized
fuel to the injector at the cylinder about to enter its power stroke.
The injector valve is forced open by the fuel pressure, and the diesel is
injected until the valve rotates out of alignment and the fuel pressure to that
injector is cut off. Engine speed is controlled by a third disc, which rotates only a
few degrees and is controlled by the throttle lever. This disc alters the width of the
aperture through which the fuel passes, and therefore how long the injectors are
held open before the fuel supply is cut, which controls the amount of fuel injected.
This contrasts with the more modern method of having a separate fuel pump
which supplies fuel pump which supplies fuel constantly at high pressure to each
injector. Each injector has a solenoid, is operated by an electronic control unit,
which enables more accurate control of injector opening times that depend on other
control conditions, such as engine speed and loading, resulting in better engine
performance and fuel economy. This design is also mechanically simpler than the
combined pump and valve design, making it generally more reliable, and less noisy,
than its mechanical counterpart.
Both mechanical and electronic injection systems can be used in either direct
or indirect injection configurations.
Older diesel engines with mechanical injection pumps could be inadvertently

run in reverse, albeit very inefficiently, as witnessed by massive amounts of soot
being ejected from the air intake. This was often a consequence of push starting a
vehicle using the wrong gear.
Indirect injection
Indirect injection
An indirect injection diesel engine delivers fuel into a chamber off the
combustion chamber, called a prechamber or ante-chamber, where combustion
begins and then spreads into the main combustion chamber, assisted by turbulence
created in the chamber. This system allows for a smoother, quieter running engine,
and because combustion is assisted by turbulence, injector pressures can be lower,
which in the days of mechanical injection systems allowed high-speed running
suitable for road vehicles (typically up to speeds of around 4,000 RPM). The
prechamber had the disadvantage of increasing heat loss to the engine’s cooling
system, introducing pumping losses in the narrow throat connecting it to the main
cylinder, and restricting the combustion burn.
Which reduced the efficiently by between 5% - 10% in comparison to a direct

injection engine, and nearly all require some form of cold start device such as glow
plugs. Indirect injection engines were used widely in small – capacity, high speed
diesel engines in automotive, marine and construction uses from the 1950s, until
direct injection technology advanced in the 1980s.
Indirect injection engines are cheaper to build and it is easier to produce

smooth, quiet – running vehicles with a simple mechanical system, so such engines
are still often used in applications that carry less stringent emissions controls than
highway vehicles, such as small marine engines, generators, tractors, and pumps.
With electronic injection systems, indirect injection engines are still used in some
road – going vehicles, but most prefer the greater efficiency of direct injection.
During the development of the high – speed diesel engine in the 1930s,
various engine manufacturers developed their own type of pre-combustion
chamber. Some, such as Mercedes – Benz, had complex internal designs. Others,
such as Lanova, used a mechanical system to adjust the shape of the chamber for
starting and running conditions.
However, the most commonly used design turned out to be the “Comet”
series of swirl chambers developed by Sir Harry Ricardo, using a two – piece
spherical chamber with a narrow “throat” to induce turbulence. Most European
manufacturers of high - speed diesel engines used Comet – type chambers or
developed their own versions (Merceds)
CHAPTER – 3
COMPANY OVERVIEW
Kirloskar Oil Engines
BSE : 500243 NSE : KIRLOSOIL ISIN : INE250A01021
Industry : Engines
Balance Sheet ---------------- in Rs. Cr. ----------------
Mar’03
12mths Mar’04
12mths Mar’05
12mths Mar’06
12mths Mar’07
12mths
Sources of Funds
Total Share Capital 19.16 19.42 19.42 19.42 19.42
Equity Share Capital 19.16 19.42 19.42 19.42 19.42
Share Application Money 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Preference Share Capital 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Reserves 347.65 396.34 542.66 698.96 831.93
Revaluation Reserves 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Networth 367.06 415.76 562.08 718.38 851.35
Secured Loans 26.11 28.10 51.49 66.84 99.42
Unsecured Loans 10.89 1.62 0.23 0.17 6.89
Total Debt 37.00 29.72 51.72 67.01 106.31
Total Liabilities 404.06 445.48 613.80 785.39 957.66

Mar’03
12mths Mar’04
12mths Mar’05
12mths Mar’06
12mths Mar’07
12mths
Application of funds
Gross Block 390.24 386.40 421.51 483.38 530.51
Less : Accum Depreciation 253.05 263.71 289.70 314.01

255.59
Net Block 137.19 122.69 131.81 169.37 274.92
Capital work in progress 4.24 6.82 12.87 22.84 57.28
Investments 173.47 201.43 378.41 499.89 517.39
Inventories 80.32 74.10 86.61 110.94 148.36
Sundry Debtors 155.85 188.33 219.77 308.43 389.25
Cash and Bank Balance 17.94 25.37 6.20 13.03 35.46
Total Current Assets 254.11 287.80 312.58 432.40

573.07
Loans and Advances 128.43 168.53 192.45 242.93

290.99
Fixed Deposits 1.20 0.37 0.49 4.61 5.85
Total CA, Loans & Advances 383.74 456.70 505.52 679.94

869.91
Differed Credit 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Current Liabilities 224.56 241.56 266.73 386.73 505.72
Provisions 70.00 100.61 148.10 199.94 256.10
Total CL & Provisions 294.56 342.17 414.83 586.67

761.82
Net Current Assets 89.18 114.53 90.69 93.27 108.09
Miscellaneous Expenses 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total Assets 404.08 445.47 613.78 785.37 957.68
Contingent Liabilities 124.08 95.13 240.59 271.91 260.57
Book Value (Rs) 191.41 214.12 286.00 73.10 87.69
BSE : 500243 NSE : KIRLOSOIL Reuters : KROL.BD KROL.NS
BSE : 500243 NSE : KIRLOSOIL ISIN : INE250A01021
Industry : Engines
Profit & Loss Account ------------------ in Rs. Cr. --------------
Mar’03
12mths Mar’04
12mths Mar’05
12mths Mar’06
12mths Mar’07
12mths
Income
Sales Turnover 939.24 1111.86 1286.20 1546.28 106.69

Excise Duty 64.30 92.21 114.65 136.60 187.98
Net Sales 874.94 1019.65 1171.55 1409.68 11918.71
Other income -1.64 24.62 125.67 150.26 83.74
Stock Adjustments 12.16 -9.53 6.28 6.51 7.43
Total Income885.46 1,034.74 1,03.50 1,566.45 2,009.88
Expenditure
Raw Materials 588.95 666.74 807.63 982.34 1,362.34
Power & Fuel Cost 17.32 18.71 19.98 22.77 26.01
Employee Cost 68.30 72.66 93.86 89.36 113.31
Other Manufacturing
Expenses 26.68 28.45 32.78 42.17 50.78
Selling and Admin
Expenses 72.49 100.66 106.37 143.90 162.95
Miscellaneous Expenses 19.53 14.72 10.41 8.26 10.79
Preoperative Exp
Capitalised -0.27 -0.07 -0.34 -0.16 -3.32
Total Expenses 793.00 901.87 1,070.69 1,288.64 1,722.86
Mar ‘03 Mar ‘04 Mar ‘05 Mar ‘06 Mar ‘07
12 mths 12 mths 12 mths 12 mths 12 mths
Operating Profit 94.10 108.25 107.14 127.55 203.28
PBDIT 92.46 132.87 232.81 277.81 287.02
Interest 13.55 7.57 6.98 9.74 23.14
PBDT 78.32 125.30 225.83 268.07 263.88
Depreciation 34.32 25.99 26.65 27.98 31.81

Other Written Off 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Profit Before Tax 44.59 99.31 199.18 240.09 232.07
Extra-ordinary itmes 7.37 7.00 3.98 6.61 7.60
PBT (Post Extra-ord Items) 51.96 106.31 203.16 246.70

239.67
Tax -3.24 34.84 27.38 45.38 61.09
Reported Net Profit 41.54 70.77 173.89 200.59 178.41
Total Value Addition 204.07 235.13 263.05 306.30

360.51
Preference Dividend 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Equity Dividend 9.71 19.42 24.27 38.83 38.83
Corporate Dividend Tax 1.24 2.49 3.31 5.45 6.02
Per share data (annualized)
Shares in issue (lakhs) 191.64 194.17 196.53 982.67

970.87
Earning Per Share (Rs) 21.67 36.44 88.48 20.41 18.38
Equity Dividend (%) 50.00 100.00 125.00 200.00 200.00
Book Value (Rs) 191.41 214.12 286.00 73.10 87.69
BSE: 500243
NSE: KIRLOSOIL
Reuters: KROL.BO
KROL.NS
Yearly Results …..…………………… in Rs. Cr. …………………..
Mar‘03 Mar ‘04 Mar ‘05 Mar ‘06 Mar ‘07
Sales Turnover 881.26 1,028.88 1,82.59 1,443.79 1,938.38
Oterh Income 11.91 22.65 23.43 27.42 44.04
Total Income893.17 1,051.33 1,206.02 1,471.21 1,982.42
Total Expenses 815.10 928.72 1,074.58 1,285.01 1,719.12
Operating Profit 66.16 100.16 108.01 158.78 219.26
Profit on Sale of
Assets -- -- -- -- --
Profit on Sale of
Investments -- -- -- -- --
Gain/Loss on Foreign
Exchange -- -- -- -- --
VRS Adjustment -- -- -- -- --
Other Extraordinary
Income / Expenses -- -- -- -- --
Total Extraordinary
Income/Expenses 3.25 12.28 99.64 97.49 22.42
Tax On Extraordinary
Items -- -- -- -- --
Net Extra Ordinary
Income/Expenses -- -- -- -- --
Gross Profit 78.07 122.81 131.44 186.20 263.30
Interest 8.69 3.50 3.16 9.74 14.41
PBDT 72.63 131.59 227.92 273.95 271.31
Depreciation 34.32 25.99 26.65 27.98 31.81
Depreciation on
Revaluation of Assets
PBT 38.31 105.60 201.27 245.97 239.50
Tax -3.24 34.84 27.38 45.68 61.09
Net Profit 41.55 70.76 173.89 200.59 178.41
Prior Years
Income/Expenses -- -- -- -- --
Depreciation for Previous Years Written Back / Provided -- -- -- --

--
Dividend Tax -- -- -- -- --
Dividend (%)-- -- -- -- --
Earnings Per Share 21.40 36.44 89.54 20.66 18.37
Book Value
Equity 19.42 19.42 19.42 19.42 19.42
Reserves 347.65 396.34 542.66 698.96 831.93
Face Value 10.00 10.00 10.00 2.00 2.00
BSE: 500243 NSE: KRILOSOIL Reuters: KROL.BO KROL.NS

Capital Structure
Period Instrument Authorized Capital
(cr) Issued Capital
(cr) -PAIDUP-
From To Shares
(nos) Face Value Capital
2006 2007 Equity Share 110 19.65 97086190 2 19.42
2005 2006 Equity Share 22 19.65 97086500 2 19.42
2004 2005 Equity Share 22 19.65 19417238 10 19.42
2003 2004 Equity Share 22 19.65 19417238 10 19.42
2002 2003 Equity Share 22 19.4 19163548 10 19.16
2001 2002 Equity Share 22 19.4 19163548 10 19.16
2000 2001 Equity Share 22 19.4 19163548 10 19.16
1997 1999 Equity Share 22 19.25 19016362 10 19.02
1996 1997 Equity Share 22 17.22 17216644 10 17.22
1995 1996 Equity Share 22 0.58 584250 10 0.58
1994 1995 Equity Share 4.5 0.11 109170 10 0.11
1993 1994 Equity Share 4.5 2.18 2183200 10 2.18
BSE: 500243 NSE: KIRLOSOIL Reuters: KROL.BO KROL.NS
Cash Flow …..…………………… in Rs. Cr. ……………………….
Mar‘03 Mar ‘04 Mar ‘05 Mar ‘06 Mar ‘07

12 mths 12 mths 12 mths 12 mths 12 mths
Net Profit Before Tax 38.30 105.60 201.28 245.97 239.50
Net Cash From
Operating Activities 77.75 73.03 62.31 108.32 137.70
Net Cash (Used in) /from
Investing Activities 12.64 -34.07-78.64-68.99-100.59
Net Cash (used in)/from
Financing Activities-86.96-32.37-2.71 -28.39-13.39
Net (decrease)/increase
In Cash and Cash
Equivalents 3.43 6.60 19.04 10.95 23.71
Opening Cash & Cash
Equivalents
Clsoing Cash & Cash Equivalents
BSE: 500243 NSE: KIRLOSOIL Reuters: KROL.BO KROL.NS
Comparison with other Engines
Market Cap
BSE – All Groups
Company Name Last Price
% Chg52 wk High 52 wk Low Market Cap
(Rs.cr)
Cummins 343.35 1.20 462.80 256.00 6,778.53
Kirloskar Oil 126.00 0.64 200.00 100.10 2,446.57
Greaves Cotton 317.70 0.08 466.00 276.00 1,551.69

Swaraj Engines 301.00 3.81 380.00 139.00 373.84
Price
List of Companies within the industry selected, traded as on 01 Feb 17:31
Company Name Open High Low Last Price Prv Close Change % Chg
Cummins 325.00 348.00 314.50 342.35 338.30 4.05

1.20
Greaves Cotton 318.55 324.35 312.55 317.70 317.45

0.25 0.08
Kirloskar Oil 132.00 132.00 122.00 126.00 125.20 0.80

0.64
Swaraj Engines 280.10 301.00 208.10 301.00 289.95

11.05 3.81
Net Sales
Kirloskar Oil 126.00 0.80 0.64 1,918.72
Cummins 342.35 4.05 1.20 1,875.57
Greaves Cotton 317.70 0.25 0.08 1,063.39
Swaraj Engines 301.00 11.05 3.91 129.32
Net Profit
Kirloskar Oil 342.35 4.5 1.20 242.05
Cummins 126.00 0.80 0.64 178.41
Greaves Cotton 317.70 0.25 0.08 122.32

Swaraj Engines 301.00 11.05 3.81 14.86
CHAPTER – 4
PRODUCT PROFILE
MEDIUM ENGINES
R1040 liquid – cooled diesels
Model : R-1040 Series of Engines
Specifications :
No. cylinders3,4
Aspiration Naturally Aspirated (NA), Turbocharged (TC) (Cylinder version),

Turbocharged After cooled (TA) (Cylinder version)
Model nomenclature 3R1040 (3 cyl NA), 4R1040 (4cyl NA), 4R1040TC (rcyl TC),
4R1040TA (4 cyl TA)
Bore X Stroke (mm X mm) 105 X 120
Cooling Water Cooled, with radiator cooling
Power range 26.7 KW
Speed range 1500 rpm – 2800 rpm
Weight to power
Ration (kg / hp)
Wt : Dry weight Engine model Ratio
3R1040 5.45
4R1040 5.59
w/o flywheel
Hp : Max
Continuous
Duty rating 4R1040T 5.45
4R1040TA 4.37
Space envelope Engine model L X W X H (dimensions in mm
4R1040 1140 X 650 X 946
Emission @ 1500 rpm Engine model L X W X H (dimensions in mm
4R1040 < 3.0
Power take off Clutch
Torque converter
Coupling
Jackshaft
Optional accessories 24 V Electrical (as against 12 V std)
Instruments
Flywheel housing (SAE, 1,2,3 and 4)
Safety system against low lub oil pressure, high
Water temperature, over speed
Hydraulic oil cooler
Absorption type
Silencer
Spark arrestor
Dry type air cleaner (as against oil bath type std)
Special lub oil sumps to suit high inclinations
Gear driven hydraulic pump
Belt / gear driven compressor
Flexible coupling
PTOs
Maintenance and usage warranties : 12 months from the date of dispatch or 18

months from the date of manufacturing or 3600 working hours which ever is earlier
under normal working conditions.
Service call – time response : Average mean time to repair is 3 days
Manufacturing Company : Kirloskar Oil Engines Ltd.
For further details, contact : mediumengines@kriloskar.com
Additional product information :

User Application sector Power, Oil and Gas, Construction and
Earthmoving, Agriculture, Utilities, Transport
User Sub Sector Power generation, Exploration, Extraction, Residential and

commercial, Excavation and mining, Large community irrigation schemes, Farm
irrigation, Harvesting, Water supply and sewerage, Natural disaster
Industry Section Diesel power, Fire fighting systems, Road transport, Water
transport
Application Areas Power plants, Prime movers, Refrigeration systems, Pumping

systems, Ground breaking, Electrical systems, Excavation, Irrigation systems, Flood
irrigation, Sprinkler irrigation,
SMALL ENGINES
10K18TA
Model : 10K18TA
V-line turbocharged after cooled
Specifications :
No. of cylinders 10 Vee
Aspiration Turbocharged after cooled
Bore X Stroke
(mm X mm) 128 X 142
Power range 500-560 KVA
Dry engine weight (in kg) with flywheel and SAE 1 flywheel housing 1,175
Rated output as per ISO 3046/

BS 5514/IS 10002 (hp)
-gross Prime continuous rating at
1500 rpm
1800 rpm
(output available with varying load for the duration of the interruption of the normal
source power) 602 at 1500 rpm
676 at 1800 rpm
Power consumed by radiator fan (hp) 17 at 1500 rpm
30 at 1800 rpm
BMEP at rated output
@ 1500 rpm (kgf/cm2)
-Prime continuous rating 19.8
Space envelope :
Length (mm)
Width (mm)
Height (mm)
1,557
1,389
1,248
Swept volume (cc) 18,273
Compression ratio 15:1
Class of governing Class AO (with electronic governor)
Fuel consumption @ 1500 rpm @ 75% load (litre / hr)
Fuel consumption @ 1800 rpm @ 75% load (litre /hr) 81.3

93.4
For further details, contact : mediumengines@kriloskar.com
User application Sector Power, Oil and Gas, Construction and Earthmoving Transport
User Sub Sector Power generation, Exploration, Extraction, commercial,

Excavation and mining, Large community irrigation schemes, Water supply and
sewerage, Natural disaster
Industry Sector Diesel power, Fire fighting systems
Application Areas Power plants, Prime movers, Pumping systems, Ground

breaking, Electrical systems
Product Category Engines
12K22TA
Model : 12K22TA

Specifications :
No. of cylinders 12 Vee
Aspiration Turbocharged, after cooled
Bore X Stroke
(mm X mm) 128 X 142
Power range 600 – 670 kva
Dry engine weight (in kg) with flywheel and SAE 1 flywheel housing 1,575 rated
output as per ISO 3046/
BS 5514 / IS 0002 (hp)
-Gross Prime Continuous Rating at
1500 rpm
1800 rpm
(output available with varying load for the duration of the interruption of the normal
source power) 723 at 1500 rpm
803 at 1800 rpm
Power consumed by radiator fan (hp) 17 at 1500 rpm
30 at 1800 rpm
BMEP at rated output @ 1500 rpm (kgf/cm2) – Prime continuous rating

19.8
Space envelope :
Length (mm)
Width (mm)
Height (mm)
1,717
1,389
1,288
Fuel consumption @ 1500 rpm @ 75% load (litre/hr)
112
For further details, contact : mediumengines@kirloskar.com
User application Sector Power, Oil and Gas, Construction and Earthmoving,
Transport
User Sub Sector Power generation, Exploration, Extraction,
Commercial, Excavation and mining, Large community irrigation schemes, Water

supply and sewerage, Natural disaster
Industry Sector Diesel power, Fire fighting systems
Application Areas Power plants, Prime movers, Pumping systems, ground

breaking, Electrical systems
Product Category Engines
12PA6BSTC
Model : 12PA6BSTC
Specifications :
Weight in kg with flywheel 31,000
No. of cylinders 12
RPM 1050
Engine output KW – 4860
Hp – 6603
D.G.Set output Hz – 50
KW – 4690
KVA @ 0.8 pf – 5862
Maintenance and usage warranties : 2years subject to use of K-oil
Service all – time response : 24 hours
For further details, contact : largengines@kirloskar.com
User application Sector Marine power
User Sub Sector Power generation, infrastructure, Process industry

shipbuilding
Industry Sector Diesel power, Docks, Pharmaceuticals, Chemicals,

Fertilizers, Paper, water transport
Application Areas Marine propulsion, auxiliary power on naval ships
Product Category Marine Diesel powered gensets
12PA6B
Model : 12PA6B
Specifications :
Selling price (in million USD) 1.55
No of cylinder 12
RPM 1,000
No of cylinder 12
RPM 1,000
Hp – 6026
D.G. Set output Hz – 50
KW – 4280
KVA @ 0.8 pf - 5350
Maintenance and usage warranties : 2 years subject to use of K-oil
Service call – time response : 24 hours

User application Sector Marine power, auxiliary power plants
User Sub Sector Power generation, Infrastructure, Process industry,

shipbuilding

Fertilizers, Paper, Water transport
Application Areas Marine Propulsion, auxiliary power on naval ships
Product category Power generation
16PA6BSTC
Model : 16PA6BSTC
Specifications :
No of cylinder 16
RPM 1050
Hp – 8804
KW – 6253
KVA @ 0.8 pf -7816

shipbuilding

Product category Diesel engine powered gensets
16PA6B
Model : 16PA6B
Specifications :
No of cylinder 16
RPM 1000
Hp – 8040
KW –5710
KVA @ 0.8 pf -7137

shipbuilding


18PA6B
Model : 18PA6B
Specifications :
Selling price (in million USD) 1.55
No of cylinder 18
RPM 1000
Hp – 9053
KW – 6430
KVA @ 0.8 pf - 8037

shipbuilding

20PA6BSTC
Model : 20PA6BSTC
Specifications :
No of cylinder 20
RPM 1050
Hp – 8100
KW – 7816
KVA @ 0.8 pf - 9770


shipbuilding

20PA6B
Model : 20PA6B
Specifications :
No of cylinder 20
RPM 1000
Hp – 10053
KW – 7140
KVA @ 0.8 pf - 8925

shipbuilding

8K15TA
Model : 8K15TA
Specifications :
No of cylinder 8 Vee
Aspiration Turbocharged after cooled
Bore X Stroke
(mm X mm) 128 X 142
Power range 400-445 KVA
Speed range 1500rpm – 1800rpm
Rated output as per ISO 3046/
BS 5514/IS 10002 (hp)
-gross Prime Continuous Rating at
1500rpm
1800rpm (output available with varying load for the duration of the interruption of
the normal source power) 495 at 1500rpm
474 at 1800rpm
Dry engine weight (in kg) with flywheel and SAE 1 flywheel housing 950
Space envelope :
Length (mm)
Width (mm)
Height (mm)
1,484
1,389
1,248
BMEP at rated output : @ 1500 rpm (kgf/cm2)

- Prime continuous rating 20.3
Fuel consumption @ 1800 rpm @ 75% load (litre/ hr) 65.1
74.7
Power consumed by radiator fan (hp) 17 at 1500rpm
30 at 1800rpm
TAF2
Model : TAF2
Air – cooled (Radial cooled), Vertical, 4 stroke cycle, Totally enclosed, Direct
Injection, Cold Starting, Naturally aspirated. Gravity feed fuel system with efficient
paper element filter, Force Feed Lubrication to main and large end bearings and
camshaft bush.
Specifications :
No. of Cylinders Two
Bore x Stroke 87.5 x 110 mm
Cubic Capacity Cubic Capacity
Compression Ratio 17.5 : 1
Rated Output as per
BS5514 / ISO 3046 / IS 10001 8.8 kw (12.0 hp) at 1500 rpm
10.45 kw (14.2 hp) at 1800 rpm
11.50 kw (15.6 hp) at 2000 rpm
SFC at rated hp / 1500 rpm 251 g/kWh (185g / bhp-hr)
Lub Oil Consumption 0.8% of SFC max.
Fuel Tank Capacity 11.5 lit
Fuel Tank re-filling time period Every 4.6 hours engine running at rated output.
Engine Weight (dry)
w/o flywheel 233 kg
Weight of flywheel Standard – 33kg
Genset – 64 kg
Rotation while looking at the flywheel Clockwise.
Optional – Anticlockwise.
Lub Oil Sump Capacity 7.20 lit
Power Take – off Flywheel end.
Optional – Gear end half speed drive or full speed drive.
Starting Hand start with cranking handle.
Maintenance and usage warranties : Against manufacturing defects for 12 months

from the date of installation or 18 months from the date of shipment whichever is
earlier limiting to replacement of defective parts for other than electrical

components.
Service call – time response : Maximum 48 hours in India
For further details, contact : smallengines@kirloskar.com
User Application Sector Power, Construction and Earthmoving, Agriculture, Industry
User Sub Sector Power generation, Infrastructure, Large community

irrigation schemes, Farm irrigation, Harvesting, Food processing
Industry Sector Diesel power, Construction Equipments, Aquaculture
Application Areas Prime movers, Prime Mover, Pumping systems, Flood

irrigation, Agricultural implements, Fluid handling
TA2
Model : TA2
Air – cooled (Radial cooled), Vertical, 4 stroke cycle, Totally enclosed, Direct
Injection, Cold Starting, Naturally aspirated. Gravity feed fuel system with efficient
paper element filter, Force Feed Lubrication to main and large end bearings and
camshaft bush.
Specifications :
No. of Cylinders Two
Bore x Stroke 87.5 x 110 mm

Cubic Capacity 1.324 lit
Compression Ratio 17.5 : 1
Rated Output as per BS5514 / ISO 3046 / IS 10001 8.8 kw (12.0 hp) at 1500
rpm
9.8 kw (13.3 hp) at 1800 rpm
10.52 kw (14.3 hp) at 2000 rpm
SFC at rated hp / 1500 rpm 265 g/kWh (195g / bhp-hr)
Lub Oil Consumption 0.8% of SFC max.
Fuel Tank Capacity 7.20 lit
Fuel Tank re-filling time period Every 4.6 hours engine running at rated output.
Engine Weight (dry) w/o flywheel 217 kg
Weight of flywheel Standard – 33kg
Genset – 64 kg (4.5% governing)
Rotation while looking at the flywheel Clockwise or Anticlockwise
Lub Oil Sump Capacity 7.20 lit
Power Take – off Flywheel end.
Fuel Tank re-filling time period Every 4.4 hours engine running at rated output
Maintenance and usage warranties : Against manufacturing defects for 12 months

from the date of installation or 18 months from the date of shipment whichever is
earlier limiting to replacement of defective parts for other than electrical
components.
CHAPTER – 5
ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION

Table no. 1
Table showing the key customers of diesel engines :-
BRANDS RESPONDENTS IN (%)
Kirloskar 75
Lambardhini 18
Vidhata 5
Alloys India 4
Others 3
Total 100
Source : Field Survey
The above table shows the distribution of respondents on the basis of brands.
Totally there are 100% respondents from which (75%) are Kirloskar respondents.
Hence it shows a good response from the respondents.
Therefore, the majority of the Kirloskar respondents are using diesel engines.
Graph no. 1
Graph showing the distribution of respondents on the basis of brands :-
Table no. 2
Table showing the purpose of use for the respondents :-
PURPOSE OF USE RESPONDENTS
Pulper 60
Washing 20
Spray 15
Others 5
Total 100
Source: Field Survery
The above table shows the purpose of use for the respondents. Totally there
are 1000% respondents from which pulper use if of higher importance.
Therefore, the majority of the respondents are pulper users.
Graph no.2
Graph Showing The Purpose Of Users:-
Table no. 3
Table showing the knowledge of Kirloskar Engines with its customers:
KNOWLEDGE RESPONDENTS
Advertisement 60
Friends &
Relative 3
Observation 15
Company Image
Publicity 8
10
Others 4
Total 100
Source : Field Survey
The above table shows the knowledge of respondents. Totally there are
100(%) respondents from which 60% of them voted for advertisement.
Therefore, the majority of the respondents knew Kirloskar through ad campaign.
Graph no. 3
Graph Showing the Qualification of Respondents :-
Table no. 4
Table Showing the Facilities Expected by the Customers from Kirloskar Dealers :-
FACILITIES RESPONDENTS
After Sales Service 75
Periodic Cheking 5
Warranty 18
Capacity 2
Total 100
The above table shows the facilities expected by the customers. Totally there
are 100% respondents from which after sales is being expected more from the co.
Graph no. 4
Graph Showing the Facilities Expected by the respondents:-
Table no. 5
Table Showing the Consumer Satisfaction
OPINION RESPONDENTS
Yes
No
Total
80
20
100
The above table shows the opinion of the of respondents. Totally there are
100% respondents of which satisfied consumers are in a good %.
Therefore, the majority of the respondents are satisfied.
Graph no. 5
Graph Showing the Annual Income of respondents:-

Table no. 6
Table Showing the respondents opinion on price:-
OPINION RESPONDENTS
High
Reasonable
Low
Total
75
15
10
100
The above table it is clear that 75% of the respondents are responding more
on price.
Graph no. 6
Graph Showing the opinion on price :-
Table no. 7
Table Showing the your opinion about the Price if Kirloskar of respondents having
Diesel Engines.
HAVING RESPONDENTS
High
Reasonable
Low
Total
50%
30%
20%
100%
The above table shows the your opinion about the price if Kirloskar of
respondents having Diesel Engines in which, 50% of them are having High, 30% of
them are having reasonable, 20% of them are having low respondents are having
Diesel engines.
Graph no. 7
Graph Showing the % of respondents opinion about the price of the Kirloskar Diesel
Engine :-
Table no. 8
Table Showing the your opinion about your Kirloskar Diesel Engines with represent
of the following respondents are having
HAVING RESPONDENTS
RPM 15%
Mileage 15%
Durability 15%
Price 25%
Maintenance 10%
Capacity 8%
Conveniences & Safety 5%
Performance 7%
Total 100%
The above table shows your opinion about your Kirloskar Diesel engines with
represent of the following respondents are having in which, 15% of them are having
RP, 15% of them are having Mileage, 15% of them are having durability, 25% of
them are having price of % of them having maintenance, 8% of them are having
capacity, 5% of them are having conveniences & safety & 7% of them are having
Performance.
Graph no. 8
Graph showing the % of respondents opinion about the represent of the Kirloskar
Diesel Engine :-
CHAPTER – 6
SUGGESTION AND CONCLUSION
CONCLUSIONS:
Awareness of KRILOSKAR is existing in Chikmagalur and the respondents are

satisfied with KIRLOSKAR. KIRLOSKAR has market share in Chikmagalur.
Most of the respondents have ride KIRLOSKAR. They liked the bike Comfort
ability, so we can say that the Hero Hond Glamour is good.
Most of the respondents want to be with kirloskar they don’t want to switch
over to any other band of engine. So we can saythis product has good brand image
in the market
Few of the respondents are using obther brands but out of all the brands, most of
the respondents; ranked kirloskar as number I brand.
More than % of respondents are aware of KIRLOSKAR advertisement are positively

in influence by it. This shows the marketing strategy of is very efficient.
Because the KIRLOSKAR is better than any other bike in the market. This sales
promotional activities will definitely influence them to buy KIRLOSKAR. This will
inflate the sales further.
The company can pull customers of other brands by using various business
strategies.
The future for KIRLOSKAR in Chikmagalur is good.
SUGGESTIONS
Introduction:
All the customers’ needs and wants cannot be satisfied by a product. If the
product satisfies one want, another factor of the product will not be a acceptable
one by the customer. A customer may not be in a position to find the solution for
this. But the customer can suggest valuable suggestions to the company on for the
product. Therefore in our research work, we collected some valuable suggestion
from the respondents as they are in better position to assess the strength and
weakness of a product.
These suggestions are elaborated to know accurate and valuable, meaningful

suggestions as below.
Price:
Price is one of the important factors which influence the customer to buy. So more
suggestion were expected on and received on the factor price. The respondents are
saying that the price of the product is comparatively high should be reduced to
reasonable rate, so that medium and low income group can also afford go buy
Quality with respect to comfort:
Even though the quality of the Hero Honda Glamour is good, still it is to be
improved to become an excellent among the bikes.
System of Delivery:
Some of the respondents are giving importance on system of delivery. They

are trying to say that the system of delivery should be changed.
Advertisement campaign:
A company should give more importance on its advertisement campaign with

a view to increase the market share. Some valuable suggestions were sought in
respect of advertisement they are:
i) Ad campaign is so dull, since it is an automobile the ad campaign should be

glamorously eye catching.
ii) Advertisement should be given
iii) The advertisements should be on all the type of media of advertisement, i.e.,
today, the advertisement on T.V. is more but on the other hand advertisement in
News Paper and Magazines, hoardings, etc. is very low, this should be increased.
CHAPTER – 7
ANNEXURE
• Questionnaire
• Bibliography
QUESTIONNAIRE
Dear Sir / Madam,

I, ……………. of Final year, B.B.M, ……………………….College of Management

Science, Chickmagalur, Carrying out a project work entitled a research on “Market
Research on Diesel Engines with Special reference to Kirloskar Diesel Engines” a
study of consumer awareness, under the guidance of
…………………………………………………....
…………………………………………………………………………. .
I shall be grateful to you, if you could spare a couple of minutes to fill this
questionnaire.
1. Name : _____________________________
2. Address : _____________________________
_____________________________
3. Age Group
a. Below 25 years ( ) b. 25-30 years ( )
c. 30-35 years ( ) d. above 35 years ( )
4. Educational qualification
a. Upto SSLC( ) b. PUC ( )
c. Graduation ( ) d. Post Graduation ( )
e. Any other (PS)
5. Occupation
a. Govt. Employee ( ) b. Private Employee ( )
c. Business ( ) d. Agriculture ( )
e. Student ( ) f. Any other (PS)
6. Monthly Income
a. Below Rs.5000 ( ) b. Rs.5000- Rs.10000 ( )
c. Rs.10000- Rs.15000 ( ) d. Rs. 15000 and above ( )
7. Do you own a Diesel Engine ?
a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
8. If yes, Name the brand?
a. Kirloskar ( ) b. Lambardini ( )
c. Vidhata ( ) d. Malloys India ( )
e. Another (PS)
9. Year f Purchase: __________________________
10. Mode of Payment : ________________________
11. You need diesel engine for?
a. Pulper ( ) b. Washing ( )
c. Spray ( ) d. Another (PS)
12. If you have Kirloskar Engine, how did you come to know?
a. Advertisement ( ) b. Friends & Relatives ( )
c. Observation ( ) d. Company Image ( )

e. Publicity ( ) f. Any other (PS)
13. Are you satisfied with the advertisement of Kirloskar Diesel Engines?
a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
14. What Facility do you expect from your Kirloskar Dealer?
a. After Sales Service ( ) b. Periodic Checking ( )
c. Warranty ( ) d. Company Image ( )
e. Any other (PS)
15. Are you satisfied with your dealer;s service of Kirloskar Diesel Engines?
a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
If no, why ? ……………………………………………………
16. Which is your opinion about the price of Kirloskar Diesel Engines?
a. Hgh ( ) b. Reasonable ( )
c. low ( )
17. What s your opinion aboyt your Kirloskar Diesel Engines with represent of the
following?
Good Fair Bad
RPM
Mileage
Durability
Price
Maintenance
Capacity
Conveniences & Safety
Performance
18. What would be your next alternative.
a. Kirloskar ( ) b. Lambardini ( )
c. Vidhata ( ) d. Malloys India ( )
e. Another (PS)
19. Do you find any superiority other Diesel Engines Compared to Kirloskar Diesel
Engines?
a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
20. If, yes in what respedct?
a. Price ( ) b. RPM ( )
c. Dealer Service ( ) d. Other (PS)
21. Any comments ?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
______________________
22. Any Suggestion?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________
Date:
Place : SIGNATURE
Thanks for your kind cooperation
BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.krloskar.com
www.lambardinil.com

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INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT

Any marketing program has a better chance of being productive if it is timed,

This study of DIESEL ENGINE with special reference to TOYOTA KIRLOSKAR

In the study we would have a look at the different aspect of consumer

Marketing involves a range of processes concerned with finding out what

There are two main types of market research :

Quantitative research involves collecting a lot of information by using techniques

Qualitative research involves working with smaller samples of consumers, often

A useful definition of marketing is the anticipation and identification of

There is still a misunderstanding about the word marketing. Many people,

Actually, marketing is a way of managing a business so that each critical business

1. In the classic approach, engineers and designers create a product, which is

- All company policies and activities should be aimed at satisfying customer

- Profitable sales volume is a better company goal than maximum sales

Any marketing program has a better chance of being productive if it is timed,

Kirloskar: Diesel Engine Manufacturers in India

INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY

Kirloskar pioneered the Engineering industry in India with the introduction of

Ours is the first engine manufacturing company in India to be awarded the

We are a 1.20 billion US Dollars engineering conglomerate driving critical

We are made up of 8 major group companies, each led by the best

Our multi-unit, multi-product, multi-location conglomerate is built on the

At Kirloskar, listening to the customer and his needs is a tradition as the

The major objectives of the study have been outlined here:

1) To know the about the Presence of TOYOTA KIRLOSKAR Company.

2) To know about the Consumer opinion towards KIRLOSKAR through a

3) To know the sales performance of KIRLOSKAR.

4) Strategies of TOYOTA in terms of customer’s likings.

5) Company policy of KIRLOSKAR towards its customers.

6) KIRLOSKAR Financial Results and overall view of sensex.

7) To know about the competitive strategy towards different actions.

8) To know the Different product that TOYOTA KIRLOSKAR provides.

9) Customer groups of TOYOTA KIRLOSKAR.

10) Geographical regions where TOYOTA KIRLOSKA is distributed.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study sums up some of the descriptive information, as well as

The scope of the study was limited to Chickmagalur District.

In this study we would highlight the business process of KIRLOSKAR, it

On receiving the award Mr. Vijay Varma, Director, Kirloskar Proprietary

With increasing competition between incumbents and new players, customer

Weightages were assigned to different criteria based on their perceived

Kirloskar Oil Engines Ltd. is leading manufacturer of diesel engines in India

Ravi Kirloskar Quality Prize For Business Excellence

Quality is a compelling reality, that’s uppermost in our mind, translating into

At Kirloskar, listening to the customers and their needs is a tradition as old as

The Kirloskar story unfolds

The founder and the first factory village

The first Kirloskar Group Company

Playing a Part in the War

The new generation – Innovation, creation, tradition

From colonialism to independence

To electric motors and pneumatics

KECL’s logo in the 40’s

A New Direction – services

The phenomenal success of the Kirloskar name prompted entrepreneurs and

The dawn of a new millennium

To meet the changing demands of a global business environment and

Landmarks in the Kirloskar Saga