UNIT-IV

PART – A

1.What is XSLT?

XSLT stands for XSL Transformations and is a language used to transform XML
documents into XHTML documents or to other XML documents.

2.What are the roles of XSLT?

The roles of XSLT are:

• XSLT is used to transform an XML document into another XML

document such as HTML, etc.
• XSLT can be used to add or remove elements and attributes to or from
the output file.
• XSLT can also be used for rearranging and sorting elements.
It can also be used for performing tests and making decisions about
hiding and displaying of elements

3.What is XSLT? Explain its relationships with XSL?

XSLT stands for eXtensible Stylesheet Language Transformations. It is a

language used to convert XML documents to XHTML or other XML documents. This
conversion is done by transforming each XML element into an (X)HTML element.. it
uses XPath to find information in a XML document. XSLT is nothing but transforming
XSL’s. Xpath defines the parts of the source document that must match one or more
predefined templates. Once a match is found, XSLT will transform the match into the
result document.

4.Discuss the role of XPATH ?

XPATH is used to scan the XML document for navigation of elements and
attributes. It contains a library of standard functions string ad numeric values. For
navigation, XPATH makes use of path expressions to select nodes or sets of nodes in a
XML document.

5.Explain the XSLT data model ?

XSLT shares the same data model of XPATH with some additions. XSLT
accepts a XSLT stylesheet as an input and output is another XML, text or another
document. The model is based on text nodes. These text nodes are embedded within
element nodes. The model is a hierarchical structure like a tree. The tree has a variety of
nodes like- text nodes, attribute nodes, element nodes, comment nodes, and processing
instruction nodes. For every node type there is a way of determining a string-value for a
node of that type.

6.Why the need for XHTML?

If a script in an HTML document is not well formed, small devices like

mobile phones fail to display the content properly. Also, upgrading all the browsers to
support XML is a timely affair. An intermediate solution is XHTML that is a
combination of HTML and XML. In XTML the content has to be well formed so that
there is no bad HTML

7.Describe the differences between XML and HTML?

It's amazing how many developers claim to be proficient programming with

XML, yet do not understand the basic differences between XML and HTML. Anyone
with a fundamental grasp of XML should be able describe some of the main differences
outlined in the table below.

Differences Between XML and HTML

XML HTML

User definable tags Defined set of tags designed for

web display
Content driven Format driven
End tags required for well End tags not required
formed documents
Quotes required around Quotes not required
attributes values
Slash required in empty tags Slash not required

8.Describe the role that XSL can play when dynamically generating HTML pages
from a relational database?

Even if candidates have never participated in a project involving this type of

architecture, they should recognize it as one of the common uses of XML. Querying a
database and then formatting the result set so that it can be validated as an XML
document allows developers to translate the data into an HTML table using XSLT rules.
Consequently, the format of the resulting HTML table can be modified without changing
the database query or application code since the document rendering logic is isolated to
the XSLT rules.

9.Give a few examples of types of applications that can benefit from using XML.

There are literally thousands of applications that can benefit from XML
technologies. The point of this question is not to have the candidate rattle off a laundry
list of projects that they have worked on, but, rather, to allow the candidate to explain the
rationale for choosing XML by citing a few real world examples. For instance, one
appropriate answer is that XML allows content management systems to store documents
independently of their format, which thereby reduces data redundancy. Another answer
relates to B2B exchanges or supply chain management systems. In these instances, XML
provides a mechanism for multiple companies to exchange data according to an agreed
upon set of rules. A third common response involves wireless applications that require
WML to render data on hand held devices.

10.What is DOM and how does it relate to XML?

The Document Object Model (DOM) is an interface specification

maintained by the W3C DOM Workgroup that defines an application independent
mechanism to access, parse, or update XML data. In simple terms it is a hierarchical
model that allows developers to manipulate XML documents easily Any developer that
has worked extensively with XML should be able to discuss the concept and use of DOM
objects freely. Additionally, it is not unreasonable to expect advanced candidates to
thoroughly understand its internal workings and be able to explain how DOM differs
from an event-based interface like SAX.

11.Give some examples of XML DTDs or schemas that you have worked with.

Although XML does not require data to be validated against a DTD, many
of the benefits of using the technology are derived from being able to validate XML
documents against business or technical architecture rules. Polling for the list of DTDs
that developers have worked with provides insight to their general exposure to the
technology. The ideal candidate will have knowledge of several of the commonly used
DTDs such as FpML, DocBook, HRML, and RDF, as well as experience designing a
custom DTD for a particular project where no standard existed.

12.Using XSLT, how would you extract a specific attribute from an element in an
XML document?

Successful candidates should recognize this as one of the most basic

applications of XSLT. If they are not able to construct a reply similar to the example
below, they should at least be able to identify the components necessary for this
operation: xsl:template to match the appropriate XML element, xsl:value-of to select the
attribute value, and the optional xsl:apply-templates to continue processing the document.

Extract Attributes from XML Data

Example 1.

<xsl:template match="element-name">
Attribute Value:
<xsl:value-of select="@attribute"/>
<xsl:apply-templates/>
</xsl:template>
13.Why we used JSP?

JSP allow developer to quickly produce web sites and applications in an open
and standard way and it is easy to learn. JSP is Java based an object-oriented language
and offers a robust platform for web development

Reason to use JSP:

• Reusability of Components by using Javabeans and EJB.

• Multi platform
• Platform-Independent

So you are never depend on one vendor or platform.

HTML and graphics displayed on the web browser are the presentation layer
and the Java code (JSP) on the server is classed as the implementation.

Due to the separation of presentation and implementation,web designers work

only on the presentation and Java developers concentrate on implementing the
application.

14.what is the use of XML namespace?

• XML allows document authors to create custom elements.

• This extensibility can result in naming collisions (i.e. different elements that have
the same name) among elements in an XML document.
• An XML namespace is a collection of element and attribute names. Each
namespace has a unique name that provides a means for document authors to
unambiguously refer to elements with the same name (i.e. prevent collisions).

15.What are the uses of XML?

• CML – Chemical Markup Language – for chemical equations

• MML - Mathematical Markup Language – for Mathematical equations and
derivations.
• Used in bio medical line.
• Extensible Markup Language, derived from SGML (Standard Generalized Markup
Language.
 • XML is widely supported open technology (i.e. non-proprietary) for electronic
data exchange and storage.
• XML is actually a language used to create other markup languages to describe data
in a structured manner.
• XML documents contain only data, not formatting instructions, so applications
that process XML documents must decide how to manipulate or display the
document’s data.

16.What do you mean by DTD in XML?

• DTD means Document Type Definition.

• DTD file is similar to CSS file, because DTD also contains only styles.
• DTD contains various styles which are to be applied in XML document
• Like .CSS file .DTD file also should be linked with XML program.
• Styles in XML program should be save with .xsl (Xml Style Sheet Language)
extension.

17. Define XML?

XML is a meta-markup language that provides a format for describing structured

data. This facilitates more structured declarations of content and more meaningful search
results across multiple platforms.

18. Define DTD?

A DTD is a set of rules that specifies how to use XML markup. It contains
specifications for each element, including what the element\'s attributes are, what values
the attributes can take on and what elements can be contained in others.

19. What are the XML rules for distinguishing between the content of a document
and the XML markup element?

• The start of XML markup elements is identified by either the less than symbol (<)
orthe ampersand (&) character
 • Three other characters, the greater than symbol (>), the apostrophe or single quote
(‘)and the double quotation marks (“) are used by XML for markup.
• To use these special characters as content within your document, you must use the
corresponding general XML entity.

20.What are the different XSLT elements?

• Stylesheet
• Value-of
• For-each
• Sort
• Text

21.What is VoiceXML?

VoiceXML is an emerging standard for speech-enabled applications.Its XML

syntax defines elements to control a sequence of interaction dialogs between a user and
an implementation platform. VoiceXML uses XML text to drive voice dialogs.

22. What is XQuery?

XQuery is a W3C initiative to define a standard set of constructs for

querying and searching XML documents. XQuery brings database query processing to
XML.

23. What is XForm?

XForm is an XML approach that overcomes the limitations of HTML forms.

XForm includes a variety of buttons, scrollbars and menus. It generates XML form data
as output. XForm\'s model has the capability to work with the variety of user interfaces.

24. What is XPath?

 Xpath is used to navigate XML tree structures. XPath gets its name from
its use of a path notation to navigate through the hierarchical tree structure of an XML
document. It is an important XML technology due to its role in providing a common
syntax and semantics for functionality in both XSLT and XPointer.

25. what are complex types?

complex types are an important aspects of xml schema that allow

application developers to define application-specific datatypes that can be checked by
programs that check XML document for validity. XML schema divides complex types
into two categories: those with simple content & those with complex content.

26. What all are the presentation technologies?

• CSS - cascading syle sheets

• XSL - provides users with ability to describe how xml data & document are to be
formated.
• Xforms - it is a GUI toolkit for creating user interfaces & delivering the results in
XML.
• Xhtml - it is used yo replace HTML with more flexable approach to display
webcontent.
• VoiceXML - it is an emerging standard for speech enabled application.

27.what are all the Transformation techniques?

• XSLT - it is an XML- based languages used to transform XML documents into

others format such as HTML for web display.
• XLINK - highlighting that element or taking the user directly to that point in the
document. XPATH - xpath gets its name from its use of a payh notation to
navigate through the hierarchical tree structure of an XML document XQUERY -
it is w3c initiative to define a standard set of constructs for querying & searching
XML document.

28.Explain any two XForm implementations?

 X-Smiles - it is a java based XML browser.it implements a large part of X-
forms & uses X-form together with XSL-FO on user interface side. Mozquito Xforms
preview - is an XML based Web developement s/w that implements Xforms & gives
current Web browser the ability to send,receive & process XML document.

29. what are the Importants of SAX?

• SAX is an event driven.

• SAX supports processing pipelines.
• SAX requires programmers to maintain state.

30. What is metadata?

Literally data about data. XML element and attribute names are considered
metadata in that they may be used to describe the data contained in a document. Metadata
isn’t needed but it certainly helps.

31. What is DTD? How is it different from XML?

• DTD stands for Document Type Definition

• DTD is a description of the structure & the elements and attributes that define a
class of XML document.
• DTD can be declared both internally in a XML document and as an external
reference.
• DTD Xml Schema
• Dtd is used to define the structure of an xml document.
• Xml schema is used to define the structure of an xml document.
• Data type for elements limited to text. Numerous predefined data types available.
• Complex data types cannot be defined.
• Ability to define complex type that map to application data structure.
• Dtd document is stored as “filename.dtd”
• \Xml schema document is stored as “filename.xml”

32. Define Directives?

 Directives are JSP elements that provide global information about an entire JSP
page,

33. Write down the various attributes for the page directives in JSP?

• The page directive defines information that will be globally available for that Java
Server Page,
• Language
• Extends
• Import
• Session
• Buffer
• contenttype

34. What is a Hidden Comment?

A comments that documents the JSP page but is not sent to the client. The
JSP engine ignores a hidden comment, and does not process any code within hidden
comment tags. A hidden comment is not sent to the client, either in the displayed JSP
page or the HTML page source. The hidden comment is useful when you want to hide
or \"comment out\" part of your JSP page.

You can use any characters in the body of the comment except the closing
--%> combination. If you need to use --%> in your comment, you can escape it by typing
--%\\>.

JSPSyntax

<%-- comment --%>

Examples

<%@ page language=\"java\" %>

<html>

<head><title>A Hidden Comment </title></head>

<body>
<%-- This comment will not be visible to the colent in the page source --%>

</body>

</html>

35. What is a Expression?

An expression tag contains a scripting language expression that is evaluated,

converted to a String, and inserted where the expression appears in the JSP file. Because
the value of an expression is converted to a String, you can use an expression within text
in a JSP file. Like

<%= someexpression %>

<%= (new java.util.Date()).toLocaleString() %>

You cannot use a semicolon to end an expression

36. What is a Declaration?

A declaration declares one or more variables or methods for use later in the JSP
source file.

A declaration must contain at least one complete declarative statement. You

can declare any number of variables or methods within one declaration tag, as long as
they are separated by semicolons. The declaration must be valid in the scripting language
used in the JSP file.

<%! somedeclarations %>

<%! int i = 0; %>

<%! int a, b, c; %>

37. What is a Scriptlet?

A scriptlet can contain any number of language statements, variable or method
declarations, or expressions that are valid in the page scripting language.Within scriptlet
tags, you can

1.Declare variables or methods to use later in the file (see also Declaration).

2.Write expressions valid in the page scripting language (see also Expression).

3.Use any of the JSP implicit objects or any object declared with a <jsp:useBean> tag.

You must write plain text, HTML-encoded text, or other JSP tags outside the scriptlet.

Scriptlets are executed at request time, when the JSP engine processes the client request.
If the scriptlet produces output, the output is stored in the out object, from which you can
display it.

38. What are implicit objects? List them?

Certain objects that are available for the use in JSP documents without being
declared first. These objects are parsed by the JSP engine and inserted into the generated
servlet. The implicit objects re listed below

• request
• response
• pageContext
• session
• application
• out
• config
• page
• exception
39. Difference between forward and sendRedirect?

When you invoke a forward request, the request is sent to another

resource on the server, without the client being informed that a different resource is going
to process the request. This process occurs completly with in the web container. When a
sendRedirtect method is invoked, it causes the web container to return to the browser
indicating that a new URL should be requested. Because the browser issues a completly
new request any object that are stored as request attributes before the redirect occurs will
be lost. This extra round trip a redirect is slower than forward.

40. What are the different scope valiues for the <jsp:useBean>?

The different scope values for <jsp:useBean> are

• page
• request
• session
• application

41. Explain the life-cycle methods in JSP?

The generated servlet class for a JSP page implements the HttpJspPage interface
of the javax.servlet.jsp package. Hte HttpJspPage interface extends the JspPage interface
which inturn extends the Servlet interface of the javax.servlet package. the generated
servlet class thus implements all the methods of the these three interfaces. The JspPage
interface declares only two mehtods - jspInit() and jspDestroy() that must be
implemented by all JSP pages regardless of the client-server protocol. However the JSP
specification has provided the HttpJspPage interfaec specifically for the JSp pages
serving HTTP requests. This interface declares one method _jspService().

• The jspInit()- The container calls the jspInit() to initialize te servlet instance.It is
called before any other method, and is called only once for a servlet instance.
• The _jspservice()- The container calls the _jspservice() for each request, passing it
the request and the response objects.
• The jspDestroy()- The container calls this when it decides take the instance out of
service. It is the last method called n the servlet instance.
42. What is a output comment?

A comment that is sent to the client in the viewable page source.The JSP
engine handles an output comment as uninterpreted HTML text, returning the comment
in the HTML output sent to the client. You can see the comment by viewing the page
source from your Web browser.

JSP Syntax

<!-- comment [ <%= expression %> ] -->

Example 1

<!-- This is a commnet sent to client on

<%= (new java.util.Date()).toLocaleString() %>-->

Displays in the page source:

<!-- This is a commnet sent to client on January 24, 2004 -->

43. Define ASP?

Active Server Pages (ASP) is a server-side scripting technology that can be used to

create dynamic and interactive web applications.

44. What are the ASP objects?

• Application -It manages your web application.

• Session -It manages and tracks individual user sessions.
• Server -It controls behavior of your web server
• Response -It transmits information from the web server to web browser
• Request -It retrieves information from the browser for processing at the server.

45. What is global.asa file?

 The global.asa file is a Active Server Application file you can track and manage
the application and session events, variables and objects. When you start the application
the server will load the global.asa file into memory.

46. Define response object and list its methods?

The response object transmits information from the web server to browser.

Methods are:

• Write
• BinaryWrite
• Redirect
• AppendToLog
• AddHeader
• Clear
• Flush

47. Define JSP?

Java Server Pages (JSP) are simple technology used to generate dynamic HTML
on the server side.

48. Write down the various attributes for the page directives in JSP.

The page directive defines information that will be globally available for that Java Server

Page,

• Language
• Extends
• Import
• Session
• Buffer
• contenttype
49. Mention the rules of well-formed XML.

50. What is DTD? Explain it with example.

51. Write short notes on ASP.

52. Write short notes on JSP.

53. Explain about plug-ins.

54. Explain in detail about User Events Monitoring.

55. Discuss in detail about Oracle database

56. Explain about ADO database connectivity.

57. Explain about JDBC connectivity.

58. Write short notes on XML History

59. What are the different revolution in which XML is playing a major role?

60. What are the advantages of xml?

61. What is webservices?

62. What are all the xml language basics?

63. What is entities?Give Example.

64. What is the role of xml?

65. What are Xforms?

66. What is VoiceXML?

67. What is XPath?

68. What are the Element Naming Rules used in XML?

69. What are the advantages of schema over DTD?

70. What are the datatypes in an xml schema?

71. What is DOM? What are the different levels of DOM?

72. What are the drawbacks of CSS?

73. Explain the creation of external DTD with example?

74. What is valid xml document?

Part –B

1. Explain the Roles and Advantages of XML.

2. Explain briefly the The Three Revolutions XML

3. Explain XML & DTD.

4. explain the basics of XML Language

5. Explain briefly xml Transformation?

6. Explain briefly XML Schema:

7. Explain Simple API for xml(SAX):

8. Explain about Presentation Technique?

9. Short notes on XML Namespaces?

10. Explain briefly DTD?

11. Briefly Explain About HTTP & XML-RPC

12. Explain about JSP with example program.

13. Mention the rules of well-formed XML.

14. What is DTD? Explain it with example.

15. Describe the following in detail.

16. JSP Standard Actions.

17. JSP Directives.

18. What is a DTD (document Type Definition) . What are its applications?

19. Write a XML schema for a Movie data base table with the following structure:

20. Movie(name, director,date_released, record), name(firstname, midname, lastname),

date_released(date, month, year)

21. Write an ASP/JSP code to access a table and records from a student database to
obtain the result of a student.

22. List out objects associated with JSP/ASP and highlight the features of each object.
Explain the various JSP elements.

23. Write similarities and dissimilarities between XML and DHTML.

24. Write a DTD for the following schema (emp_id, emp_name(firstname, lastname),
dob(dd,mm,yyyy), address(city, state)).

25. Create a XML document to store voter ID, voter name, address and date of birth
details. Create a DTD to validate the document.

26. Discuss the following

i) Specify the set out development goals of XML.

ii) How is XML defined?

Give the XML syntax and structure rules.

Explain the XML components in detail.