LTE PLANNING

Coverage Planning
Coverage Planning gives an estimation of the resources needed to provide
service in the deployment area with the given system parameters.
 Downlink Link Budget
Downlink Link Budget
Transmitter Value Calculation
Max eNB Tx Power (dBm) 46 A
RB to Distribute Power 100 C
Subcarriers to Distribute Power 1200 D = 12*C
Subcarrier Power (dBm) 15.21 E = A-10*log(D)
Tx Antenna Gain (dBi) 18 G
Feeder Loss (dB) 0.5 H
EIRP (dBm) 32.71 J = E+G-H

Receiver Value Calculation

SINR (dB) -3.5 K
Rx Noise Figure (dB) 7 L
Receiver Sensitivity (dBm) -128.74 M = K+L-174+10*log(15000)
Rx Body Loss (dB) 0 P
Interference Margin (dB) 3.67 Q
Min. Signal Reception Strength (dBm) -125.07 R = M+P+Q

Path Loss & Shadow Fading Margin Value Formula

Penetration Loss (dB) 15 S
Shadow Fading Margin (dB) 8 T
MAPL (dB) 134.78 U = J-R-S-T
 Uplink Link Budget
Uplink Link Budget
Transmitter Value Calculation
Max Total Tx Power (dBm) 23 A
RB to Distribute Power 8 C
Subcarriers to Distribute Power 96 D = 12*C
Subcarrier Power (dBm) 3.18 E = A-10*log(D)
Tx Body Loss (dBi) 0 I
EIRP (dBm) 3.18 J = E-I

Receiver Value Calculation

SINR (dB) -2.5 K
Rx Noise Figure (dB) 2.3 L
Receiver Sensitivity (dBm) -132.44 M = K+L-174+10*log(15000)
Rx Antenna Gain (dBi) 18 N
Rx Cable Loss (dB) 0 O
Interference Margin (dB) 0.87 Q
Min. Signal Reception Strength (dBm) -149.57 R = M-N+O+Q

Path Loss & Shadow Fading Margin Value Formula

Penetration Loss (dB) 15 S
Shadow Fading Margin (dB) 8 T
MAPL (dB) 129.75 U = J-R-S-T
 Outdoor Propagation Models

• COST 231 Hata Model

The COST231-Hata model extends Hata's model for use in the 1500 -
2000 MHz frequency range, where it is known to estimate path loss.

PL = Lu - a(hRx)
 Calculation COST 231 Propagation

Lu = 49,3+ 33,9 log10 (fc ) – 13,82 log10 (htx ) + (44,9 – 6,55 log (htx )) logd
Lu = 49,3+ 33,9 log10 (1800 ) – 13,82 log10 (30) + (44,9 – 6,55 log (30 ))logd
Lu = 49,3+ 110,3537379 – 20,41381574+ (35,224855)logd

PL = 49,3+ 110,35373 – 20,41381574+ (35,224855)logd – a(hr)

(Jika hr = 1,5 maka a(hr) = 0)
Calculation COST 231 Propagation
129,75 = 139,2399143 + (35,224855)logd
-9,48991426 = (35,224855)logd

−9,48991426
Logd =
35,224855
Logd = -0,2694096047
D= 10−0,2694096047
D= 0,538 km
 Site Calculation
Bandung Area Wide = 168.23 km2

Calculation Formula Result

Cell Coverage (Tri-Sectoral) 1,95 x d2 0.564

𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑒
Total Cell 299
𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒
LTE CELL PLANNING
 Frequency Planning
“Frequency Planning needs when the frequency of LTE system works on the
same frequency band and the resources of the spectrum frequency is limited”

Frequency Reuse Frequency Reuse Soft Frequency Reuse

1x3x1 1x3x3 1x3x1
Frequency Planning (EARFCN)

𝐹𝐷𝐿/𝑈𝐿 : DL/UL Frequency center

𝐹𝐷𝐿/𝑈𝐿_𝑙𝑜𝑤 : The lowest frequency of the DL/UL operating band

𝑁𝑂𝑓𝑓𝑠𝐷𝐿/𝑈𝐿 : Offset used for calculating DL/UL EARFCN

𝑁𝐷𝐿/𝑈𝐿 : Downlink/Uplink EARFCN
 Tracking Area Concept
 TA have similar function as RA in UMTS/GSM to track UE location while Idle Mode
 TA Information is used by the MME when paging idle UE to notify them of incoming data
connections
 A TA contains cells using the same TAC. Cells in the network coverage area are divided into
multiple TAs by TAC
 TA aims to reduce location update signaling caused by location changes in the LTE System
Paging Procedure
 Tracking Area Planning Principles
 TAs and TALs are configured for specific areas, preventing unnecessary TAU signaling overhead
 Maximum value of a TAC is determined by maximum paging capacity of MME.
 According to the some product specification, One TAL support up to 16 TAs, each TA supports
maximum 100 eNodeB in one MME

TAC = Tracking Area Code (1~65533, and 65535)

TAI = Tracking Area ID = MCC + MNC + TAC
TAL = Tracking Area List
1 TAL = up to 16 TAC
TAL value range: 0~ 65534

MCC MNC TAC TAI

510 10 1000 510 – 10 – 1000

 Tracking Area Planning & Dimensioning

When planning borders between TAs and TA lists, the following general rules apply:
 TA and TA lists should be planned so that areas with frequent TA update signaling are
located in low mobility areas. This makes it easier for the eNodeB to cope with the
additional signaling caused by the TAL update procedure.
 TA and TA list should be planned so that the need for TA updates (TAL border) is
minimized. This is accomplished by considering how users travel within the network.
Busy roads, railways, and so on, should cross as few TA list borders as possible.
 PCI Planning Concept
In LTE System, Physical Cell Identity is used to differentiate radio signals of
different cells. That is, the PCI is unique in the coverage of cells.

Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS): Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS):

• Detection of carrier frequency • Detection of radio frame timing
• Detection of SCH symbol timing • Detection of cell ID group (0-167)
• Identification of Cell ID (0-2) • Detection of MIMO & CP configuration
 PCI Allocation
PCI can be allocated manually using Modulo 3 concept. The result of mod 3
assigned on each sector cannot be face-to-face.

Terms of Allocating PCI:

Cannot be Collision Cannot be Confusion

 PCI code must be unique in an  A cell is not allowed to have the same
area where a cell is covered neighboring cells with adjacent PCI
 PRACH Planning Backgrounds & Principles
“PRACH is the UL channel that is used by the UE for initial cell
and scheduling requests”

 There are 64 PRACH preambles in each LTE cell for Random Access used for users
randomly selects a preamble sequence to establish initial connection.
 Preambles are generated from root sequence (Zadoff-Chu sequence) and its cyclic shift
838 root sequences are defined by 3GPP with length 839
For example: for Cyclic Shift step 76, so-call Ncs = 76
Each root sequence can generate Rounddown(839/76) = 11 sequences
To Generate 64 sequences, number of root sequences needed = Roundup(64/11) = 6
So available root sequences = Rounddown (838/6) = 139 (Index 0, 6, 12, 18, …)
 Root sequence needs to be reuse in the network
Cell Range Given Ncs
 Defining Ncs Value
• Ncs * Ts > TRTD + TMDS + Tdev
[ Ncs * (800/839) > (6.67*R) + 5 + 2 ]

• Ncs is mainly decided by Cell radius.

• TRTD = 2*R/C = 2*R / (3*108 ) seconds = 6.67 * R (us)
• TRTD is round trip delay, decided by cell radius R
• C is light speed = 3*108 m/s
• TMDS is Maximum time delay spread, 5us for Dense Urban and Urban
• Tdev is UE timing deviation due to un-ideal synchronization to the downlink
• Typically, assume TMDS = 5us, UE timing deviation = 2us
• Ts is PRACH sampling period, and Ts = 800/839 [us]
• If planned cell radius = 8Km, then Ncs = 76 (Dense Urban, Urban)
• If planned cell radius = 12Km, then Ncs = 93 (Suburban, Rural,
long distance coverage)
 PRACH Planning Procedures
 Step 1: Determine Ncs value by the cell radius. (E.g. Assume the cell radius is 9.8 km, take Ncs
value 76)

 Step 2: The value of 839/76 is rounded down to 11, that is, each index should generate 11
preamble sequences. In this case, 6 (64/11) root sequence indexes are required to generate 64
preamble sequences.

 Step 3: The number of available root sequence indexes is 839/6=139 (0, 6, 12,…,6*n,…, 828)

 Step 4: The available root sequence indexes are assigned to cells. The reuse distance shall be as
far as possible
Atoll Simulation
Atoll Overview
Forsk is an independent company providing radio
planning and optimisation software solutions to the
wireless industry since 1987.

Atoll is a 64-bit multi-technology wireless network design

and optimisation platform that supports wireless operators
throughout the network lifecycle, from initial design to
densification and optimisation.

Atoll Supported Technology:

 GSM/GPRS/EDGE  LTE/LTE-A
 WIMAX/BWA  Microwave Links
 UMTS/HSPA  TD-SCDMA
 Wi-Fi  CDMA2000
 Atoll User Interface
Menu Bar

Toolbar

Workspace

Explorer

Legend

Event

Document
Window
 Create New Project

1. File  New  From a Document Template

2. Choose your project templates  LTE  OK
3. Result
3
 Importing Maps [1]

2
1

1. Select File then Import

2. Choose “Heigh”  click “Index.txt”  Open
3. Choose Altitudes 4
4. Result will be shown in document window
 Importing Maps [2]

1 2

1. Select File then Import

2. Choose “Clutter_Class”  select “Index.txt”  Open
3. Choose Clutter Classes 4
4. Result will be shown in document window
 Importing Maps [3]

1 2

1. Select File then Import

2. Choose “Clutter_Class”  select “Index.txt”  Open
4
3. Choose Clutter Heights
4. Result will be shown in document window
 Setting Clutter Classes Legend [1]

1 2 3

1. Open Geo tab

2. Click Clutter Classes and drag above Clutter Heights
3. Clutter Class already above Clutter Heights
4. Result in document window
 Setting Clutter Classes Legend [2]

1. Right click Clutter Class  Properties

2. Clutter Class has not colored yet
3. Select the colour you want 4
4. Result
Map Result
 Selecting Projection Map [1]

1
3
2

1. Select Document then Properties

2. Projection Map has not selected yet  select “…”
3. On Find In, choose WGS84 UTM zones  UTM zone 48S  OK
 Selecting Projection Map [2]

2
1
3

1. On Display  select “…”

2. Choose WGS 48  OK
3. Projection Map already set
 Online Maps [1]

2 4

1 3

1. Open Geo Tab  right click Online Maps  New

2. Online Maps still blank
3. Minimize Atoll  open your training data  Open Online Maps.txt  Copy the URL
4. Online Maps already filled
 Online Maps [2]

1. Open Geo Tab  click and drag Online Maps above Clutter Heights
2. Result In Map
3. You can zoom the map by using Zoom tool ( )
Map Result
 Selecting Frequency Band

1 2

1. Go to Parameters Tab Expand Radio Network Settings Expand Frequencies Right Click Bands Open
Table
2. Check your frequency band
 Selecting Propagation Models

1. In Parameters tab  Expand Propagation Models  Right click your Propagation Models  Properties
2. Select Formulas
3. Set your formulas
 Selecting Antenna

1. Go to Parameters Tab Expand Radio Network Equipment  Right Click Antennas Open Table
2. Check your Antenna
 Selecting Feeder

1. Go to Parameters Tab Expand Radio Network Equipment  Right Click Feeders Open Table
2. Check your Feeder
 Importing Feeders [1]

1. Select Import
2. Find your data  Open 2
 Importing Feeders [2]

1. Select Import
2. Your new afeeder already set

1
 Selecting TMA & Transmitter Epuipment

1 3
2 4

1. In Parameters Tab Radio Network Equipment  TMA  Open Table

2. Set the value of TMA equipment
3. Right click Transmitter equipment Open Table
4. Set the value of Transmitter equipment
 Frame Configuration

1. In Parameter tab Radio Network Settings Right click Frame Configuration  Open Table
2. Configure your Frame
 RS EPRE Configuration

1
2

3
1. Right click Radio Network Setting  Properties
2. Choose Global Parameter Tab  Advanced
3. RS EPRE  Calculated (With Boost)  OK
 Station Template Configuration [1]
2
3

4
5

1
6
1. Right click Station Template New
2. Fill the name of Station 7
3. Fill The Hexagon Radius
4. Fill the height
5. Fill your Main Antenna
6. Fill your antenna ports
7. Choose your propagation models
 Station Template Configuration [2]

2
3
4
1
5

1. Go to Transmitter tab  Equipment

2. Choose TMA equipment
3. Choose Feeder
4. Choose Transmitter
5. Choose Feeder length  Commit
Station Template Configuration [3]

6
2
5
3
4
1. Choose your Max Power
2. Go to LTE tab  Choose your frequency band
3. Choose LTE equipment
4. Choose Scheduler
5. Go to Neighbour tab  set your neighbour  OK
6. In Workplace  Change your station to the new one
 Focus Zone [1]

Focus Zone [1]

1. Go to Geo tab Right click Focus Zone  Import

2. Find your file  Open
 Focus Zone [2]

1
2

1. Click Import
2. Result of your Focus Zone
 Computational Zone [1]

1. Right click Computational Zone  Import

2. Find your file  Open
 Computational Zone [2]

1 2

1. Select Import
2. The result of your Computational Zone
 Plotting Site [1]

1. Click Hexagonal Design

2. Plot your site on map
3. Right Click Transmitter  Properties
 Plotting Site [2]

1
2

1. Choose your color

2. Your site has been colorised
 Neighbour Allocation

1. Right click Transmitter  Neighbours

 Intra-Technology  Automatic
Allocation
2. Calculate  Commit
2
 PCI Allocation [1]

1. Right click Transmitter  AFP  Automatic Allocation

2. Choose Physical Cell IDs, Calculate  Commit
 PCI Allocation [2]

1. Right click Transmitter  Cells 

Open Table
2. Your PCI already allocated
 Frequency Allocation [1]

1 2

1. Right click Transmitter  AFP  Automatic Allocation

2. Choose Frequencies, Calculate  Commit
 Frequency Allocation [2]

1. Right click Transmitter  Cells  Open

Table
2. Your frequency already allocated
2
 Coverage Simulation [1]

1 3
2

1. Right click Prediction  New Prediction

2. Select Prediction Types  OK
3. In Display Tab, click Calculate
 Coverage Simulation [2]

2
1

1. Prediction result
2. Right click Coverage prediction  Histogram
3. Histogram result
 Coverage by Transmitter

3
1. Right click Prediction  New Prediction
2. Select Prediction Types  OK
3. In Display Tab, click Calculate
4. Coverage by Transmitter result

4
 Traffic & QOS Simulation [1]
1. Go to Traffic
Parameter  Right
1 click services 
2
Right click High
Speed Internet 
Properties
2. Input QoS class
indentifier (QCI)
based on QCI table
 Traffic & QOS Simulation [2]

1. Go to Traffic Maps  New Map

1
2. Explanation
 User Profile Traffic Map: Describe usr
densities with user profiles,mobility type, and
user profile environment based traffic map
 Sector traffic Map: describes spred of traffic
over coverage area of each transmitter
 User Density Traffic Map: Provide the number
of connected user rs per unit of surface, i.e.
the density of users, as input

2
 Traffic & QOS Simulation [3]

1
2

1. Right click Actions  Import Table

2. Choose your file  Open
 Traffic & QOS Simulation [4]

1. Click OK 2
2. Fill the Terminals and Mobility 
OK 3
3. Result
 Traffic & QOS Simulation [5]

1. Network Tab Right click Simulation  New

2. Click Calculate
2
 Traffic & QOS Simulation [5]

1. Simulation Result
2. Network Tab  Simulations  Right click
your simulation  Properties
3. Simulation Properties 3