Honors Biology

Semester 1 Review

Unit 1 Intro, Food Poisoning

1. List the steps of the scientific method in order.
Ask a question/observe, Make a hypothesis, Run a controlled experiment, analyze data, draw
conclusions, report/publish or retest

2. Describe how a controlled experiment is designed. You only change one variable (independent
variable) everything else is the same for the test groups (these are called controlled variables -factors
kept the same)

3. What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory? hypothesis = educated guess at an
outcome vs. theory is a hypothesis that has stood the test of time, get the same results again and
again.

4. Mice are given drugs to determine if they affect heart rate. A group of 10 mice are given water. Another
group of 10 mice are given cocaine. Identify the following:
a. Independent variable what the mice are given (water or cocaine)
b. Dependent variable heart rate measurement
c. Experimental Group mice given cocaine
d. Control group mice given water (normal)
e. List 3 controlled variables (factors kept the same) same type of mice, 10 mice in each group, time of
day heart rate is checked, environment they are studied in.

5. Name the SI (metric) units for length - meter mass - grams volume- liters or cm3 solids, and
temperature degrees celsius

6. List the characteristics of living things and give an example of each.

made of cells - unicellular vs multicellular organisms
need for energy - heterotrophs need to eat while plants use photosynthesis
grow & develop - get physically bigger/add mass & mature internally over time
maintain homeostasis - if you get a fever your body is fighting off a virus
reproduce - making more of that kind
displays organization - cell→ tissues and → organs → organ systems → organism
respond to a stimulus - let go of a hot pan in you grab it
adapts/evolve over time - change to better fit environment

7. List differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. Give examples of prokaryotes and
eukaryotes.
prokaryotes = simple cells like bacteria, no nucleus or membrane bound organelles
eukaryotes = complex cells like animal & plant cells, have a nucleus and organelles

8. List differences between plant and animal cells.

plant cells - have chloroplasts, cell walls and one large vacuole
animal cells - have several small vacuoles, no cell wall or chloroplasts

9. What is the role of the cell membrane? to selectively choose what enters and leaves a cell, help protect
the cell and maintain homeostasis with surrounding solutions.
 10. What are the main molecules that make up the cell membrane? phospholipid bilayer, carbohydrates
as chemical markers and proteins for transport of large particles.
Which molecule is most important in determining what crosses the membrane? phospholipid bilayer and
transport proteins.

11. Define the terms isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic. isotonic = balanced water/solutes (no change to
cell size) hypotonic = high in water/low in solutes (makes cell swell up), hypertonic = low in water/high
in solutes (makes cell shrink)
12. A cell containing 2% salt is placed in 3 solutions. Identify each solution, draw arrows showing the
direction of water movement, and tell what happens to each cell’s size.

10% salt 2% salt 1% salt

more water inside cell = water in/out more water outside cell
water moves out of cell water moves in/out at water moves inside of cell
making cell shrink same rate (no change) making cell swell up

13. Define:
Diffusion- movement of a substance from high concentration to low concentration, no energy needed

Osmosis- diffusion of water from high to low, no energy needed

Active transport- movement from low to high concentration, energy is needed. Ex. - endo & exocytosis

Facilitated diffusion- type of diffusion that uses transport proteins to move large particle from high to low
concentration, no energy needed
14. Place an X in the appropriate boxes for the characteristics of each type of cell transport.

Diffusion Osmosis Facilitated Active

Diffusion Transport
Movement from high to low concentration x x x
Movement from low to high concentration x
Reaches equilibrium x x x
Requires energy x
Requires protein carriers x
Movement of water only x

15. Identify the 3 parts of the cell theory.

- all living things are made of cells
- cells are the basic units of structure & function in living things
- all cells come from pre-existing cells

Unit 2 – Mitosis and Cancer

1. The sequence below is NOT in the correct order!  Number the pictures according to the correct order of
mitosis (1-4) and explain why this is the order.
A. B. C. D.

2nd 4th 3rd 1st

#1: prophase - nuclear membrane breaks down, chromosomes visible

#2: metaphase - chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell, spindle fibers attach to centromeres

#3: anaphase - sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite sides

#4: telophase - two complete sets of chromosomes on each side, starts to pinch in the middle

2. Look at the picture above. What would happen if in cell C the spindle fibers (Z) were missing? Explain.
the sister chromatids would not all be separated resulting in one cell with too many and the other too few.

3. If there are 12 chromosomes at the beginning of Prophase, how many chromosomes would there be in
each daughter cell at the end of mitosis? 6, 12, 24, or 36
4. Which stage occurs BEFORE mitosis: Interphase or Cytokinesis? What occurs during this stage? the
cell grows, the DNA synthesizes/copies itself & then it prepares to divide

5. It is important for all of the cells made during mitosis to have an exact copy of DNA. In what stage of the
cell cycle is DNA replicated? interphase

6. Which picture is showing: normal cells, non-cancerous tumor, and cancer?  Explain why below each
picture.

cancer - blood supply,

different size cells, lg normal cells - same size & shape non-cancerous tumor - same size,
nucleus avg size nucleus just extra cells made

7. There are several differences between normal cells and cancer cells. List those differences. normal cells -
have avg. size nucleus, same size cells, stop dividing when they come in contact with other cells. Cancer
cells - abnormal cell replication/uncontrolled, large nucleus, abnormal sizes & usually a blood supply
attached.

8. Define differentiation of cells: cells with the same DNA have different genes
expressed thus resulting in different jobs.
9. What are stem cells and how can they become different types of cells?

Unspecialized cells that have yet to turn into a specialized cell with a specific job.

Africa Part 1 Ecology

 1. What is ecology? the study of living things and their interactions within their environments

2. What are autotrophs, heterotrophs? autotrophs - producers that make their own food while heterotrophs
- are consumers that need to eat for energy

3. List 6 types of consumers. carnivores, omnivores, herbivores, detritivores, decomposers, scavengers

4. What is passed to different trophic levels in a food chain? energy & biomass

5. What are the 3 types of ecological pyramids? numbers, biomass & energy

6. Know the roles of photosynthesis, respiration, and burning of fossil fuels on the
carbon cycle. photosynthesis - uses CO2, respiration and burning of fossil fuels add CO2 to the atmosphere.

7. Which process (photosynthesis or cellular respiration)

a. Adds carbon dioxide to the atmosphere cellular respiration
b. Removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. photosynthesis

8. The atmosphere starts a year with 950 tons of carbon. Plants use 400 tons for photosynthesis and make
20 tons during cellular respiration. Animals make 350 tons for cellular respiration. Decomposers
contribute 80 tons. Algae in the ocean use 450 tons and make 40 tons for respiration. What is the final
amount of carbon in the atmosphere at the end of the year.
950 -400 +20 +350 +80 -450 +40 = 590 tons

Africa Part 2: Biochemistry

1. Define the law of conservation of matter. Why are the numbers (coefficients) important in a balanced
equation? matter cannot be created or destroyed. the elements which represent matter are taken as
reactants in a chemical reaction and then rearranged to form new products. Still there at the end just in
a different form. coefficients tell us the number of atoms/elements in each molecule.

2. Fill in the information in the table of macromolecules:

Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins

Elements C, H,O Mainly C & H with C, N, O, H

some O’s in carboxyl
chains

Monomers monosaccharides fatty acids & glycerol amino acids

(simple sugars)

Functions main source of energy stored energy, parts of controls rate of reactions,
cell membranes make bone & muscle,
immune system work

Examples glucose = sugar fats, oils and waxes enzymes

Starches

3. What is the pH scale? How can you identify acids and bases on the pH scale? scale from 1-14
representing acid/base level. Acids 1-6.9 strongest closest to 1 and Bases 7.1-14 strongest by 14. 7 =
neutral (pure water)

4. What ion is given off by acids? H’s by bases? OH’s

5. What is a buffer? a solution that can resist pH change upon the addition of an acidic or basic
components. It is able to neutralize small amounts of added acid or base, thus maintaining the pH of
the solution relatively stable.

6. What is an enzyme? What is its function? What type of molecule is it? a protein that speeds up the rate
of chemical reactions in living things.

7. How are enzymes related to activation energy? the lower the activation energy the quicker the reaction
occurs. Thus enzymes lower the activation energy needed in a reaction.

8. Describe 2 factors that affect enzyme activity. pH level and temperature

9. C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
a. reactants = C6H12O6 + 6O2
b. products = 6CO2 + 6H2O

Africa Part 3 Matter and Energy

 Photosynthesis

1. What types of organisms are capable of performing photosynthesis? autotrophs like plants, need chloroplasts for
photosynthesis.

2. Why is the process of photosynthesis important to all living things? It provides plants a way to make glucose
food & it provides animals with clean oxygen in the process.

3. What is the overall reaction for photosynthesis

CO2 + H2O + sunlight → O2 + Glucose

4. What are the two main structural parts of the chloroplast? thylakoid membrane - place with chloroplasts where
the light dependent reactions take place. stroma - place where the light independent (calvin cycle) takes place.

5. What are the two sets of reactions of photosynthesis? Light Dependent & Light Independent (calvin cycle)

6. What is the purpose of the light reaction of photosynthesis? Use the sunlight energy to split water into H’s and
O’s for glucose, and to make some ATP for the light independent reaction.

7. What is the purpose of the Calvin cycle? To use the ATP from the light dep reaction along with CO 2 and the H’s
and O’s from light dep to make glucose C6H12O6

8. What pigments absorb light in plants? chlorophyll the main pigment in plants

9. What molecule from air is used in the Calvin cycle? carbon dioxide

10. The Calvin cycle uses what molecules made during the light reaction? electron carriers of the H’s, ATP, O’s from
split water.

11. What molecule is made by the Calvin cycle? oxygen gas & glucose

13. Fill in the table for photosynthesis:

Stage Location Reactants Products
Light Dependent Thylakoid sunlight, water NADH, ATP,
membrane Oxygen
Light Independent Stroma NADH, ATP, CO 2 Glucose

Cellular Respiration
1. What is the overall reaction for cellular respiration?
O2 + Glucose → CO2 + H2O + 36 ATP

2. What is NAD+? What is its role in cellular respiration? an electron carrier, it carries H to the electron transport
chain
3. What are the three phases of cellular respiration? Which phases are aerobic?
Anaerobic? Glycolysis - happens in cytoplasm “Anaerobic” 2nd stage = Krebs cycle- in mitochondria, 3rd stage =
electron transport chain, aerobic (needs oxygen) happens in mitochondria

4. Fill in the table for the stages of aerobic cellular respiration:

 Stage Location Starting End substances # ATPs Made
substances
cytoplasm glucose pyruvates, 2 2
Glycolysis usable ATP

Krebs Cycle mitochondria pyruvates, electron carriers, 2

NADH CO2, 2 ATP
Electron mitochondria electron carriers, water & ATP 34
Transport Chain oxygen

5. What metabolic pathway partially breaks down glucose outside the mitochondria? glycolysis

6. How many ATP are used and made in glycolysis? 4 made - 2 used = net gain 2 ATP

7. What are the final products of glycolysis? pyruvates, NADH

8. What happens to the end products of glycolysis if oxygen is present? Krebs cycle starts up continuing cellular
respiration

9. What happens in the citric acid cycle? Where does it take place? Krebs cycle happens in mitochondria -
pyruvates are broken down into electron carriers (NADH & FADH)

10. How does the citric acid cycle (Krebs) contribute to ATP buildup? adds in small amount of ATP, but the electron
carriers it makes are sent to the ETC to be converted in much more ATP.

11. How many molecules of CO2 result from the Krebs cycle per glucose? 6

12. How is oxygen used and how is water generated from the electron transport chain? oxygen is the hydrogen
acceptor in the ETC. forming water as a product

13. How many ATPs are made from each step of cellular respiration? 2 glycolysis, 2 Krebs & 34 ETC

14. How efficient is cellular respiration? best way for our bodies to make ATP

15. How is fermentation different from cellular respiration? fermentation is anaerobic, doesn’t use oxygen
and it only makes 2 ATP at a time; less efficient.

16. What are the two types of fermentation? What are the products of each?
Lactic acid - products are lactic acid, 2 ATP
Alcoholic fermentation - products are CO2, ethyl alcohol and 2 ATP

17. How many ATPs are produced in cells that use fermentation? 2

18. What is oxygen debt? a lack of oxygen that occurs during fermentation

19. What are similarities and differences between photosynthesis and cellular respiration? the products of
one are the reactants of the other and vise versa. They need one another to keep a health ecosystem.
photosynthesis incorporates sunlight, while cell resp. - makes a large amount of ATP at the end.