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    Baltimore Classification

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    Marc Allan
    The Baltimore classification scheme groups viruses into 7 categories based on their nucleic acid composition and method of mRNA production. Group I viruses contain double-stranded DNA genomes and produce mRNA via transcription. Group II viruses have single-stranded DNA genomes that are converted to double-stranded intermediates before transcription. Group III-VII viruses have RNA genomes and use RNA-dependent processes to produce mRNA.

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    Baltimore Classification

    Uploaded by

    Marc Allan
    69 views3 pages
    The Baltimore classification scheme groups viruses into 7 categories based on their nucleic acid composition and method of mRNA production. Group I viruses contain double-stranded DNA genomes and produce mRNA via transcription. Group II viruses have single-stranded DNA genomes that are converted to double-stranded intermediates before transcription. Group III-VII viruses have RNA genomes and use RNA-dependent processes to produce mRNA.

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    The Baltimore classification scheme groups viruses into 7 categories based on their nucleic acid composition and method of mRNA production. Group I viruses contain double-stranded DNA genomes and produce mRNA via transcription. Group II viruses have single-stranded DNA genomes that are converted to double-stranded intermediates before transcription. Group III-VII viruses have RNA genomes and use RNA-dependent processes to produce mRNA.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    69 views3 pages

    Baltimore Classification

    Uploaded by

    Marc Allan
    The Baltimore classification scheme groups viruses into 7 categories based on their nucleic acid composition and method of mRNA production. Group I viruses contain double-stranded DNA genomes and produce mRNA via transcription. Group II viruses have single-stranded DNA genomes that are converted to double-stranded intermediates before transcription. Group III-VII viruses have RNA genomes and use RNA-dependent processes to produce mRNA.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 3

    Baltimore Classification

    The most commonly used system of virus classification was developed by Nobel Prize-winning
    biologist David Baltimore in the early 1970s. In addition to the differences in morphology and
    genetics mentioned above, the Baltimore classification scheme groups viruses according to how
    the mRNA is produced during the replicative cycle of the virus.

    Group I viruses contain double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) as their genome. Their mRNA is
    produced by transcription in much the same way as with cellular DNA.

    Group II viruses have single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) as their genome. They convert their single-
    stranded genomes into a dsDNA intermediate before transcription to mRNA can occur.

    Group III viruses use dsRNA as their genome. The strands separate, and one of them is used as
    a template for the generation of mRNA using the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase encoded by
    the virus.

    Group IV viruses have ssRNA as their genome with a positive polarity. Positive polarity means
    that the genomic RNA can serve directly as mRNA. Intermediates of dsRNA, called replicative
    intermediates, are made in the process of copying the genomic RNA. Multiple, full-length RNA
    strands of negative polarity (complimentary to the positive-stranded genomic RNA) are formed
    from these intermediates, which may then serve as templates for the production of RNA with
    positive polarity, including both full-length genomic RNA and shorter viral mRNAs.

    Group V viruses contain ssRNA genomes with a negative polarity, meaning that their sequence
    is complementary to the mRNA. As with Group IV viruses, dsRNA intermediates are used to
    make copies of the genome and produce mRNA. In this case, the negative-stranded genome
    can be converted directly to mRNA. Additionally, full-length positive RNA strands are made to
    serve as templates for the production of the negative-stranded genome.

    Group VI viruses have diploid (two copies) ssRNA genomes that must be converted, using the
    enzyme reverse transcriptase, to dsDNA; the dsDNA is then transported to the nucleus of the
    host cell and inserted into the host genome. Then, mRNA can be produced by transcription of
    the viral DNA that was integrated into the host genome.

    Group VII viruses have partial dsDNA genomes and make ssRNA intermediates that act as
    mRNA, but are also converted back into dsDNA genomes by reverse transcriptase, necessary for
    genome replication. The characteristics of each group in the Baltimore classification are
    summarized in Table 3 with examples of each group.

    Mode of mRNA
    Group Characteristics Example
    Production
    mRNA is transcribed
    Herpes simplex
    I Double-stranded DNA directly from the DNA
    (herpesvirus)
    template
    DNA is converted to
    double-stranded form Canine parvovirus
    II Single-stranded DNA
    before RNA is (parvovirus)
    transcribed
    mRNA is transcribed Childhood gastroenteritis
    III Double-stranded RNA
    from the RNA genome (rotavirus)
    Genome functions as Common cold
    IV Single stranded RNA (+)
    mRNA (pircornavirus)
    mRNA is transcribed
    V Single stranded RNA (−) Rabies (rhabdovirus)
    from the RNA genome
    Reverse transcriptase
    makes DNA from the
    Single stranded RNA RNA genome; DNA is Human
    VI viruses with reverse then incorporated in the immunodeficiency virus
    transcriptase host genome; mRNA is (HIV)
    transcribed from the
    incorporated DNA
    The viral genome is
    double-stranded DNA,
    but viral DNA is
    Double stranded DNA
    replicated through an Hepatitis B virus
    VII viruses with reverse
    RNA intermediate; the (hepadnavirus)
    transcriptase
    RNA may serve directly
    as mRNA or as a
    template to make mRNA

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