Basketball Project

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DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

BONAFIDE CERTICATE
This is to certify that the project work is done by Shristi Rajinder

Prasad of class XII-C of INDIAN CENTRAL SCHOOL during the year
2020-2021.
Mr. Ramesh
Indian Central School, Kuwait
Submitted for ALL INDIAN SENIOR SECONDARY

EXAMINATION in Physical Education at INDIAN
CENTRAL SCHOOL, KUWAIT
Basketball Project File by Shristi

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I greatly acknowledge my sincere gratitude
for my Physical Education teacher Mr.
Ramesh for his remarkable, valuable
guidance and supervision throughout the
project work.
I would like to specially thank my Principal

for providing all kind of assistance in
completing the project.

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PRACTICAL-1
MOTOR FITNESS TEST
Motor fitness refers to the capability of an athlete to take part

effectively in his/her particular sport. It can also be said that
motor fitness is a person’s ability to do physical activities. There
are following items/tests to know the motor fitness of an
athlete:
• 50 m Standing Start or 50 m Dash
Purpose: To determine speed.
Equipment required: Measuring tape or marked track, 2 stop

watches.
Procedure: The test involves running a single maximum sprint

over 50 meters, with time recorded. A thorough warm up should
be given, including some practice starts and accelerations. Start
from a stationary standing positions (hands cannot touch the
ground), with one foot in front of the other. The front foot must
be behind the starting line. Once the subject is ready and
motionless, the starter gives the instructions “set” then “go”. The
tester should provide hints for maximizing speed(such as
keeping low, driving hard with the arms and legs) and the
participant should be encouraged not to slow down before
crossing the finish line.

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• 600 m Run/Walk Test
Purpose: To measure endurance. Equipment required: 600 m

track and stop watches.
Procedure: The subject takes the position of standing right

behind the starting line. At the signal of ready and go the subject
starts running. During the course of running he/she may walk
also. Many students can run at a same time, time is recorded in
minutes and seconds. There are several tests which involve in
running for a set time (e.g. 9, 10, 12 minutes) or a set distance (1
mile, 1.5 mile, 1200m), and the distance covered or time
required being recorded. The time required for these tests
normally range 8 to 15 minutes, depending on the population
being tested.

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Sit and Reach Test
The sit-and-reach test was first propounded by Wells and Dillon

in 1952. This test is widely used as a normal test to assess
flexibility.
Purpose: The sit-and-reach test is a significant test to measure

the flexibility of hip region including the lower back and
hamstring muscles. Generally, it is noted that owing to the lack
of flexibility in this region, there is a greater risk of injury. It is
also entangled with lumber Lordosis and lower back pain.
Equipment Requirement: Sit and reach box or a makeshift

ruler and a box may be used in which the zero mark can be
adjusted for each individual according to their sitting reach
level because there is a variation of lengths of individual’s arms
and legs.
Procedure: First of all, should be removed. Then sit down on

the floor with legs stretched out straight ahead. The soles of the
feet should be kept flat against the box. Both the knees should
be locked and pressed flat to the floor. An assistant may hold
the knees down. Palm should be facing downwards. Hand
should be on top of each other or side by side. The individual,
whose flexibility is to be measured tries to extend his/her both
hands forward along the measuring line on the box as far as
he/she can extend.

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Scoring: The score is recorded to the nearest centimeter or half

inches based on the distance reached by the fingertips of both
hands.

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Partial curl up Test
Purpose To test the strength and endurance of abdominal

muscles.
Equipment required: A flat clean and cushioned surfaced,

recording sheet and pen.
Procedure: The starting position is lying on the back with the

knees flexed and feet 12 inches from the buttocks. The feet
cannot be held or rest against an object. The arms are extended
and are rested on the thighs. The head is in a neutral position.
The subject curls up with a slow controlled movement, until the
student’s shoulders come off the mat two inches, then back
down again. One complete curl-up is completed every three
seconds (1.5 seconds up and 1.5 seconds down, with no
hesitation), and are continued until exhaustion (e.g. the subject
cannot maintain the rhythm). There is no pause in the up or
down position, the curl-ups should be continuous with the
abdominal muscles engaged throughout.

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Scoring: Record the total number of curl ups. The completion of

one complete curl up counts as one. Only correctly performed
curl ups should be counted- the sit up is not counted if the
shoulders are not raised up two inches; the head touches the
mat; the heels come off the mat and or the students is off
cadence.

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• Push Ups Test (Boys)
Purpose: To test or measure the upper body strength and

endurance.
Equipment required: A floor mat and a paper to record basic

information such as age, gender and total number of push-ups
performed. Metronome (or audio tape, clapping, drums), and a
stopwatch.
Procedure: A standard push-up begins with the hands and toes

touching the floor, the body and legs in a straight line, feet
slightly apart, the arms at shoulder-width apart, extended and at
a right angle to the body. Keeping the back and knees straight,
the subject lowers the body to a predetermined point, to touch
the ground or some other object, or until there is a 90-degree
angle at the elbows, then returns back to the starting position
with the arms extended. This action is repeated without rest,
and the test continues until exhaustion, or until they can do
more in rhythm or have reached the target number of push-ups.
Scoring: Record the number of correctly completed push-ups.
Scoring: Record the number of correctly completed push-ups.

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• Modified Push Ups Test (Girls)
Purpose: To measure the upper body strength and endurance.
Equipment required: stopwatch, gym mat (optional) and paper

to record the basic information like age, gender and push-ups
performed.
Procedure: The subject is asked to take starting positions, for

modified push-ups hands and knees should touch the mat/floor.
Both hands should be shoulder width apart and elbows fully
extended. The body from the knees, to the hips and to the
shoulders should be in a straight line. While keeping this
position, the subject should lower her upper body, so that
elbows may bend to 90 degrees. Then the subject returns back
to the starting position. Scoring: Count the total number of
modified push-ups for record.

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Standing Broad Jump Test
Purpose: To measure the explosive power of the legs.
Equipment required: Tape measure to measure distance

jumped, non-slip floor for takeoff, and soft landing area
preferred. Commercial Long Jump Landing Mat are also
available.
Procedure: The athlete stands behind a line marked on the

ground with feet slightly apart. A two foot take-off and landing is
used, with swinging of the arms and bending of the knees to
provide forward drive. The subject attempts to jump as far as
possible, landing on both feet without falling backwards. Three
attempts are allowed. Scoring: The measurement is taken from
take-off line to the nearest point of contact on the landing (back
of the heels). Record the longest distamce jumped, the best of
three attempts.

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4x10m Shuttle Run Test
Purpose: To measure agility
Equipment required: Two wooden blocks, measuring tape,

stopwatch and a flat, non-slippery surface with two lines 10m
apart.
Procedure: Mark two parallel lines 3meters in length, 10

meters apart using marking tape or cones, considering one line
as starting line. On the signal ‘go’ the subject runs to the wooden
blocks, lifts one block, returns to the starting line and places the
block behind the line. Then the subject returns to the second
block, lifts it and then runs across the starting line on the way
back. Scoring: Record the best time to complete the test in
seconds.

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PRACTICAL-2
YOGA: ASANAS FOR EACH LIFESTYLE DISEASE
1. Obesity
Obesity is that condition of the body in which the amount of fat

increases to extreme level.
Two asanas for prevention and control of obesity are:
• Urdhva Hastasana
Procedure:
i. Stand with your arms at your sides.

ii. Gently raise them to the ceiling making sure that your
arms are parallel to each other.

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iii. Bring your palms together over your head but make sure
your shoulders are not hunched. If your palms are apart,
then they must face each other.
iv. Your arms must be straight at all times such that they are
activated all throughout, till your fingertips. Move your
gaze upwards.
v. Your shoulder should be away from your ears, and your
shoulder blades must be pressed firmly on your back.
vi. Your thighs should be engaged in such a way that they
pull the kneecaps up.
Straighten your legs but do not lock your knees.
Benefits:
i. It gives the belly a good stretch.

ii. It improves digestion.
iii. It gives the armpits and shoulders a good stretch.
iv. It relieves stress and anxiety.
v. It enhances body posture.
vi. It increases the capacity of the lungs.
vii. In improves blood circulation in the body. viii. It eases

sciatica. ix. It
helps in tightening the abdomen.
Contraindications:

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In case of shoulder or neck injuries or experiencing dizziness

while staring upwards, this asana should be avoided.

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Trikonasana
Procedure:
i. Stand with your legs apart.

ii. Raise the arms sideways up to the shoulder
level. iii. Bend the trunk sideways and raise the
right hand upward.
iv. Touch the ground with left hand behind the left foot
v. After some time, do the same asana with opposite
arm in the same way.
Benefits:
i. It strengthens the legs, knees, arms and chest.

ii. It helps in improving digestion and stimulates all
the abdominal organs.
iii. It increases mental and physical equilibrium. iv.
It reduces stress, anxiety, back pain and sciatica.
v. It helps in increasing height.

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vi. It helps in reducing the excess body weight. vii.

It enhances blood circulation. viii. It also
helps in reducing excess fat around the waistline.
Contraindications:
i. If you are suffering from diarrhea, low or high blood

pressure. Back injury or migraine, avoid doing
trikonasana.
ii. The individual having cervical spondylosis should not
perform this asana.
2. Diabetes
Diabetes is such a disorder that it causes sugar to build up in

our blood stream instead of being used by the cells in the body.
Two asanas for prevention and control of diabetes are:
• Pawanmuktasana

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Procedure:
i. Lie down on your back on a plain surface.

ii. Keep your feet together and place your arms beside your
body.
iii. Take a deep breath. When you exhale bring your knees
towards your chest. At the same time press your thighs on
your abdomen.
iv. Clasp your hands around your legs.
v. Hold the asana when you breathe normally.
vi. Every time you inhale, ensure that you loosen the grip.
v. Exhale and release the pose after you rock and roll from
side to side for about 3 times.
Benefits:
i. It eases the tension in lower back.

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ii. It enhances the blood circulation in pelvic area. iii.

It helps in reducing the fats of thighs, buttocks and
abdominal area.
iv. It strengthens the abdominal muscles. It also massages the
intestines and organs of the digestive system which helps in
releasing the gas and thus improves digestion.
v. It relieves constipation.
Contraindications:
i. If you are suffering from heart problems, hyper acidity,

high blood pressure, slipped disc and hernia you should
avoid this asana.
ii. Pregnant women should avoid doing this asana.
iii. If you have had an abdominal surgery recently you should
avoid performing this asana.
iv. Individual suffering from piles should avoid this asana.

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• Ardhamatseyendrasana
Procedure:
i. The left heel is kept under right thigh and right leg is
crossed over the left thigh.
ii. Then hold the right toe with left hand and turn your
head and back to the right side.
iii. In this position move the trunk sideways. Then, repeat

this asana in the same position.
Benefits:
i. It keeps the gall bladder and the prostate

gland healthy.
ii. It enhances the stretchability of back
muscles.
iii. It alleviates digestive ailments.

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iv. It regulates the secretion of adrenaline and bile and thus

is recommended in yogic management of diabetes.
v. It is also helpful in treating sinusitis, bronchitis,
constipation, menstrual disorders, urinary tract disorders
and cervical spondylitis.
Contraindications:
i. Women who are two or three months pregnant should

avoid this asana.
ii. The individuals who suffer from peptic ulcer, hernia or
hypothyroidism should perform this asana only under
expert guidance.
iii. The individuals who have the problem of sciatica or
slipped disc may benefit from this asana but they need to
take great care while doing this asana.
3. Asthma
Asthma is a disease of lungs in which the airways become

blocked or narrowed causing difficulty in breathing. The
airways also swells up and produce extra mucus. It usually

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triggers coughing, wheezing or whistling or shortness of breath.

The coughing usually occurs at night or early in the morning.
Two asanas for prevention and control of asthma are:
• Parvatasana
Procedure:
i. Sit in padmasana or lotus pose. Stretch your arms

sideways and bring them over your head slowly.
ii. Let your palms touch each other.
iii. Then stretch your hands well without bending your
elbows.
iv. Keep your spine erect.
Benefits:
i. It helps in enhancing height.

ii. It reduces the extra at in the back and waist.
iii. It tones the abdominal muscles and thus stimulates the
organs of abdominal region.

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iv. It is extremely beneficial in case of asthma.

v. It helps in reducing back pain.
vi. It improves the function of spinal cord.
vii. It gives relief from tension in shoulder and back.
Contraindication:
i. Avoid this asana in case of back or hip

injury. ii. One should not perform this
asana in case of shoulder injury.

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• Matsyasana
Procedure:
i. Sit in padmasana. Lie down in supine position and make

an arch behind.
ii. Hold your toes with the fingers of your hands
iii. Stay for sometime in this position.
Benefits:
i. It is helpful in curing back pain, knee pain and

tonsillitis.
ii. It also cures the defects of eyes. iii. Skin disease
can be cured if we practice this asana regularly.
iv. This asana is helpful for the treatment of diabetes.
v. It helps in relieving tension in the neck and shoulders.
vi. It provides relief from respiratory disorders by
encouraging deep breathing.

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vii. It improves posture. viii. It is the best asana to get

relief from asthma.
Contraindications:
i. Avoid doing this asana if you have high or low blood

pressure.
ii. People suffering from migraine and insomnia should also
refrain from performing this asana.
iii. The individuals who have neck injury or lower back
problems should not perform this asana.
4. Hypertension
Hypertension is also known as high or raised blood pressure. It

is a condition in which the blood pressure against the walls of
the arteries is abnormally high as it is pumped by the heart. It
increases the risk of heart diseases.
Two asanas for prevention and control of hypertension are:
• Shavasana

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Procedure:
i. Lie down in supine position.

ii. Legs should be straight. Keep arms away from the body
and leave all the limbs loose as well as relaxed.
iii. Breathe in deeply. Close your eyes and think that your
whole body is becoming loose. iv. Feel a complete
relaxation in your body. Remain in this position for 10 to
12 minutes.
Benefits:
i. It strengthens the nervous

systems.
ii. It controls high blood pressure.
iii. It relieves mental tension.
iv. It gives new vigour to both mind
and body simultaneously.

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v. It regulates blood circulation and gives

relief in various aches and pains.
vi. It cures many psychosomatic problems.
vii. It helps to cure many cardiac problems.
viii. It relaxes and clams the complete body.
ix. It improves concentration and memory.
x. It increases energy levels.
xi. The body relaxes and goes into a deep meditative state,
which in turn repairs the cells and tissues and releases
stress.

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• Ardha chakrasana
Procedure:
i. Stand straight with both feet together.

ii. Hold your hips with your hands and bend backwards
without bending your knees with slow inhalation.
iii. Remain in this pose for some time and repeat it 2 or 3
times.
Benefits:
i. It helps to make ankles, thigh,

shoulder, chest, spine and abdomen
stronger.
ii. It relieves stress and tension.
iii. It improves digestion.
iv. It cures menstrual disorders

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v. It cures pain in legs.

vi. It reduces fat in the waist and thigh.
vii. It helps to alleviate upper back pain.
viii. It relieves stress in the neck and

shoulders.
Contraindications:
i. Avoid performing this asana if you have migraine,

headache, low blood pressure, diarrhea and
insomnia.
ii. Avoid doing this asana if you have peptic ulcer
and hernia.
iii. Avoid this asana in case of hip or spinal problems.
iv. Pregnant women should avoid doing this asana.

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Basketball
Michael Jordan goes for a slam dunk at the Old Boston
Garden
Highest governing body
FIBA
First played
1891, Springfield,Massachus
etts, U.S.
Characteristics
Contact
Team members
10-20 (5 on court)
Mixed gender
Single
Categorization
Indoor (mainly) or Outdoor (Streetball)
Equipment
Basketball
Olympic

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Basketball is a team sport, the objective being to shoot a ball through a

basket horizontally positioned to score points while following a set of rules.
Usually, two teams of five players play on a marked rectangular court with
a basket at each width end. Basketball is one of the world's most popular
and widely viewed sports.
A regulation basketball hoop consists of a rim 18 inches (46 cm) in
diameter and 10 feet (3.0 m) high mounted to a backboard. A team can
score a field goal by shooting the ball through the basket during regular
play. A field goal scores two points for the shooting team if a player is
touching or closer to the basket than the three-point line, and three points
(known commonly as a 3 pointer or three) if the player is behind the three-
point line. The team with the most points at the end of the game wins, but
additional time (overtime) may be issued when the game ends with a draw.
The ball can be advanced on the court by bouncing it while walking or
running (dribbling) or throwing (passing) it to a team mate. It is a violation
to move without dribbling the ball (travelling), to carry it, or to hold the
ball with both hands then resume dribbling (double dribble).
Numerous violations are called "fouls." Disruptive physical contact
(a personal foul) is penalized, and a free throw is usually awarded to an
offensive player if he is fouled while shooting the ball. A technical foul may
also be issued when certain infractions occur, most commonly
for unsportsmanlike conduct on the part of a player or coach. A technical
foul gives the opposing team a free throw, and the opposing team is also
retained possession of the ball.
Basketball has evolved many commonly used techniques of shooting,
passing, dribbling, and rebounding, as well as specialized player
positions and offensive and defensive structures (player positioning) and
techniques. Typically, the tallest members of a team will play "center",
"power forward" or "small forward" positions, while shorter players or
those who possess the best ball handling skills and speed play "point
guard" or "shooting guard".
While competitive basketball is carefully regulated, numerous variations of
basketball have developed for casual play. Competitive basketball is

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primarily an indoor sport played on a carefully marked and

maintained basketball court, but less regulated variations are often played
outdoors in both inner city and remote areas.

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Contents
• 1 History
o 1.1 Creation
o 1.2 College basketball
o 1.3 High school basketball
o 1.4 Professional basketball
o 1.5 International basketball
o 1.6 Women's basketball
• 2 Rules and regulations
o 2.1 Playing regulations
o 2.2 Equipment
o 2.3 Violations
o 2.4 Fouls

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• 3 Common techniques and practices
o 3.1 Positions
o 3.2 Strategy
o 3.3 Shooting
o 3.4 Rebounding
o 3.5 Passing
o 3.6 Dribbling
o 3.7 Blocking
• 4 Height
• 5 Variations and similar games
• 6 Social forms of basketball
• 7 Fantasy basketball

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History
Creation
In early December 1891, Canadian American Dr. James Naismith, a physical
education professor and instructor at the International Young Men's
Christian Association Training School (YMCA) (today, Springfield College)
in Springfield, Massachusetts, USA), was trying to keep his gym class active
on a rainy day. He sought a vigorous indoor game to keep his students
occupied and at proper levels of fitness during the long New
England winters. After rejecting other ideas as either too rough or poorly
suited to walled-in gymnasiums, he wrote the basic rules and nailed
a peach basket onto a 10-foot (3.05 m) elevated track. In contrast with
modern basketball nets, this peach basket retained its bottom, and balls
had to be retrieved manually after each "basket" or point scored; this
proved inefficient, however, so the bottom of the basket was
removed,[4] allowing the balls to be
poked out with a long dowel each time.
Basketball was originally played with
a soccer ball. The first balls made
specifically for basketball were brown,
and it was only in the late 1950s
that Tony Hinkle, searching for a ball
that would be more visible to players
and spectators alike, introduced the
orange ball that is now in common use.
Dribbling was not part of the original
game except for the "bounce pass" to
teammates. Passing the ball was the
primary means of ball movement. Dribbling was eventually introduced but
limited by the asymmetric shape of early balls. Dribbling only became a
major part of the game around the 1950s, as manufacturing improved the
ball shape.
The peach baskets were used until 1906 when they were finally replaced
by metal hoops with backboards. A further change was soon made, so the

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ball merely passed through. Whenever a person got the ball in the basket,
his team would gain a point. Whichever team got the most points won the
game.[5] The baskets were originally nailed to the mezzanine balcony of the
playing court, but this proved impractical when spectators on the balcony
began to interfere with shots. The backboard was introduced to prevent
this interference; it had the additional effect of allowing rebound
shots.[6] Naismith's handwritten diaries, discovered by his granddaughter
in early 2006, indicate that he was nervous about the new game he had
invented, which incorporated rules from a children's game called "Duck on
a Rock", as many had failed before it. Naismith called the new game "Basket
Ball".[7] The first official game was played in the YMCA gymnasium in
Albany, New York on January 20, 1892 with nine players. The game ended
at 1–0; the shot was made from 25 feet (7.6 m), on a court just half the size
of a present-day Streetball or National Basketball Association(NBA) court.
By 1897–1898 teams of five became standard.

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College basketball
The 1899 University of Kansas basketball team, with James Naismith at the back,
right.
Basketball's early adherents were

dispatched to YMCAs throughout
the United States, and it quickly
spread through the USA and Canada.
By 1895, it was well established at
several women's high schools. While
the YMCA was responsible for
initially developing and spreading
the game, within a decade it discouraged the new sport, as rough play and
rowdy crowds began to detract from the YMCA's primary mission.
However, other amateur sports clubs, colleges, and professional clubs
quickly filled the void. In the years before World War I, the Amateur
Athletic Union and the Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United
States (forerunner of the NCAA) vied for control over the rules for the
game. The first pro league, the National Basketball League, was formed in
1898 to protect players from exploitation and to promote a less rough
game. This league only lasted five years.
Dr. James Naismith was instrumental in establishing college basketball. His
colleague C.O. Beamis fielded the first college basketball team just a year
after the Springfield YMCA game at the suburban Pittsburgh Geneva
College.[8] Naismith himself later coached at the University of Kansas for six
years, before handing the reins to renowned coach Forrest "Phog" Allen.
Naismith's disciple Amos Alonzo Stagg brought basketball to the University
of Chicago, while Adolph Rupp, a student of Naismith's at Kansas, enjoyed
great success as coach at the University of Kentucky. On February 9, 1895,
the first intercollegiate 5-on-5 game was played atHamline
University between Hamline and the School of Agriculture, which was
affiliated with the University of Minnesota.[9][10] The School of Agriculture
won in a 9–3 game.
In 1901, colleges, including the University of Chicago, Columbia
University, Dartmouth College, the University of Minnesota, the U.S. Naval

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Academy, the University of Colorado and Yale University began sponsoring

men's games. In 1905, frequent injuries on the football field
prompted President Theodore Roosevelt to suggest that colleges form a
governing body, resulting in the creation of the Intercollegiate Athletic
Association of the United States (IAAUS). In 1910, that body would change
its name to the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The first
Canadian interuniversity basketball game was played at
the YMCA in Kingston, Ontario on February 6, 1904, when McGill
University visited Queen's University. McGill won 9–7 in overtime; the
score was 7–7 at the end of regulation play, and a ten-minute overtime
period settled the outcome. A good turnout of spectators watched the
game.[11]
The first men's national championship tournament, the National
Association of Intercollegiate Basketball tournament, which still exists as
the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA)tournament,
was organized in 1937. The first national championship for NCAA teams,
the National Invitation Tournament (NIT) in New York, was organized in
1938; the NCAA national tournament would begin one year later. College
basketball was rocked by gambling scandals from 1948 to 1951, when
dozens of players from top teams were implicated in match fixing and point
shaving. Partially spurred by an association with cheating, the NIT lost
support to the NCAA tournament.
High school basketball

Before widespread school district consolidation, most American high
schools were far smaller than their present-day counterparts. During the
first decades of the 20th century, basketball quickly became the ideal
interscholastic sport due to its modest equipment and personnel
requirements. In the days before widespread television coverage of
professional and college sports, the popularity of high school basketball
was unrivaled in many parts of America. Perhaps the most legendary of
high school teams was Indiana's Franklin Wonder Five, which took the
nation by storm during the 1920s, dominating Indiana basketball and
earning national recognition.

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Today virtually every high school in the United States fields a basketball
team in varsity competition. Basketball's popularity remains high, both in
rural areas where they carry the identification of the entire community, as
well as at some larger schools known for their basketball teams where
many players go on to participate at higher levels of competition after
graduation. In the 2003–04 season, 1,002,797 boys and girls represented
their schools in interscholastic basketball competition, according to
the National Federation of State High School Associations. The states
of Illinois, Indiana and Kentucky are particularly well known for their
residents' devotion to high school basketball, commonly called Hoosier
Hysteria in Indiana; the critically acclaimed film Hoosiers shows high school
basketball's depth of meaning to these communities.
There is currently no national tournament to determine a national high
school champion. The most serious effort was the National Interscholastic
Basketball Tournament at the University of Chicago from 1917 to 1930.
The event was organized by Amos Alonzo Stagg and sent invitations to
state champion teams. The tournament started out as a mostly Midwest
affair but grew. In 1929 it had 29 state champions. Faced with opposition
from the National Federation of State High School Associations and North
Central Association of Colleges and Schools that bore a threat of the schools
losing their accreditation the last tournament was in 1930. The
organizations said they were concerned that the tournament was being
used to recruit professional players from the prep ranks.[13] The
tournament did not invite minority schools or private/parochial schools.
The National Catholic Interscholastic Basketball Tournament ran from
1924 to 1941 at Loyola University.[14] The National Catholic Invitational
Basketball Tournament from 1954 to 1978 played at a series of venues,
including Catholic University, Georgetown and George Mason.[15] The
National Interscholastic Basketball Tournament for Black High Schools was
held from 1929 to 1942 at Hampton Institute.[16] The National Invitational
Interscholastic Basketball Tournament was held from 1941 to 1967
starting out at Tuskegee Institute. Following a pause during World War II it
resumed at Tennessee State College in Nashville. The basis for the
champion dwindled after 1954 when Brown v. Board of Education began an

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integration of schools. The last tournaments were held at Alabama State

College from 1964 to 1967.
Professional basketball
Teams abounded throughout the 1920s. There were hundreds of
men's professional basketball teams in towns and cities all over the United
States, and little organization of the professional game. Players jumped
from team to team and teams played in armories and smoky dance halls.
Leagues came and went.Barnstorming squads such as the Original
Celtics and two all-African American teams, the New York Renaissance
Five ("Rens") and the (still existing) Harlem Globetrotters played up to two
hundred games a year on their national
tours.
In 1946, the Basketball Association of
America (BAA) was formed. The first
game was played in Toronto, Ontario,
Canada between the Toronto
Huskies and New York
Knickerbockers on November 1, 1946.
Three seasons later, in 1949, the BAA
merged with the National Basketball
League to form the National Basketball
Association (NBA). By the 1950s,
basketball had become a major college
sport, thus paving the way for a growth
of interest in professional basketball. In
1959, abasketball hall of fame was founded in Springfield, Massachusetts,
site of the first game. Its rosters include the names of great players,
coaches, referees and people who have contributed significantly to the
development of the game. The hall of fame has people who have
accomplished many goals in their career in basketball. An upstart
organization, the American Basketball Association, emerged in 1967 and
briefly threatened the NBA's dominance until the ABA-NBA mergerin 1976.
Today the NBA is the top professional basketball league in the world in
terms of popularity, salaries, talent, and level of competition.

42
The NBA has featured many famous players, including George Mikan, the
first dominating "big man"; ball-handling wizard Bob Cousy and defensive
genius Bill Russell of the Boston Celtics; Wilt Chamberlain, who originally
played for the barnstorming Harlem Globetrotters; all-around stars Oscar
Robertson and Jerry West; more recent big men Kareem Abdul-
Jabbar, Shaquille O'Neal and Karl Malone; playmaker John Stockton; crowd-
pleasing forward Julius Erving; European stars Dirk Nowitzki and Dražen
Petrović and the three players who many credit with ushering the
professional game to its highest level of popularity: Larry Bird, Earvin
"Magic" Johnson, and Michael Jordan. In 2001, the NBA formed a
developmental league, the NBDL. As of 2012, the league has 16 teams.
International basketball
XX. Olympic games Munich 1972 Krešimir
Ćosić of Yugoslavia (blue shirt) vs. Petr
Novicky of Czechoslovakia
The International Basketball Federation was

formed in 1932 by eight founding nations:
Argentina, Czechoslovakia, Greece, Italy,
Latvia, Portugal, Romania and Switzerland.
At this time, the organization only oversaw
amateur players. Its acronym, derived from
the French Fédération Internationale de
Basketball Amateur, was thus "FIBA". Men's
Basketball was first included at the Berlin 1936 Summer Olympics,
although a demonstration tournament was held in 1904. The United States
defeated Canada in the first final, played outdoors. This competition has
usually been dominated by the United States, whose team has won all but
three titles, the first loss in a controversial final game
in Munich in 1972 against the Soviet Union. In 1950 the first FIBA World
Championship for men was held in Argentina. Three years later, the
firstFIBA World Championship for Women was held in Chile. Women's
basketball was added to the Olympics in 1976, which were held
in Montreal, Canada with teams such as the Soviet
Union, Brazil and Australia rivaling the American squads.

43
FIBA dropped the distinction between amateur and professional players in

1989, and in 1992, professional players played for the first time in the
Olympic Games. The United States' dominance continued with the
introduction of their Dream Team. However, with developing programs
elsewhere, other national teams started to beat the United States. A team
made entirely of NBA players finished sixth in the 2002 World
Championships in Indianapolis,
behind Yugoslavia, Argentina, Germany, New Zealand andSpain. In
the 2004 Athens Olympics, the United States suffered its first Olympic loss
while using professional players, falling to Puerto Rico (in a 19-point loss)
and Lithuaniain group games, and being eliminated in the semifinals
by Argentina. It eventually won the bronze medal defeating Lithuania,
finishing behind Argentina and Italy. In 2006, in the World Championship
of Japan, the United States advanced to the semifinals but were defeated
by Greece by 101–95. In the bronze medal game it beat team Argentinaand
finished 3rd behind Greece and Spain. After the disappointments of 2002
through 2006, the U.S. regrouped, reestablishing themselves as the
dominant international team behind the "Redeem Team", which won gold
at the 2008 Olympics, and the so-called "B-Team", which won gold at
the 2010 FIBA World Championship in Turkey despite featuring no players
from the 2008 squad.
The all-tournament teams at the 2002 and 2006 FIBA World
Championships, respectively held in Indianapolis and Japan, demonstrate
the globalization of the game equally dramatically. Only one member of
either team was American, namely Carmelo Anthony in 2006. The 2002
team featured Nowitzki, Ginobili, Yao, Peja Stojakovic of Yugoslavia (now
of Serbia), and Pero Cameron of New Zealand. Ginobili also made the 2006
team; the other members were Anthony, Gasol, his Spanish teammate Jorge
Garbajosa and Theodoros Papaloukas of Greece. The only players on either
team to never have joined the NBA are Cameron and Papaloukas. The all-
tournament team from the 2010 edition in Turkey featured four NBA
players—MVP Kevin Durant of Team USA and theOklahoma City
Thunder, Linas Kleiza of Lithuania and the Toronto Raptors, Luis Scola of
Argentina and the Houston Rockets, and Hedo Türkoğlu of Turkey and
the Phoenix Suns. The only non-NBA player was Serbia's Miloš Teodosić.
The strength of international Basketball is evident in the fact that Team

44
USA won none of the three world championships held between 1998 and
2006, with Serbia (then known as Yugoslavia) winning in 1998 and 2002
and Spain in 2006.
Worldwide, basketball tournaments are held for boys and girls of all age
levels. The global popularity of the sport is reflected in the nationalities
represented in the NBA. Players from all six inhabited continents currently
play in the NBA. Top international players began coming into the NBA in
the mid 1990s, including Croatians Dražen Petrović and Toni Kukoč,
Serbian Vlade Divac, Lithuanians Arvydas Sabonis andŠarūnas
Marčiulionis and German Detlef Schrempf.
In the Philippines, the Philippine Basketball Association's first game was
played on April 9, 1975 at the Araneta Coliseum in Cubao, Quezon City.
Philippines. It was founded as a "rebellion" of several teams from the now-
defunct Manila Industrial and Commercial Athletic Association which was
tightly controlled by the Basketball Association of the Philippines (now
defunct), the then-FIBA recognized national association. Nine teams from
the MICAA participated in the league's first season that opened on April 9,
1975. The NBL is Australia's pre-eminent men's professional basketball
league. The league commenced in 1979, playing a winter season (April–
September) and did so until the completion of the 20th season in 1998.
The 1998/99 season, which commenced only months later, was the first
season after the shift to the current summer season format (October–
April). This shift was an attempt to avoid competing directly
against Australia's various football codes. It features 8 teams from around
Australia and one in New Zealand. A few players including Luc
Longley, Andrew Gaze, Shane Heal, Chris Anstey and Andrew Bogut made it
big internationally, becoming poster figures for the sport in Australia.
TheWomen's National Basketball League began in 1981.
Women's basketball
In 1891, the University of California and Miss Head's School played the first
women's interinstitutional game. Women's basketball began in 1892
at Smith College when Senda Berenson, a physical education teacher,
modified Naismith's rules for women. Shortly after she was hired at Smith,
she went to Naismith to learn more about the game.[18] Fascinated by the

45
new sport and the values it could teach, she organized the first women’s
collegiate basketball game on March 21, 1893, when her Smith freshmen
and sophomores played against one another.[19] Her rules were first
published in 1899 and two years later Berenson became the editor of A.G.
Spalding’s first Women's Basketball Guide.[19] Berenson's freshmen played
the sophomore class in the first women's intercollegiate basketball game
at Smith College, March 21, 1893.[20] The same year, Mount
Holyoke and Sophie Newcomb College (coached by Clara Gregory Baer)
women began playing basketball. By 1895, the game had spread to colleges
across the country, including Wellesley, Vassar, and Bryn Mawr. The first
intercollegiate women's game was on April 4, 1896. Stanford women
played Berkeley, 9-on-9, ending in a 2–1 Stanford victory.
Women's basketball development was more structured than that for men
in the early years. In 1905, the Executive Committee on Basket Ball Rules
(National Women's Basketball Committee) was created by the American
Physical Education Association.[21] These rules called for six to nine players
per team and 11 officials. The International Women's Sports
Federation (1924) included a women's basketball competition. 37 women's
high school varsity basketball or state tournaments were held by 1925. And
in 1926, the Amateur Athletic Union backed the first national women's
basketball championship, complete with men's rules.[21] The Edmonton
Grads, a touring Canadian women's team based in Edmonton, Alberta,
operated between 1915 and 1940. The Grads toured all over North
America, and were exceptionally successful. They posted a record of 522
wins and only 20 losses over that span, as they met any team which wanted
to challenge them, funding their tours from gate receipts. [22] The Grads also
shone on several exhibition trips to Europe, and won four consecutive
exhibition Olympics tournaments, in 1924, 1928, 1932, and 1936; however,
women's basketball was not an official Olympic sport until 1976. The
Grads' players were unpaid, and had to remain single. The Grads' style
focused on team play, without overly emphasizing skills of individual
players. The first women's AAU All-America team was chosen in
1929.[21] Women's industrial leagues sprang up throughout the United
States, producing famous athletes, including Babe Didrikson of the Golden
Cyclones, and the All American Red Heads Team, which competed against
men's teams, using men's rules. By 1938, the women's national

46
championship changed from a three-court game to two-court game with six

players per team.[21]
The NBA-backed Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) began
in 1997. Though it had shaky attendance figures, several marquee players
(Lisa Leslie, Diana Taurasi, and Candace Parker among others) have helped
the league's popularity and level of competition. Other professional
women's basketball leagues in the United States, such as the American
Basketball League (1996-1998), have folded in part because of the
popularity of the WNBA. The WNBA has been looked at by many as a niche
league. However, the league has recently taken steps forward. In June 2007,
the WNBA signed a contract extension with ESPN. The new television deal
runs from 2009 to 2016. Along with this deal, came the first ever rights fees
to be paid to a women's professional sports league. Over the eight years of
the contract, "millions and millions of dollars" will be "dispersed to the
league's teams." The WNBA gets more viewers on national television
broadcasts (413,000) than both Major League Soccer (253,000)[23] and
the NHL (310,732).[24] In a March 12, 2009
article, NBA commissioner David Stern said that in the bad economy, "the
NBA is far less profitable than the WNBA. We're losing a lot of money
amongst a large number of teams. We're budgeting the WNBA to break
even this year."

47
Rules and regulations

Measurements and time limits discussed in this section often vary among
tournaments and organizations; international and NBA rules are used in
this section.
The object of the game is to outscore one's opponents by throwing the ball
through the opponents' basket from above while preventing the opponents
from doing so on their own. An attempt to score in this way is called a shot.
A successful shot is worth two points, or three points if it is taken from
beyond the three-point arc which is 6.25 metres (20 ft 6 in) from the basket
in international games and 23 feet 9 inches (7.24 m) in NBA games. A one-
point shot can be earned when shooting from the foul line after a foul is
made.
Playing regulations
Games are played in four quarters of 10 (FIBA)[26] or 12 minutes
(NBA).[27] College games use two 20-minute halves,[28] while United States
high school varsity games use 8 minute quarters.[29] 15 minutes are
allowed for a half-time break under FIBA, NBA, and NCAA
rules[28][30][31] and 10 minutes in United States high
schools. Overtime periods are five minutes in length
[29] [28][32][33] except for
high school which is four minutes in
length.[29] Teams exchange baskets for the
second half. The time allowed is actual
playing time; the clock is stopped while the
play is not active. Therefore, games
generally take much longer to complete
than the allotted game time, typically about
two hours.
Five players from each team may be on the
court at one
time. [34][35][36][37] Substitutions are unlimited
but can only be done when play is stopped.
Teams also have a coach, who oversees the
development and strategies of the team, and

48
other team personnel such as assistant

coaches, managers, statisticians, doctors
and trainers.
For both men's and women's teams, a
standard uniform consists of a pair of
shorts and a jersey with a clearly visible
number, unique within the team, printed
on both the front and back. Players
wear high-top sneakers that provide extra ankle support. Typically, team
names, players' names and, outside of North America, sponsors are printed
on the uniforms.
A limited number of time-outs, clock stoppages requested by a coach (or
sometimes mandated in the NBA) for a short meeting with the players, are
allowed. They generally last no longer than one minute (100 seconds in the
NBA) unless, for televised games, a commercial break is needed.
The game is controlled by the officials consisting of the referee (referred to
as crew chief in the NBA), one or two umpires (referred to as referees in
the NBA) and the table officials. For college, the NBA, and many high
schools, there are a total of three referees on the court. The table officials
are responsible for keeping track of each teams scoring, timekeeping,
individual and team fouls, player substitutions, teampossession arrow, and
the shot clock.
Equipment
The only essential equipment in a basketball game is the ball and the court:
a flat, rectangular surface with baskets at opposite ends. Competitive levels
require the use of more equipment such as clocks, score sheets,
scoreboard(s), alternating possession arrows,
and whistle-operated stop-clock systems.
An outdoor basketball net.

A regulation basketball court in international
games is 91.9 feet long and 49.2 feet wide. In
the NBA and NCAA the court is 94 feet by 50 feet.

49
Most courts have wood flooring, usually constructed from maple planks
running in the same direction as the longer court dimension.[38] The name
and logo of the home team is usually painted on or around the center circle.
The basket is a steel rim 18 inches diameter with an attached net affixed to
a backboard that measures 6 feet by 3.5 feet and one basket is at each end
of the court. The white outlined box on the backboard is 18 inches high and
2 feet wide. At almost all levels of competition, the top of the rim is exactly
10 feet above the court and 4 feet inside the baseline. While variation is
possible in the dimensions of the court and backboard, it is considered
important for the basket to be of the correct height – a rim that is off by just
a few inches can have an adverse effect on shooting.
The size of the basketball is also regulated. For men, the official ball is
29.5 inches in circumference (size 7, or a "295 ball") and weighs 22 oz. If
women are playing, the official basketball size is 28.5 inches in
circumference (size 6, or a "285 ball") with a weight of 20 oz.
Violations
The ball may be advanced toward the basket by being shot, passed between
players, thrown, tapped, rolled or dribbled (bouncing the ball while
running).
The ball must stay within the court; the last team to touch the ball before it
travels out of bounds forfeits possession. The ball is out of bounds if it
touches or crosses over a boundary line, or touches a player who is out of
bounds. This is in contrast to other sports such as football, volleyball, and
tennis (but not rugby or American football) where the ball (or player) is
still considered in if any part of it is touching a boundary line.
The ball-handler may not step with both feet without dribbling, an
infraction known as traveling, nor dribble with both hands or hold the ball
and resume dribbling, a violation called double dribbling. Any part of the
player's hand cannot be directly under the ball while dribbling; doing so is
known as carrying the ball. A team, once having established ball control in
the front half of their court, may not return the ball to the backcourt and be
the first to touch it. The ball may not be kicked, nor be struck with the fist.

50
A violation of these rules results in loss of possession, or, if committed by

the defense, a reset of the shot clock (with some exceptions in the NBA).
There are limits imposed on the time taken before progressing the ball past
halfway (8 seconds in FIBA and the NBA; 10 seconds in NCAA men's play
and high school for both sexes, but no limit in NCAA women's play), before
attempting a shot (24 seconds in FIBA and the NBA, 30 seconds in NCAA
women's and Canadian Interuniversity Sport play for both sexes, and 35
seconds in NCAA men's play), holding the ball while closely guarded (5
seconds), and remaining in the restricted area known as the free-throw
lane, (or the "key") (3 seconds). These rules are designed to promote more
offense.
No player may touch the ball on its downward trajectory to the basket,
unless it is obvious that the ball has no chance of entering the basket
(goaltending). In addition, no player may touch the ball while it is on or in
the basket; when any part of the ball is in the spacious cylinder above the
basket (the area extended upwards from the basket); or when the ball is
outside the cylinder, if the player reaches through the basket and touches
it. This violation is known as "basket interference". If a defensive player
goaltends or commits basket interference, the basket is awarded and the
offending team gets the ball. If a teammate of the player shooting goaltends
or commits interference, the basket is cancelled and play continues with
the defensive team being given possession.
Fouls
An attempt to unfairly disadvantage an
opponent through physical contact is
illegal and is called a foul. These are most
commonly committed by defensive
players; however, they can be committed
by offensive players as well. Players who
are fouled either receive the ball to pass
inbounds again, or receive one or
more free throws if they are fouled in the
act of shooting, depending on whether
the shot was successful. One point is

51
awarded for making a free throw, which is attempted from a line 15 feet
(4.6 m) from the basket.
The referee may use discretion in calling fouls (for example, by considering
whether an unfair advantage was gained), sometimes making fouls
controversial calls or no-calls. The calling of fouls can vary between games,
leagues and even among referees.
A player or coach who shows poor sportsmanship, such as by arguing with
a referee or by fighting with another player, can be charged with a more
serious foul called atechnical foul. The penalty involves free throws (where,
unlike a personal foul, the other team can choose any player to shoot) and
varies among leagues. Repeated incidents can result in disqualification. A
blatant foul involving physical contact that is either excessive or
unnecessary is called an intentional foul (flagrant foul in the NBA). In FIBA,
a foul resulting in ejection is called a disqualifying foul, while in leagues
other than the NBA, such a foul is referred to as flagrant.
If a team exceeds a certain limit of team fouls in a given period (quarter or
half) – four for NBA and international games – the opposing team is
awarded one or two free throws on all subsequent non-shooting fouls for
that period, the number depending on the league. In the US college and
high school games, if a team reaches 7 fouls in a half, the opposing team is
awarded one free throw, along with a second shot if the first is made. This
is called shooting "one-and-one". If a team exceeds 10 fouls in the half, the
opposing team is awarded two free throws on all subsequent fouls for the
half.
When a team shoots foul shots, the opponents may not interfere with the
shooter, nor may they try to regain possession until the last or potentially
last free throw is in the air.
After a team has committed a specified number of fouls, it is said to be "in
the penalty". On scoreboards, this is usually signified with an indicator light
reading "Bonus" or "Penalty" with an illuminated directional arrow
indicating that team is to receive free throws when fouled by the opposing
team. (Some scoreboards also indicate the number of fouls committed.)

52
If a team misses the first shot of a two-shot situation, the opposing team
must wait for the completion of the second shot before attempting to
reclaim possession of the ball and continuing play.
If a player is fouled while attempting a shot and the shot is unsuccessful,
the player is awarded a number of free throws equal to the value of the
attempted shot. A player fouled while attempting a regular two-point shot,
then, receives two shots. A player fouled while attempting a three-point
shot, on the other hand, receives three shots.
If a player is fouled while attempting a shot and the shot is successful,
typically the player will be awarded one additional free throw for one
point. In combination with a regular shot, this is called a "three-point play"
or "four-point play" (or more colloquially, an "and one") because of the
basket made at the time of the foul (2 or 3 points) and the additional free
throw (1 point).

53
Common techniques and practices

Positions
Basketball positions in the offensive zone
Although the rules do not specify any
positions whatsoever, they have
evolved as part of basketball. During
the first five decades of basketball's
evolution, one guard, two forwards,
and two centers or two guards, two
forwards, and one center were used.
Since the 1980s, more specific
positions have evolved, namely:
1. Point guard: usually the

fastest player on the team,
organizes the team's offense by controlling the ball and making sure
that it gets to the right player at the right time.
2. Shooting guard: creates a high volume of shots on offense, mainly
long-ranged; and guards the opponent's best perimeter player on
defense.
3. Small forward: often primarily responsible for scoring points via
cuts to the basket and dribble penetration; on defense seeks
rebounds and steals, but sometimes plays more actively.
4. Power forward: plays offensively often with their back to the basket;
on defense, plays under the basket (in a zone defense) or against
the opposing power forward (in man-to-man defense).
5. Center: uses height and size to score (on offense), to protect the
basket closely (on defense), or to rebound.
The above descriptions are flexible. On some occasions, teams will choose
to use a three guard offense, replacing one of the forwards or the center
with a third guard. The most commonly interchanged positions are point
guard and shooting guard, especially if both players have good leadership
and ball handling skills.

54
Strategy
The strategies also evolve with the game. In the 1990s and early 2000s,
teams played with more "isolation". Teams that had one superstar would
let one player, usually the point guard or shooting guard, run most of the
offense while the other four offensive players get out of his/her way.
Nowadays, teams tend to play with more teamwork. The "Center" position
has evolved to become more of a taller "Small Forward" position. Since
teams play more teamwork, ball movement has evolved with the game, and
more jump shots have been taken as a result.
There are two main defensive strategies: zone defense and man-to-man
defense. In a zone defense, each player is assigned to guard a specific area of
the court. In a man-to-man defense, each defensive player guards a specific
opponent. Man-to-man defense is generally preferred at higher levels of
competition, as it is intuitively easier to understand and avoid mismatches
between players who play different positions. However, zone defenses are
sometimes used in particular situations or simply to confuse the offense
with an unexpected look.
Offensive plays are more varied, normally involving planned passes and
movement by players without the ball. A quick movement by an offensive
player without the ball to gain an advantageous position is acut. A legal
attempt by an offensive player to stop an opponent from guarding a
teammate, by standing in the defender's way such that the teammate cuts
next to him, is a screen or pick. The two plays are combined in the pick and
roll, in which a player sets a pick and then "rolls" away from the pick
towards the basket. Screens and cuts are very important in offensive plays;
these allow the quick passes and teamwork which can lead to a successful
basket. Teams almost always have several offensive plays planned to
ensure their movement is not predictable. On court, the point guard is
usually responsible for indicating which play will occur.
Defensive and offensive structures, and positions, are more emphasized in
higher levels in basketball; it is these that a coach normally requests a time-
out to discuss.

55
Shooting
Player releases a short jump shot, while her defender is either knocked
down, or trying to "take a charge."
Shooting is the act of attempting to score points by throwing the ball

through the basket, methods varying with players and situations.
Typically, a player faces the basket with both feet facing the basket. A
player will rest the ball on the fingertips of the dominant hand (the
shooting arm) slightly above the head, with the other hand supporting the
side of the ball. The ball is usually shot by jumping (though not always) and
extending the shooting arm. The shooting arm, fully extended with the
wrist fully bent is held stationary for a moment following the release of the
ball, known as a follow-through. Players often try to put a steady backspin
on the ball to absorb its impact with the rim. The ideal trajectory of the shot
is somewhat controversial, but generally a proper arc is recommended.
Players may shoot directly into the basket or may use the backboard to
redirect the ball into the basket.
The two most common shots that use the above described setup are
the set-shot and the jump-shot. The set-shot is taken from a standing
position, with neither foot leaving the floor, typically used for free throws,
and in other circumstances whilst the jump-shot is taken in mid-air, the
ball released near the top of the jump. This provides much greater power
and range, and it also allows the player to
elevate over the defender. Failure to release the
ball before the feet return to the ground is
considered a traveling violation.
Another common shot is called the lay-up. This
shot requires the player to be in motion toward
the basket, and to "lay" the ball "up" and into the
basket, typically off the backboard (the
backboard-free, underhand version is called
a finger roll). The most crowd-pleasing and
typically highest-percentage accuracy shot is
the slam dunk, in which the player jumps very
high and throws the ball downward, through the

56
basket whilst touching it.

Another shot that is becoming common is the "circus shot". The circus shot
is a low-percentage shot that is flipped, heaved, scooped, or flung toward
the hoop while the shooter is off-balance, airborne, falling down, and/or
facing away from the basket. A back-shot is a shot taken when the player is
facing away form the basket, and maybe shot with the dominant hand, or
both; but there is a very low chance that the shot will be successful.
A shot that misses both the rim and the backboard completely is referred to
as an air-ball. A particularly bad shot, or one that only hits the backboard, is
jocularly called abrick.
Rebounding
The objective of rebounding is to successfully gain possession of the
basketball after a missed field goal or free throw, as it rebounds from the
hoop or backboard. This plays a major role in the game, as most
possessions end when a team misses a shot. There are two categories of
rebounds: offensive rebounds, in which the ball is recovered by the
offensive side and does not change possession, and defensive rebounds, in
which the defending team gains possession of the loose ball. The majority
of rebounds are defensive, as the team on defense tends to be in better
position to recover missed shots.
Passing
A pass is a method of moving the ball between players. Most passes are
accompanied by a step forward to increase power and are followed
through with the hands to ensure accuracy.
A staple pass is the chest pass. The ball is passed directly from the passer's
chest to the receiver's chest. A proper chest pass involves an outward snap
of the thumbs to add velocity and leaves the defence little time to react.
Another type of pass is the bounce pass. Here, the passer bounces the ball
crisply about two-thirds of the way from his own chest to the receiver. The
ball strikes the court and bounces up toward the receiver. The bounce pass
takes longer to complete than the chest pass, but it is also harder for the
opposing team to intercept (kicking the ball deliberately is a violation).

57
Thus, players often use the bounce pass in crowded moments, or to pass
around a defender.
The overhead pass is used to pass the ball over a defender. The ball is
released while over the passer's head.
The outlet pass occurs after a team gets a defensive rebound. The next pass
after the rebound is the outlet pass.
The crucial aspect of any good pass is it being difficult to intercept. Good
passers can pass the ball with great accuracy and they know exactly where
each of their other teammates prefers to receive the ball. A special way of
doing this is passing the ball without looking at the receiving teammate.
This is called a no-look pass.
Another advanced style of passing is the behind-the-back pass which, as the
description implies, involves throwing the ball behind the passer's back to
a teammate. Although some players can perform such a pass effectively,
many coaches discourage no-look or behind-the-back passes, believing
them to be difficult to control and more likely to result in turnovers or
violations.
Dribbling
A U.S. Naval Academy ("Navy") player, left,
posts up a U.S. Military Academy ("Army")
defender.
Dribbling is the act of bouncing the ball

continuously with one hand, and is a
requirement for a player to take steps with the
ball. To dribble, a player pushes the ball down
towards the ground with the fingertips rather
than patting it; this ensures greater control.
When dribbling past an opponent, the dribbler
should dribble with the hand farthest from the
opponent, making it more difficult for the defensive player to get to the
ball. It is therefore important for a player to be able to dribble competently
with both hands.

58
Good dribblers (or "ball handlers") tend to bounce the ball low to the
ground, reducing the distance of travel of the ball from the floor to the
hand, making it more difficult for the defender to "steal" the ball. Good ball
handlers frequently dribble behind their backs, between their legs, and
switch directions suddenly, making a less predictable dribbling pattern that
is more difficult to defend against. This is called a crossover, which is the
most effective way to move past defenders while dribbling.
A skilled player can dribble without watching the ball, using the dribbling
motion or peripheral vision to keep track of the ball's location. By not
having to focus on the ball, a player can look for teammates or scoring
opportunities, as well as avoid the danger of having someone steal the ball
away from him/her.
Blocking
A block is performed when, after a shot is attempted, a defender succeeds
in altering the shot by touching the ball. In almost all variants of play, it is
illegal to touch the ball after it is in the downward path of its arc; this is
known as goaltending. It is also illegal under NBA and Men's NCAA
basketball to block a shot after it has touched the backboard, or when any
part of the ball is directly above the rim. Under international rules it is
illegal to block a shot that is in the downward path of its arc or one that has
touched the backboard until the ball has hit the rim. After the ball hits the
rim, it is again legal to touch it even though it is no longer considered as a
block performed.
To block a shot, a player has to be able to reach a point higher than where
the shot is released. Thus, height can be an advantage in blocking. Players
who are taller and playing the power forward or center positions generally
record more blocks than players who are shorter and playing the guard
positions. However, with good timing and a sufficiently high vertical leap,
even shorter players can be effective shot blockers.

59
Height
At the professional level, most male
players are above 6 feet 3 inches
(1.91 m) and most women above 5 feet
7 inches (1.70 m). Guards, for whom
physical coordination and ball-handling
skills are crucial, tend to be the smallest
players. Almost all forwards in the men's
pro leagues are 6 feet 6 inches (1.98 m)
or taller. Most centers are over 6 feet
10 inches (2.08 m) tall. According to a survey given to all NBA teams, the
average height of all NBA players is just under 6 feet 7 inches (2.01 m),
with the average weight being close to 222 pounds (101 kg). The tallest
players ever in the NBA were Manute Bol andGheorghe Mureşan, who were
both 7 feet 7 inches (2.31 m) tall. The tallest current NBA player
is Hasheem Thabeet, who stands at 7 feet 3 inches (2.21 m). At 7 feet
2 inches (2.18 m), Margo Dydek was the tallest player in the history of the
WNBA.
The shortest player ever to play in the NBA is Muggsy Bogues at 5 feet
3 inches (1.60 m).[39] Other short players have thrived at the pro
level. Anthony "Spud" Webb was just 5 feet 7 inches (1.70 m) tall, but had a
42-inch (1.07 m) vertical leap, giving him significant height when jumping.
While shorter players are often not very good at defending against
shooting, their ability to navigate quickly through crowded areas of the
court and steal the ball by reaching low are strengths.

60
Variations and similar games

Schoolgirls shooting hoops among theHimalayas in Dharamsala, India.
Variations of basketball are activities based on the game of basketball,

using common basketball skills and equipment (primarily the ball and
basket). Some variations are only superficial rules changes, while others
are distinct games with varying degrees of basketball influences. Other
variations include children's games, contests or activities meant to help
players reinforce skills.
There are principal basketball sports with variations on basketball
including Wheelchair basketball, Water basketball, Beach
basketball, Slamball, Streetball andUnicycle basketball. An earlier version
of basketball was Six-on-six basketball played until the end of the
1950s. Horseball is a game played on horseback where a ball is handled
and points are scored by shooting it through a high net (approximately
1.5m×1.5m). The sport is like a combination of polo, rugby, and basketball.
There is even a form played on donkeys known as Donkey basketball, but
that version has come under attack from animal rights groups.
Half-court
Perhaps the single most common variation of basketball is the half-
court game, played in informal settings without referees or strict
rules. Only one basket is used, and the ball must be "cleared" –
passed or dribbled outside the three-point line each time possession
of the ball changes from one team to the other. Half-court games
require less cardiovascular stamina, since players need not run back
and forth a full court. Half-court raises the number of players that
can use a court or, conversely, can be played if there is an
insufficient number to form full 5-on-5 teams.
Half-court basketball is usually played 1-on-1, 2-on-2 or 3-on-3. The
latter variation is gradually gaining official recognition as FIBA 33,
also written as 3x3. It was first tested at the 2007 Asian Indoor
Games in Macau and the first official tournaments were held at
the 2009 Asian Youth Games and the 2010 Youth Olympics, both
in Singapore. The first FIBA 3x3 Youth World Championship[40] was

61
held in Rimini, Italy in 2011. The sport is highly tipped to become

an Olympic sport as early as 2016.[41]
There are also other basketball sports, such as:
• 21 (also known as American,cutthroat and roughhouse)[42]

• 42
• Around the world
• Bounce
• Firing Squad
• Fives
• H-O-R-S-E
• Hotshot
• Knockout
• One-shot conquer
• Steal The Bacon
• Tip-it
• Tips
• "The One"
• Basketball War.
• One-on-One, a variation in which two players will use only a
small section of the court (often no more than a half of a court)
and compete to play the ball into a single hoop. Such games tend
to emphasize individual dribbling and ball stealing skills over
shooting and team play.
Wheelchair basketball
Wheelchair basketball, created by disabled World War II veterans, is
played on specially designed wheelchairs for the physically
impaired. The world governing body of wheelchair basketball is
theInternational Wheelchair Basketball Federation[44] (IWBF).
Water basketball
Water basketball, played in a swimming pool, merges basketball
and water polo rules.
Beach basketball

62
A modified version of basketball, played on beaches, was invented

by Philip Bryant.[45] Beach basketball is played in a circular court
with no backboard on the goal, no out-of-bounds rule with the ball
movement to be done via passes or 2½ steps, as dribbling is next to
impossible on a soft surface.[46]
Beach basketball has grown to a very popular, widespread
competitive sport. 15 Annual World Championships have been
organized.
Dunk Hoops
Dunk Hoops (aka Dunk Ball) is a variation of the game of basketball,
played on basketball hoops with lowered (under basketball
regulation 10 feet) rims. It originated when the popularity of the
slam dunk grew and was developed to create better chances for
dunks with lowered rims and using altered goaltending rules.
Slamball
Slamball is full-contact basketball, with trampolines. Points are
scored by playing the ball through the net, as in basketball, though
the point-scoring rules are modified. The main differences from the
parent sport is the court; below the padded basketball rim
and backboard are four trampolines set into the floor which serve to
propel players to great heights for slam dunks. The rules also permit
some physical contact between the members of the four-player
teams.
Streetball
Streetball is a less formal variant of basketball, played
on playgrounds and in gymnasiums across the world. Often only one
half of the court is used, but otherwise the rules of the game are very
similar to those of basketball. The number of participants in a game,
or a run, may range from one defender and one person on offense
(known as one on one) to two full teams of five each. Streetball is a
very popular game worldwide, and some cities in the United States
have organized streetball programs, such as midnight basketball.
Many cities also host their own weekend-long streetball
tournaments.
Unicycle Basketball

63
Unicycle basketball is played using a regulation basketball on a

regular basketball court with the same rules, for example, one must
dribble the ball whilst riding. There are a number of rules that are
particular to unicycle basketball as well, for example, a player must
have at least one foot on a pedal when in-bounding the ball. Unicycle
basketball is usually played using 24" or smaller unicycles, and
using plastic pedals, both to preserve the court and the players'
shins. In North America, popular unicycle basketball games are
organized.
Spin-offs from basketball that are now separate sports include:
• Korfball (Dutch: Korfbal, korf meaning 'basket') started in the

Netherlands and is now played worldwide as a mixed gender
team ball game, similar to mixed netball and basketball
• Netball (formerly known as Women basketball but now played
by both males and females), a limited-contact team sport in
which two teams of seven try to score points against one another
by placing a ball through a high hoop.

64
Social forms of basketball

A monument to basketball in Vilnius, Lithuania
Typical privately owned
basketball hoop
Basketball has been adopted by

various social groups, which have
established their own
environments and sometimes
their own rules. Such socialized
forms of basketball include the
following.
• Recreational basketball, where fun,

entertainment and camaraderie rule
rather than winning a game;
• Basketball Schools and
Academies, where students are trained
in developing basketball fundamentals,
undergo fitness and endurance exercises
and learn various basketball skills.
Basketball students learn proper ways of
passing, ball handling, dribbling, shooting
from various distances, rebounding,
offensive moves, defense, layups, screens, basketball rules and
basketball ethics. Also popular are the basketball camps organized
for various occasions, often to get prepared for basketball events,
andbasketball clinics for improving skills.
• College and University basketball played in educational
institutions of higher learning.
• This includes National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)
intercollegiate basketball.
• Disabled basketball played by various disabled groups, such as
• Bankshot basketball,

65
• Deaf basketball,
• Wheelchair basketball, a sport based on basketball but designed
for disabled people in wheelchairs and considered one of the
major disabled sports practiced.
• Ethnic and Religion-based basketball: Examples of ethnic
basketball include Indo-Pak or Russian or Armenian leagues in the
United States or Canada, for example, or Filipino expatriate
basketball leagues in the Gulf or the United States. Religion-based
basketball includes, most notably, church-related Christian
basketball leagues, Jewish, Muslim and Hindu basketball leagues,
and so on. or denominational leagues like Coptic, Syriac/Assyrian
basketball leagues in the United States or Canada.
• Gay basketball played in gay,
lesbian, bisexual and transgender communities in gay basketball
leagues. The sport of basketball is a major part of events during
the Gay Games, World Outgames andEuroGames.
• Midnight basketball, a basketball initiative to curb inner-city crime
in the United States and elsewhere by keeping urban youth off the
streets and engaging them with sports alternatives to drugs and
crime.
• Mini basketball played by underage children.
• Maxi Basketball played by more elderly individuals.
• Prison basketball, practiced in prisons and penitentiary
institutions. Active religious basketball missionary groups also play
basketball with prisoners. Some prisons have developed their own
prison basketball leagues. At times, non-prisoners may play in such
leagues, provided all home and away games are played within
prison courts. Film director Jason Moriarty has released a
documentary relating to the sport, entitled Prison Ball.
• Rezball, short for reservation ball, is the avid Native
American following of basketball, particularly a style of play
particular to Native American teams of some areas.
• School or High school basketball, the sport of basketball being
one of the most frequently exercised and popular sports in all school
systems.

66
• Show basketball as performed by entertainment basketball show

teams, the prime example being the Harlem Globetrotters. There are
even specialized entertainment teams, including
• Celebrity basketball teams made of celebrities (actors, singers, and
so on.) playing in their own leagues or in public, often for
entertainment and charity events;
• Midget basketball teams made up of athletes of short
stature offering shows using basketball;
• Slamball offered as entertainment events.
Fantasy basketball
Fantasy basketball was inspired by fantasy baseball. Originally
played by keeping track of stats by hand, it was popularized during
the 1990s after the advent of the Internet. Those who play this game
are sometimes referred to as General Managers, who draft
actual NBA players and compute their basketball statistics. The
game was popularized by ESPN Fantasy Sports, NBA.com,
and Yahoo! Fantasy Sports. Other sports websites provided the
same format keeping the game interesting with participants actually
owning specific players.

67
Common Basketball Injuries !

Basketball is one of the most popular sports in the United States and
throughout the world. Millions of people participate in the sport at all
levels of competition. Whether you are playing for the neighborhood
championship or the NBA title, you can get injured. Basketball injuries can
be separated into two general categories: overuse injuries and traumatic
injuries.
Overuse injuries
Injuries caused by stressing an area over and over
until it is damaged and begins to hurt are described
as overuse injuries. One such injury is patellar
tendinitis, or "jumper's knee," which is
characterized by pain in the tendon just below the
kneecap.
Achilles tendinitis is another common overuse

injury in basketball players. This injury of the
tendon connecting the muscles in the back of the
calf to the heel bone causes pain in the back of the
leg just above the heel. Occasionally, the Achilles tendon can tear. To treat a
torn Achilles tendon, the doctor might tell you to keep the area
immobilized for some time so the tendon can heal, or you might need
surgery to repair the damage.
Some basketball players overuse the tendons in their shoulders. The

rotator cuff of the shoulder is composed of four muscles. The tendons that
attach these muscles to the shoulder bones can become inflamed and
painful, particularly when you do repetitive overhead activities, such as
shooting the basketball.
Traumatic injuries
Traumatic injuries are those caused by a sudden forceful injury. Some of
the more common traumatic injuries in basketball are jammed fingers. The
severity of a jammed finger can range from a minor injury of the ligaments,

68
which connect bones, to a broken finger. Splinting may be needed to allow

the injured finger to heal. Another type of traumatic injury is a muscle pull
or tear. In basketball players, these injuries occur primarily in the large
muscles of the legs. To prevent them, stretch your thighs and calves well
and do warm-up exercises before playing.
Ankle sprains
The most common basketball injury is the
ankle sprain. This injury often occurs when a
player lands on another player's foot or the
ankle rolls too far outward. When this
happens, the ligaments connecting bones
and supporting the ankle are stretched and
torn. The ligaments can tear partially or
completely. To treat your sprain, your doctor
prescribes a short period of immobilization,
keeping the joint still, so the ligaments can
heal. After immobilization, you begin special
exercises to strengthen the muscles that help hold your ankle in place. If
your muscles and ligaments are not strong enough to prevent reinjury, you
might need surgery to repair the damage and to help stabilize your ankle.
Knee injuries
Knee injuries are some of the most serious basketball injuries. One type of
knee injury is a sprain. A knee sprain is a small tear in the ligaments or joint
capsule that is not severe enough to cause your knee to give way. To help
the tear heal, you must protect your knee for a short time by immobilizing
it. After the tear heals, your doctor will prescribe stretching and
strengthening exercises for the muscles
that help hold the knee in place.
If you twist your knee, you can tear a

meniscus, which is tissue that acts as a
cushion between the bones of the upper
and lower leg at the knee. To repair or
remove a torn meniscus, you might need

69
arthroscopic surgery. The surgeon inserts a camera and instruments into

the knee joint through small skin incisions. With the instruments, the
surgeon can see and treat the damaged meniscus.
A more severe injury is a complete tear of one or more of the ligaments that
support the knee. The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of the more
commonly torn ligaments in the knee. This ligament connects the upper
and lower leg bones and helps hold the knee in place. if you damage your
ACL, your knee will probably hurt and give way persistently. After an ACL
injury, some players can participate in sports again without surgery. But
they must do special exercises to strengthen their thigh muscles, and they
must wear a brace on their knee. Strong thigh muscles give stability to the
knee that the torn ACL cannot.
Basketball is an exciting sport for all ages and skill levels but watch out for
basketball in injuries caused by overuse and trauma.

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1

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

This is to certify that the project work is done by Shristi Rajinder

Submitted for ALL INDIAN SENIOR SECONDARY

Basketball Project File by Shristi

I would like to specially thank my Principal

Basketball Project File by Shristi

MOTOR FITNESS TEST

Motor fitness refers to the capability of an athlete to take part

• 50 m Standing Start or 50 m Dash

Purpose: To determine speed.

Equipment required: Measuring tape or marked track, 2 stop

Procedure: The test involves running a single maximum sprint

Basketball Project File by Shristi

• 600 m Run/Walk Test

Purpose: To measure endurance. Equipment required: 600 m

Procedure: The subject takes the position of standing right

Basketball Project File by Shristi

Sit and Reach Test

The sit-and-reach test was first propounded by Wells and Dillon

Purpose: The sit-and-reach test is a significant test to measure

Equipment Requirement: Sit and reach box or a makeshift

Procedure: First of all, should be removed. Then sit down on

Basketball Project File by Shristi

Scoring: The score is recorded to the nearest centimeter or half

Basketball Project File by Shristi

Partial curl up Test

Purpose To test the strength and endurance of abdominal

Equipment required: A flat clean and cushioned surfaced,

Procedure: The starting position is lying on the back with the

Basketball Project File by Shristi

Scoring: Record the total number of curl ups. The completion of

Basketball Project File by Shristi

• Push Ups Test (Boys)

Purpose: To test or measure the upper body strength and

Equipment required: A floor mat and a paper to record basic

Procedure: A standard push-up begins with the hands and toes

Scoring: Record the number of correctly completed push-ups.

Basketball Project File by Shristi

• Modified Push Ups Test (Girls)

Purpose: To measure the upper body strength and endurance.

Equipment required: stopwatch, gym mat (optional) and paper

Procedure: The subject is asked to take starting positions, for

Basketball Project File by Shristi

Basketball Project File by Shristi

Standing Broad Jump Test

Purpose: To measure the explosive power of the legs.

Equipment required: Tape measure to measure distance

Procedure: The athlete stands behind a line marked on the

Basketball Project File by Shristi

4x10m Shuttle Run Test

Purpose: To measure agility

Equipment required: Two wooden blocks, measuring tape,

Procedure: Mark two parallel lines 3meters in length, 10

Basketball Project File by Shristi

YOGA: ASANAS FOR EACH LIFESTYLE DISEASE

Obesity is that condition of the body in which the amount of fat

Two asanas for prevention and control of obesity are:

i. Stand with your arms at your sides.