Lesson 1

Chapter 1
A. CMO 87, Series of 2017 [1]

B. Course Description
C. Course Outline
A. CMO 87, Series of 2020
Policies, standards and guidelines for the Bachelor of Science in Computer

Engineering (BSCpE) effective (AY) 2018-2019.
This memorandum specifies the “core competencies” expected of BS Computer
Engineering graduates “regardless of the type of Higher Education Institutions (HEI) they
graduate from.”
Download a pdf copy of this memorandum from www.ched.gov.ph for further
guidance.
B. Course Description
[1] This
is an introductory course in computer programming logic. The student will
learn algorithms applicable to all programming languages. These includes: identifiers,
data types, control structures, arrays, modular programming, generating reports and
computer memory concepts. The student will learn to use charts commonly used in
business and information processing. Program logic will be developed using flowcharts
and pseudocode. Programs will be written in any programming language (CMO 87, s.
2020).
C. Course Outline
 Introduction to computer and logic.

 Tools for developing program logic: flowchart and pseudocode
 C programming language.
 Basic I/O Functions in C.
 Identifiers in C.
 Arithmetic and arithmetic assignment statement in C.
 If control structure: if statement, if-else statement, nested if, nested if-else-if
statement, switch statement.
 Loop Control structure: for loop, nested for loop, infinite loop, while loop and do-
while loop.
 Arrays: one dimensional array, two dimensional arrays and multi-dimensional
arrays.
 Pointers and Strings in C
 Modular Programming in C
 Header Files in C
 Struct data type
 Recursion
Chapter 2. Introduction to Computer and Logic
Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the student will be able:
 To identify a computer.
 To learn the components of a computer system.
 To learn the functions of the different units of a computer system.
2.1 Computer
There are a lot of definitions of what a computer is. You can read the definition from
dictionaries, books or google. In our class, we are going to define computer in relation to our
profession and lesson.
A computer is an electronic device capable of performing logical and arithmetic
operations. Logical operation refers to the correct steps of solving a problem, while arithmetic
operations refers to the correct usage of our mathematical operators such as +,-,* and /.
2.2 Computer System
A computer system is a combination of all the modules that are required to process data
(processed information) and store these into the computer. The two basic components of a
computer system are the hardware and software.
 Hardware: These are the tangible parts of your computer. These includes your CPU,
monitor, keyboard, mouse and other peripheral devices attached to your computer.
 Software: These are the programs running inside your computer. Examples of these are
the Operating System (Windows, Linux, Sun Solaris, etc.), word processing software,
spreadsheet, presentation programs, games and music.
Software can be classified in two broad types:
 Application Software. Programs that you apply to a specific task, such as word
processing, spreadsheets, Point of Sales (POS) programs and games.
 System Software. Programs that manages the operation of your computer. The
management may start from the boot process to the kill process. A good example of
this is your Operating System (OS). Note: There will be a separate course for Operating System.
I will not further explain what an OS is and its function .
2.3 Logical Units of a Computer System

There are 6 key logical units of a computer system. These are the: input unit, output unit,
memory unit, arithmetic and logic unit, central processing unit and the secondary storage unit.
2.3.1 INPUT UNIT
A part of the computer system that accepts data and instructions. The form of
data and instructions depends on the type of device used. The common devices being
used in our computer are the keyboard and mouse. The keyboard passes data and
instructions to your computer through typing. In the case of a mouse, data and
instructions can be passed by clicking the mouse.
There are other devices aside from the keyboard and mouse that can be used to
pass data or instructions. Sensors can be used to pass data in a wired or wireless
transmission. Bluetooth devices can also pass data and instructions.
Generally, the input unit performs the following function:
 Accepts or reads instructions coming from the outside world.

 Converts these instructions into a format that can be accepted by the
computer.
 Supplies converted instructions to the computer system for processing.
2.3.2 OUTPUT UNIT
The generally accepted maxim “if there is an input, it is always presumed there is
an output” applies to this particular logical unit. The function of the output unit is to give
results coming from the input unit. The results are usually projected through the monitor
of the computer.
Base from the above statement, the output unit performs the following function:
 Accepts the results from the computer. The results are in coded form.
 Converts these coded forms to human readable form.
 Provides converted forms to the outside world for consumption.
2.3.3 STORAGE UNIT
All data or instructions after being received through the output unit must be
stored first before the actual processing starts. In the same way, the results produced by
the computer must be stored inside the computer before being passed to the output unit.
Additionally, the results must be saved for ongoing processes.
There are two types of storage unit. These are the primary storage unit and
secondary storage unit.
The primary storage unit is otherwise known as the Random Access Memory
(RAM). This is a high speed low memory device. This a type of computer memory that is
used to store working data or temporary files. RAM is usually known as a cache memory
or volatile memory. All instructions to be processed by the CpU are temporarily stored in
the RAM. If the computer is turned off, then the instructions are automatically erased.
RAM is an important component for the OS. Modern OS and application programs are
very dependent on RAM.
The secondary storage unit is a low speed high memory device. A good example
of this device is your hard disk drive (HDD). The HDD provides the necessary space for
intermediary results and final results. All results stored in the HDD are retained even if
the computer is turned off. Usually, this is the storage unit where we search our saved
files or remove it from our computer.
2.3.4 CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CpU)
The brain of the computer system. All data or instructions coming from the
primary storage device are processed by the CpU. The CpU runs the OS and all the
application programs inside the computer. Note: This is only a brief description of the CpU.
The CpU is sometimes compared to the brain of a human being. The brain
processes all information received by our senses and the body reacts accordingly to the
data coming from the brain. Just like the CpU, it produces the desired output based on
the input.
2.3.5 ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC UNIT (ALU)
The ALU is the unit where all the real time execution of the instructions take place
during the processing operations. All logical and arithmetic calculations are performed in
this unit. Decision making are also made here.
2.3.6 CONTROL UNIT
The control unit guides and controls the actions of the internal and external
devices. It interprets the instructions drawn from the computer, determines what data
are required and where the data is to be stored.
The control units determine and directs where to store the results of an operation
and sends the control signal to the devices responsible for the execution of the
instructions.

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Chapter 1

A. CMO 87, Series of 2017 [1]

A. CMO 87, Series of 2020

Policies, standards and guidelines for the Bachelor of Science in Computer

 Introduction to computer and logic.

2.3 Logical Units of a Computer System

 Accepts or reads instructions coming from the outside world.

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