The Sentence

Department of English Evening Class / Fourth Stage / Grammar
CHAPTER 7
The Sentence
The sentence: it is a group of words, which expresses a complete idea.
Note:- the sentence is classified into two main types;
1 - structure simple
Multiple compound
Complex
2 - function a – declarative
B – imperative
C – exclamation
D – interrogative
Note:- the sentence is classified according to structure into two types;
1 – simple sentence : In this type we have only one idea, and the sentence
consists of (one subject + one predicate).
Example:
She is a doctor
2 – multiple sentence : this type can be classified into two types .
A – compound sentence : is the one that consists of more than one

sentence that express two or more ideas of equal value .
Example:
Mary is a teacher and John is a doctor
We asked him to come, but he did not
You can leave now, or you can wait
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Note :- the coordinators that usually can occur in such types are (and, or, so,
but, yet … etc )
B – complex sentence
In this type we have one main clause which expresses the main idea and
one or more subordinate clause, which expresses secondary idea.
Example :
You can borrow my pen, if you need it
The woman whom you met yesterday, is my mother
Note: - the main difference between the compound sentence and complex one
Is that, in the complex sentence the subordinate clause cannot occur
alone. When we say (you met yesterday) or (if you need it) in the
sentences above we don’t understand what do they mean if
they are uttered alone. However, the case is different with compound
sentence. That is sentence like (Mary is a teacher) can be uttered alone.
Note :- the coordinators that usually occur in complex sentence are (because,
since, in spite of, which, where, when, why, unless, … etc)
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Sentence patterns in English

Note ;- there are main (7) types of sentence patterns;
1–SVC
Example: She is happy
2–SV
Example: She laughed
3- SVO
Example: She wrote a letter
4–SVOO
Example: I gave my son a present
5–SVOC
Example: I proved him wrong
6–SVA
Example: He is at home
7–SVOA
Example: She put her ring in drawer
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Note ;- some linguists classify the first pattern (S V C) into two types which are ;
A–SVN
Example: she is a doctor
B – S V adj
Example: she is careless
Note ;- the elements (O, C, A) are sometimes optional and in another case
they are obligatory. The sense of the verb will determine whether
these elements are optional or obligatory.
Exercises :
She has cut her finger (obligatory)
The snow is falling heavily (optional)
They proved Mary a fool (obligatory)
He is teaching French (optional)
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Sentence elements
The subject
Forms of subject
a- noun
Example:
John is a doctor
b- adjective
Example :
Yesterday is a holiday
c- noun phrase
Example :
The girl is clever
d- clause
Example :
What you said is unbelievable
Position of subject
Note ;- the subject usually occurs before the verb in the affirmative sentence
for example (he studied hard), but it is implied in the imperative
one for example (go home).
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Note ;- in the interrogative sentence the subject usually occurs after the
auxiliary verb.
Example :
Does he go early?
Exception ;- the subject occurs at the beginning of the interrogative sentence

when the (wh) elements (who, or what).
Example :
Who has written this note?
What have been broken?
Agreement ;- the subject determines the number of the verb that follows.
Example :
Mary is happy
We are in the garden
Subject / semantically
There are (5) types of subject in English;
1 – Agentive
In this type the subject is the doer of an action and the object receives the
action. The subject usually here is (animate) and the sentence itself can be
passivize.
Example :
I opened the door
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Note ;- sometimes the subject is the indirect doer .

Example :
Suha backed the cake
We will freeze some beans for winter
2 – External
This type is subdivided into three types;
A – External causer
In this type, the subject expresses un planning cause of an event. In this
Type the subject usually is (inanimate).
Example :
The storm destroyed many houses
B – Instrumental
In this type the subject refers to the entity which used to perform an action.
In this type the subject usually is (inanimate).
Example :
A stone broke my classes
C – Affected
In this type the subject is affected by the action which is done by the verb.
Example :
John fell down accidently
Mary stumbled over a branch
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Note ;- in this type the subject usually occurs with (intransitive verb) like in the
examples above.
Note ;- this type also occurs with auxiliary verb (be) and in this case we notice
there is a relationship in meaning between (the subject and subjective
complement) which is either an adverb, a noun (identification) or
an adjective (characterization).
Example :
The car is in the park
Ali is a doctor
Exercise :
The fish is frying (affected)
I am frying the fish (agentive)
3 – Recipient
In this type the subject is passively implicated in the action represented
by the verb. This type occurs with the following types of verbs;
A – possession (own, have, possess, benefit from)
Example :
John has given his son a car (John's son owns a car)
Mary sent her friend a present (Mary's friend owns a present)
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B – Perceptual verbs, quirk classifies them into three types;
1 – (hear, see) recipient

Example :
He saw the film
She heard the news
2 – (look at, listen to) agentive

Example :
She looked at the sky
He listens to music
3 – (taste, smell) agentive + recipient

Example :
Mary smelled the perfume in hall room (agentive)
The perfume smells nice (recipient)
Foolishly, John tasted the pepper in the s1oup (agentive)
The soup taste is good (recipient)
Note ;- Recipient subject also occurs with verbs of( cognition or emotion) like
(love, like, hate, think … etc)
Example :
I liked the play
I thought he were mistaken
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4 – Positioner
This type of subject occurs with;
A – Stance verbs like ( remain, stay, live, lie, … etc)
Note ;- these verbs are intermediate between stative and dynamic verbs.
they are dynamic to express temporary situation, and there are
stative to reveal permanent situation.
Example :
John lives in London (permanent)
Mary is staying at hotel now (temporary)
Mary stayed in Baghdad most of her life (permanent)
B – Transitive verbs + Od (affected) like (carry, hold, keep, wear, … etc)

which are related to stance verbs.
Example:
The child carries a toy
Jane holds a box
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5 – Descriptive
In this type of subject can be sub classified into three main types;
A – Locative
In this type, the subject has the role of limiting the place of the action
of the verb or state. In this type the whole sentence can be replaced
by a construction that starts with (it, there)
Example :
London is foggy (it is foggy in London)
My tent sleeps 4 people (there are 4 people in my tent)
The jar contains coffee (there is coffee in the jar)
B – Temporal
In this type the subject has the role of limiting the time of the action
or the state. In this type can be replaced by a construction that
starts with (it)
Example :
Yesterday was a holiday (it was a holiday yesterday)
Last summer was really hot (it was really hot in last summer)
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C – Eventive
In this type the subject is either a noun phrase (nominal or adverbial)
which permits an intensive complementation, which is most commonly
time adverbial.
Example:
The match is tomorrow
There will be a party
The concert was yesterday
EMPTY (it)
There are certain constructions in English in which no participant is required
accordingly (it) is used to make the sentence grammatical. (it) is used to
express three situations;
A – Time
Example :
It is too late
It is 3 O'clock
B – Distance
Example :
It is too far to Basrah
C – Atmospheric situations
Example :
It is hot today
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Object
Object;- is a nominal that receives or is affected by the action represented by the
verb.
Example:
Jane cleans the room
Indirect object;- is a nominal that tells whom or for what an action is performed.
Example:
I gave John a present
I bought my son a bike
Forms of object
1 – Proper noun
Example:
I visited Hellen
2 – Pronoun
Example:
I met her yesterday
3 – Noun phrase
Example:
I sent a letter
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4 – Clause
Example:
I don’t believe what you said
I know that you are a big lier
Note;- when the subject or the object refer to the same entity, the object will be in
the
form of reflexive pronoun.
Example:
I saw myself in the mirror
Note;- the indirect object can be omitted without effecting the semantic content of
the sentence.
Example:
I gave Jane everything.
I gave everything.
Note;- although both direct object and indirect one have the same form, just the
relative clause is restricted to the indirect object.
Example:
I will give however wants a copy of questions
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Unpassivized Transitive Verbs

They can be divided into four types;
1 – Verbs of Measure (weigh, cost, hold, …. )
Example:
The house cost 100,000,000 millions
2 – Verbs of Suiting (suit, become, fit, …. )
Example:
The dress suit me
3 – Reciprocal Verbs (resemble, look like, equal, … )
Example:
Two times three equals six
John resembles his uncle
4 – Verbs of Containing and their Opposites (contain, lack, comprise, …. )
Example:
This jar contains milk
The novel comprises 3 chapters
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Object / Semantically
Semantically the object can be divided into four types;
1 – Cognate Object
In this type of object, the object partially or wholly repeats the action
represented by the verb
Example:
He will sing a song
The old man breathed his last breath yesterday
2 – Affected Object
It's the one that receives the action represented by the verb.
Example:
John painted his room
John broke the window
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3 – Locative Object
This type of object occurs mostly with verbs of movement (swim, turn, jump,
and the pattern here is usually ( S + V + (prep) + O ). climb
Example:
She walked (past) the house
The horse jumped (over) the fence
4 – Effected Object (resultant)

This object is created by the action of the verb. It refers to something, which
exists just by virtue of the activity indicated by the verb.
Example:
Adison invented electricity
My mother backed the bread
Jane is writing an essay
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Complement
1 - Types of complement
A – Subjective Complement
In this type of complement, the complement has a semantic relationship with
the subject, i.e it adds something to it.
Example:
he is happy
she seems nice
B – Object Complement
In this type there is a semantic relationship between the object and the
complement.
Example:
I called him Tom
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2 - The Forms of Complement (syntactic types of complement)
A – Noun Phrase
Example:
He is a teacher
We elected him a president
B – Adjective
Example:
I made my coffee black
C – Clause (finite / non – finite)

Example:
The answer is what I said
I told John what you said
I considered him to be married
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Complement / Semantically
A – Identification (nominal)
Example:
He is my uncle
I have chosen her our accountant
B – Characterization (description)
Example:
The soup tastes good
We found the house empty
I ate the meat cold
C – Resulting attribute (there is a change in the state)

Example:
The heat turned the milk sour
He became a lier
He turned a traitor
I considered them to be married
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Concord (agreement)
Concord refers to the relationship grammatically between the subject and the verb.
1 – Subject – Verb agreement
A – Noun Phrase singular + singular V
Plural + plural V
Example:
The flower is red
The flowers are red
The boy plays football
The boys play football
The teacher has explained the lesson
The teachers have explained the lesson
B – Clause finite
+ singular V
Non – finite
Example:
Riding horses is interesting (non – finite clause)
Where we spent the weekend was a nice place (finite clause)
C – Prepositional Phrase + singular V

Example:
After the holiday is the time to read

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2 – Notional Concord
When we think of amount of money, a period of time, a distance and a group of
people as one entity we use singular verb. So we are not going to think of the
presents of the grammatical marker of the subject, but we think of it as one
entity (notion).
Example:
20 millions is enough to by a new car
Three miles is long to be walked
Seventy people represents a huge party
Ten years is long to live abroad
3 – Collective Nouns Concord

Words like (staff, police, audience, team, family, company, committee …) take in
british English, they are followed by singular verb in formal writing, where they
are followed by plural verb in spoken language.
Example:
The team wins the match
The audience is happy
Collective nouns (British) + singular (formal)
+ Plural (spoken)
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4 – Coordinating Subject
Two or more noun phrases or clauses coordinating by (and).
A – Non – oppositional + plural V

Example:
Marry and John are clever
The old woman and the foreign servant speak two different languages
What I said and what I heard are believable
Note:- such type of sentence is a reduction of two clauses or sentences.
Example:
Marry is clever and John is clever
Note:- sometimes the two coordinator elements refer to the same entity for
example (Tom and Jerry is a nice cartoon)
Note:- name of novels, poems and dramas which are so famous, usually take
singular verb.
Example:
Hard Times is a nice novel
Sons and Lovers is a good novel
B – Appositional Concord (subject) + singular verb

Example:
The great statue and the symbol of freedom was built two years ago
The old man and the loyal servant (was / were) with me when I traveled abroad
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5 – Indefinite Expression Concord, like;

(half, some, non, no, all, …) which refer to quantities can be followed be either
singular or plural verb.
Non – count + singular verb
Indefinite Expression
Count + plural verb
Example:
Half of sugar has melted
Half the houses were built
Some milk is dropped
Some books have been typed
6 – Proximity
These words that join two phrases or sentences are followed by either singular
verb or plural verb. (either ….. or) , (neither …. nor) , (each …. and) , (every …. and)
Note;- the last item determines the number of the verb, if the last item is singular
the the verb will be singular, but if the last item is plural the verb will be plural.
Example:
Either the boy or his brothers are coming
Neither the students nor the teacher arrives early
Each boy and each girl is holding a fly
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Vocative
It's a nominal that is added to a sentence optionally (beginning, middle, end), to
direct the attention of the addressee to whom the sentence is expressed.
Forms of Vocative
1 – A single noun
Example:
John, come here
Listen to me, Mary
2 – Definite Pronoun (you)

Example:
You, don’t talk
3 – Indefinite Pronoun (somebody, anybody, anyone…)

Example:
Somebody, open the door
4 – Standard Appellatives (descriptive)

A – Family relationship (son, daughter, father, mother, mum (my), dad (dy), …)
B – Epithets unfavorable (fatty, stupid, idiot, …)
Endearment (darling, love, honey, …)
Example:
How many times have knocked the door, idiot?

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C – Markers of Status or Respect (my lord, ladies and gentleman, your majesty,…)
D – Terms of Occupations or Profession (captain, officer, teacher, …)
Q / what is the function of vocative?
A / we have two functions;
1 – Call, to single the addressee of out the others.
2 – Address, to express the attitude of the speaker towards the addressee.
Note;- not just single nouns of phrases can be used as a vocative. Nominal clauses
also can occur as a vocative.
Example:
Whoever you're, I don’t care
Whatever you said, this not an excuse
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Negation
Negation;- is a process which typically expresses the contradiction of all or some
sentences meaning. It can be expressed by;
1 – particles; (not, no, never, …)
2 – lexis (prefixes); (un,in, im, ir, il, …)
3 – certain words; (fail, avoid, unaware, against, forget, without, …)
Q – how can we change an affirmative sentence into negative one?
A – if there is an operator in a sentence we add just the word (not) to the operator.
Example:
He's at home he's not at home
She has typed the report she hasn’t typed the report
B – if there is no operator we bring the auxiliaries according to the tense of the verb
That is if the verb ends with (s) simple present we use (does). If the verb is base
We use (do) and we use (did) when the verb is in the past simple tense.
Note;- when the verb (have) occurs as a main verb in a sentence we negate it in
two ways;
1 – British way; (we add just not to it)
Example:
I have a car I haven’t a car
2 – American way; we use auxiliaries verbs (do, does, did) + (not)
Example:
I have enough time I don’t have enough time
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Abbreviated
Negation
It mostly occurs with pronouns, and we can abbreviate either the pronoun or the
negation.
Example:
He's not here
He isn’t here
Alternative Negation Statement

The particle (not) can be added to other parts of a sentence rather than the verb.
Example:
1- I didn’t see any birds
I saw no birds
2- Ask John, don’t ask his wife
Ask John, not his wife
3- The machine isn’t working properly
It is working, but not properly
Non-Assertive Forms
They are (determiners, pronoun, …) which are accompanied with interrogative as
well as negative sentences like (anyway, anywhere, yet, either, at all, …)
Example:
I have some food left I haven’t any food left
I met my friend some where I didn’t met my friend anywhere

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Note;- if an assertive form occurs in a sentence which is in affirmative sentence,

It must be change into non-assertive form.
Example:
She has already married she hasn’t yet married
I met one or other of them I didn’t meet either of them
Words negative in meaning (not in appearance)

We can divide these words into three group;
1 – little , few
Scarcely , barely , hardly
Seldom , rarely
2 – the word (only)
3 – group of (verbs, preposition, adjective) like;
(unaware, without, forget, …)
Q – why is group (1) regarded as negative?
A–
1 – they are followed by positive rather than negative tag question.
Example:
He scarcely seems to care, does he?
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2 – they are followed by non-assertive forms.
Example:
I can hardly find anyone of my old friends
3 – when they occur before the subject, some of them may cause subject verb
inversion.
Example:
Little did I expect such cooperation from so many
Concerning group (2)
When the word (only) focusses on the subject, it will be followed by non-assertive
forms for example, (only two of us had any experience in sailing). When the word
(only) focusses on another element rather than the subject, we also have subject verb
inversion. For example, (only his mother will he obey)
Group (3)
Is regarded as negative, because it followed by non-assertive forms.
Example:
I'm against going out anywhere at night
I forgot to ask for any help
She avoided ever speaking to us
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CHAPTER SIX
Prepositions
Is a word or words that expresses a relationship between two entities like;
(of, in, at, by, up to, in addition to, …).
Prepositional in general are followed by a complement.
The types of complement;

1 – proper noun to John, for Mary
2 – noun phrase at the hospital in the garden
3 – personal pronoun best wishes to you
4 – V. ing she is good at cooking
5 – wh – clause I'm interested in what you’ve said
6 – noun-substitute John went from this to that
Postposed preposition
Sometimes the preposition is preceded by a complement, they are six cases in
English in which this happens;
1 – passive
Example:
Don’t worry. The baby is being looked after
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2 – infinitive
Example:
Clay is fun to play with
3 – Exclamation
Example:
What a mess we are in!
4 – Relative clause
Example:
The story that you were telling me about was untrue
5 – Wh – clause
Example:
What John is afraid of is to fail in the exam
6 – Wh – questions
Example:
Where are you from?
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Classifications of Prepositions
Prepositions are classified according to structure and meaning.
A – classifications of prepositions according to structure
They can be divided into two types;
Prepositions Simple { (one word) , (by, on, of, at, …) }
{ (ing) , (regarding, concerning, …) }
Complex (more than one word)
1/ adverb + preposition (up to)
2/ preposition + preposition (together with)
3/ conjunction + preposition (because of)
4/ verb + preposition (go on)
5/ adjective + preposition (due to)
B – Classifications of prepositions according to meaning

They can be divided into two types;
Prepositions Prepositions of Place
Prepositions of Time
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1 – Place
A – Positive position
In this type the two entities are close to each other like; (in, on, at, to)
Example:
The bird is at the window
The book is on the desk
The ship sank in the ocean
John went to London
Notice;- notice the difference between the following two prepositions;

1 – John is in the college
2 – John is at college
In the sentence (1) we think of the college as a building, (John) is either a student or
a visitor , while in the sentence (2) we are thinking of college in its functional aspect,
so (John) here is a student who attends lectures, etc ….
B – Negative Position
In this type the two entities are not close to each other like; (off, out of, away
from,…)
Example:
The baby went away of his bed
He took the money out of his pocket
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C – Relative positions
In this type of meaning, the prepositions work with reference to axes.
vertical (above, over, below, top of, underneath, …….)
horizontal (across, belong, behind, in front of, …….)
This meaning is subdivided into three types;
1 – Destination (purpose)
It refers to the movement to a place for a purpose.
Example:
I throw a blanket over her.
She reached behind the house and watched the accident.
2 – Passage
It refers to the movement, which is far away from a place + destination
Example:
The bird disappeared through the window.
She jumped over a ditch.
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3 – Direction
It refers to the movement with reference to axes or directional bath.
Note;- the meaning of direction occurs mostly with motion verbs.

Example:
We ran up the hill
We turned around the corner
D – Resultative Meaning
It means the state of having reached the purpose.
Note;- sometimes an adverb like (finally, at last, ….) help us to determine this
meaning.
Example:
I managed to get over the fence
Finally, we were out of forest
At last, I felt relax when I left my college forever
E – Pervasive Meaning
1 – Motion Pervasive, refers to appearance of this meaning with motion verbs.
Example:
All boys were running (all) through the beach
We put flowers around the statue
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2 – Static Pervasive refers to appearance of this meaning with stative verbs.
Example:
Leaves lay (all) through the ground
F – Orientation
It refers to starting at a point (point of orientation) and describing or
referring to something. This meaning occurs just with stative verbs.
Example:
My friend lives across the river
There is a hotel past the building
Note:- sometimes the prepositions can be omitted when their meaning is included
in the verb.
Example:
John climbed (up) the tree
My sister helped me to fill (in) the room
He swam across the river
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2 – Time
This meaning is expressed through two types of preposition;
A - Those prepositions, which answer the question starting with (when)
B - Those prepositions, which answer the question starting with (how long)
Concerning those prepositions that answer the questions with (when), they
expressed either point of time or period of time.
A – (at, on) (point of time) at 1.00 o'clock, at midnight, at noon, on days, on dates
…..
B – (in) (period of time) years, months, parts of day, seasons, centuries,……
C – (before, after, since, till, until) this group of prepositions is followed by:
1 – noun phrase
Example:
Before her arrival, after the war
2 – temporal phrase
Example:
Since winter, after June
3 – subjectless (ing) clause
Example:
After going home, before leaving her room
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Note:- the meaning of (till, until) differ when they occur in positive and negative
sentence. The preposition (till, until) specifies the commencement (starting
point) of an action when it occurs with negative sentence. For example
(I can't sleep midnight) in this sentence the preposition (till) refers to the
starting point of the action (sleeping), in other words the speaker starts
sleeping after midnight. When the preposition (until) occurs with positive
sentence, it'll refer to terminal point of time (end) for example (I have waited
John until 4 O'clock) in this sentence The preposition (until) specifies the end
of the action that is the speaker stops waiting for John after 4 o'clock
D – (by, up to)
(1) (You have to hand in your papers by next week) here the preposition (by) refers
to future. It means that the next week is the deadline for handing in the papers.
After the next week there is no handing papers (it refers to the end of an action) (2)
(Up to the last month I hadn’t received any calls). The preposition (up to) refers to
the end of receiving any calls. Before the last month, there were some calls.
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Time duration
This meaning (duration) represents the answers for questions that start with (how
long)
Example:
How long have you been here?
The prepositions that carry this meaning are;

(for, all over, through, all through, since, etc. ……..)
Example:
I have been here for ten minutes
She has been staying in Baghdad all through April
Note;- notice the difference between these two sentences;

A: John has been swimming for an hour
B: John came to the library for reading
In (A) the preposition (for) carries the meaning of duration (the process of
swimming lasts for an hour).
In (B) the preposition (for) carries the meaning of the purpose of coming to the
library (reading)
A: The meeting will be from 4 to 6 o'clock
B: The meeting will be from 4 through 6 o'clock
In (A) the action (helding the meeting) starts from 4 o'clock and it may end at
6oclock or not.
In (B) the meeting will start from 4 o'clock and till 6 o'clock and this hour (6) will be
included.
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Absence of preposition
Note;- just the prepositions which have a connection with (when) are absents in
some contexts i.e the prepositions are (at, on, in, since)
1 – Deictic Expression
(next, last, this, these, that, those)
Example:
The party will be (on) next Friday
2 – Words of Quantity
(any, some, every)
Example:
I'm ready to meet my beloved (in) everyday
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The relationships of prepositions

1 – Place
Example: The boy sat beside the door
2 – Time
Example: The conference will be in June
3 – Reason
Example: I did that for my friend
4 – Reaction
Example: I was surprise of his refusal
5 – Means
Example: I came to college by car
6 – Motive
Example: She did that out of kindness
7 – Figurative
Example: He's in a hole
8 – Possessive
Example: A play of talent
9 – Manner
Example: She answered the question with a smile
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Department of English Evening Class / Fourth Stage / Grammar

Note:- the sentence is classified into two main types;

Note:- the sentence is classified according to structure into two types;

2 – multiple sentence : this type can be classified into two types .

A – compound sentence : is the one that consists of more than one

Mary is a teacher and John is a doctor

We asked him to come, but he did not

You can leave now, or you can wait

one or more subordinate clause, which expresses secondary idea.

You can borrow my pen, if you need it

The woman whom you met yesterday, is my mother

sentences above we don’t understand what do they mean if

sentence. That is sentence like (Mary is a teacher) can be uttered alone.

Sentence patterns in English

Example: She is happy

Example: She laughed

Example: She wrote a letter

Example: I gave my son a present

Example: I proved him wrong

Example: She put her ring in drawer

Example: she is a doctor

Example: she is careless

these elements are optional or obligatory.

She has cut her finger (obligatory)

The snow is falling heavily (optional)

They proved Mary a fool (obligatory)

He is teaching French (optional)

The girl is clever

What you said is unbelievable

one for example (go home).

Exception ;- the subject occurs at the beginning of the interrogative sentence

Who has written this note?

What have been broken?

We are in the garden

I opened the door

Note ;- sometimes the subject is the indirect doer .

Suha backed the cake

We will freeze some beans for winter

Type the subject usually is (inanimate).

The storm destroyed many houses

In this type the subject usually is (inanimate).

A stone broke my classes

John fell down accidently

Mary stumbled over a branch

complement) which is either an adverb, a noun (identification) or

The car is in the park

The fish is frying (affected)

I am frying the fish (agentive)

A – possession (own, have, possess, benefit from)

Mary sent her friend a present (Mary's friend owns a present)

B – Perceptual verbs, quirk classifies them into three types;

1 – (hear, see) recipient

He saw the film

She heard the news

2 – (look at, listen to) agentive

She looked at the sky

3 – (taste, smell) agentive + recipient

Mary smelled the perfume in hall room (agentive)

The perfume smells nice (recipient)