MEYCAUAYAN COLLEGES

Graduate School
Edupsy 204- Abnormal Psychology
Adviser: Julius C. Cruz, MA, RGC
Name of Student: Jeffrey B. Villangca

Mid-Term Examination
Edupsy 204- Abnormal Psychology

Four Common Metal Illnesses among Children

1. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)- If children have attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD), it means they have difficulties with:

A. paying attention – for example, they find it hard to concentrate on tasks.

B. being hyperactive – for example, they find it hard to sit still for long.

C. controlling impulses – for example, they might do things before thinking them through.

In ADHD the different parts of the brain don’t ‘talk’ to each other in a typical way. Because of this,
children with ADHD might have more trouble than their peers with thinking, learning, expressing feelings
or controlling behaviour.

Many children have these kinds of difficulties sometimes, but in children with ADHD, these
difficulties happen most of the time and have a big effect on their daily lives.

Symptoms of ADHD

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms fall into two groups.

Inattentive symptoms
This means that a child:

 doesn’t pay close attention to details and makes ‘careless’ mistakes

 has difficulty following instructions and finishing tasks like homework or chores
 has difficulty keeping attention on things and is easily distracted
 is often distracted by little things
 has trouble remembering everyday things
 avoids tasks that require a lot of mental effort like schoolwork or homework
 doesn’t seem to listen when spoken to
 has trouble getting things in order or doing things on time
 often loses things like schoolwork, pencils, books, wallets, keys or mobile phones.

Hyperactive and impulsive symptoms

This means that a child:

 fidgets a lot and can’t sit still

 runs around and climbs on things in inappropriate situations
 is on the go all the time
 finds it hard to play or take part in activities quietly
 talks a lot
 has difficulty staying seated at school or the dinner table
  is impatient and doesn’t wait for a turn
 blurts out answers before questions are finished
 interrupts other people’s conversations or games or uses things without asking.

2. Tourette Syndrome (TS)

Tics are classified as either simple or complex. Simple motor tics are sudden, brief, repetitive movements that
involve a limited number of muscle groups. Some of the more common simple tics include eye blinking and other eye
movements, facial grimacing, shoulder shrugging, and head or shoulder jerking. Simple vocalizations might include
repetitive throat-clearing, sniffing, or grunting sounds. Complex tics are distinct, coordinated patterns of movements
involving several muscle groups. Complex motor tics might include facial grimacing combined with a head twist and
a shoulder shrug. Other complex motor tics may actually appear purposeful, including sniffing or touching objects,
hopping, jumping, bending, or twisting. Simple vocal tics may include throat-clearing, sniffing/snorting, grunting, or
barking. More complex vocal tics include words or phrases. Perhaps the most dramatic and disabling tics include
motor movements that result in self-harm such as punching oneself in the face or vocal tics including coprolalia
(uttering socially inappropriate words such as swearing) or echolalia (repeating the words or phrases of others).
However, coprolalia is only present in a small number (10 to 15 percent) of individuals with TS. Some tics are
preceded by an urge or sensation in the affected muscle group, commonly called a premonitory urge. Some with TS
will describe a need to complete a tic in a certain way or a certain number of times in order to relieve the urge or
decrease the sensation.

Tics are often worse with excitement or anxiety and better during calm, focused activities. Certain physical
experiences can trigger or worsen tics, for example tight collars may trigger neck tics, or hearing another person sniff
or throat-clear may trigger similar sounds. Tics do not go away during sleep but are often significantly diminished.

To be diagnosed with TS, a person must:

1. Have two or more motor tics (for example, blinking or shrugging the shoulders) and at least one vocal tic (for
example, humming, clearing the throat, or yelling out a word or phrase), although they might not always happen at the
same time.
2. Have had tics for at least a year. The tics can occur many times a day (usually in bouts) nearly every day, or off and
on.
3. Have tics that begin before age 18 years.
4. Have symptoms that are not due to taking medicine or other drugs or due to having another medical condition (for
example, seizures, Huntington disease, or postviral encephalitis).

3. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Many children occasionally have thoughts that bother them, and they might feel like they have to do
something about those thoughts, even if their actions don’t actually make sense. For example, they might worry about
having bad luck if they don’t wear a favorite piece of clothing. For some children, the thoughts and the urges to
perform certain actions persist, even if they try to ignore them or make them go away. Children may have an
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) when unwanted thoughts, and the behaviors they feel they must do because of
the thoughts, happen frequently, take up a lot of time (more than an hour a day), interfere with their activities, or make
them very upset. The thoughts are called obsessions. The behaviors are called compulsions.
Symptoms
A. Having OCD means having obsessions, compulsions, or both.
B. Examples of obsessive or compulsive behaviors include:
C. Having unwanted thoughts, impulses, or images that occur over and over and which cause anxiety or distress.
D. Having to think about or say something over and over (for example, counting, or repeating words over and over
silently or out loud)
E. Having to do something over and over (for example, handwashing, placing things in a specific order, or checking
the same things over and over, like whether a door is locked)
F. Having to do something over and over according to certain rules that must be followed exactly in order to make an
obsession go away.
Children do these behaviors because they have the feeling that the behaviors will prevent bad things from
happening or will make them feel better. However, the behavior is not typically connected to actual danger of
something bad happening, or the behavior is extreme, such as washing hands multiple times per hour.A common myth
is that OCD means being really neat and orderly. Sometimes, OCD behaviors may involve cleaning, but many times
someone with OCD is too focused on one thing that must be done over and over, rather than on being organized.
Obsessions and compulsions can also change over time.

4. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

All children may experience very stressful events that affect how they think and feel. Most of the time,
children recover quickly and well. However, sometimes children who experience severe stress, such as from an injury,
from the death or threatened death of a close family member or friend, or from violence, will be affected long-term.
The child could experience this trauma directly or could witness it happening to someone else. When children develop
long term symptoms (longer than one month) from such stress, which are upsetting or interfere with their relationships
and activities, they may be diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Examples of PTSD symptoms include
A. Reliving the event over and over in thought or in play
B. Nightmares and sleep problems
C. Becoming very upset when something causes memories of the event
D. Lack of positive emotions
E. Intense ongoing fear or sadness
F. Irritability and angry outbursts
G. Constantly looking for possible threats, being easily startled
H. Acting helpless, hopeless or withdrawn
I. Denying that the event happened or feeling numb
J. Avoiding places or people associated with the event

Because children who have experienced traumatic stress may seem restless, fidgety, or have trouble paying
attention and staying organized, the symptoms of traumatic stress can be confused with symptoms of attention-
deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Examples of events that could cause PTSD include physical, sexual, or emotional maltreatment. Being a
victim or witness to violence or crime, serious illness or death of a close family member or friend. Natural or
manmade disasters and severe car accidents.
 Treatment Plan for the Common Mental Illnesses among Young Children

No. Mental Illnesses Treatment Plan Definition/ Process

The goals of behavior therapy are to learn or
strengthen positive behaviors and eliminate
unwanted or problem behaviors. Behavior therapy
A. Behavior Therapy for ADHD can include

Parent training in behavior management;

Behavior therapy with children; and
Behavioral interventions in the classroom external
icon.
These approaches can also be used together. For
Attention Deficit
children who attend early childhood programs, it
1 Hyperactivity
is usually most effective if parents and educators
Disorder (ADHD)
work together to help the child.

Stimulants are the best-known and most widely

used ADHD medications. Between 70-80% of
children with ADHD have fewer ADHD
symptoms when taking these fast-acting
B. Medications medications.
Nonstimulants were approved for the treatment of
ADHD in 2003. They do not work as quickly as
stimulants, but their effect can last up to 24 hours.
2 Tourette Syndrome A. Medications Medications to help control tics or reduce
(TS) symptoms of related conditions include:

Medications that block or lessen dopamine.

Fluphenazine, haloperidol (Haldol), risperidone
(Risperdal) and pimozide (Orap) can help control
tics. Possible side effects include weight gain and
involuntary repetitive movements. Tetrabenazine
(Xenazine) might be recommended, although it
may cause severe depression.
Botulinum (Botox) injections. An injection into
the affected muscle might help relieve a simple or
vocal tic.
ADHD medications. Stimulants such as
methylphenidate (Metadate CD, Ritalin LA,
others) and medications containing
dextroamphetamine (Adderall XR, Dexedrine,
others) can help increase attention and
concentration. However, for some people with
Tourette syndrome, medications for ADHD can
exacerbate tics.
Central adrenergic inhibitors. Medications such as
clonidine (Catapres, Kapvay) and guanfacine
(Intuniv) — typically prescribed for high blood
pressure — might help control behavioral
symptoms such as impulse control problems and
 rage attacks. Side effects may include sleepiness.
Antidepressants. Fluoxetine (Prozac, Sarafem,
others) might help control symptoms of sadness,
anxiety and OCD.
Antiseizure medications. Recent studies suggest
that some people with Tourette syndrome respond
to topiramate (Topamax), which is used to treat
epilepsy.

Behavior therapy. Cognitive Behavioral

Interventions for Tics, including habit-reversal
training, can help you monitor tics, identify
premonitory urges and learn to voluntarily move
in a way that's incompatible with the tic.
Psychotherapy. In addition to helping you cope
with Tourette syndrome, psychotherapy can help
B. Therapy with accompanying problems, such as ADHD,
obsessions, depression or anxiety.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS). For severe tics

that don't respond to other treatment, DBS might
help. DBS involves implanting a battery-operated
medical device in the brain to deliver electrical
stimulation to targeted areas that control
movement. However, this treatment is still in the
early research stages and needs more research to
determine if it's a safe and effective treatment for
Tourette syndrome.

A. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), a type of

psychotherapy, is effective for many people with
OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP), a
component of CBT therapy, involves gradually
exposing you to a feared object or obsession, such
as dirt, and having you learn ways to resist the
urge to do your compulsive rituals. ERP takes
A. Psychotherapy
effort and practice, but you may enjoy a better
quality of life once you learn to manage your
obsessions and compulsions.

Obsessive-
3 Compulsive Antidepressants approved by the U.S. Food and
Disorder (OCD) Drug Administration (FDA) to treat OCD include:

Clomipramine (Anafranil) for adults and children

10 years and older
Fluoxetine (Prozac) for adults and children 7
B. Medications
years and older
Fluvoxamine for adults and children 8 years and
older
Paroxetine (Paxil, Pexeva) for adults only
Sertraline (Zoloft) for adults and children 6 years
and older

4 Post-traumatic A. Cognitive CPT is a 12-week course of treatment, with

 weekly sessions of 60-90 minutes.

At first, you'll talk about the traumatic event with

Processing Therapy your therapist and how your thoughts related to it
(CPT) have affected your life. Then you'll write in detail
about what happened. This process helps you
examine how you think about your trauma and
figure out new ways to live with it.

It involves eight to 15 sessions, usually 90

minutes each.

Early on in treatment, your therapist will teach

you breathing techniques to ease your anxiety
when you think about what happened. Later,
you'll make a list of the things you've been
B. Prolonged avoiding and learn how to face them, one by one.
Exposure Therapy In another session, you'll recount the traumatic
Stress Disorder experience to your therapist, then go home and
(PTSD) listen to a recording of yourself.

The goal is to be able to think about something

positive while you remember your trauma. It
takes about 3 months of weekly sessions.
C. Eye Movement
Desensitization and
Reprocessing SIT is a type of CBT. You can do it by yourself or
in a group. You won't have to go into detail about
what happened. The focus is more on changing
how you deal with the stress from the event.
D. Stress Inoculation You might learn massage and breathing
Training techniques and other ways to stop negative
thoughts by relaxing your mind and body. After
about 3 months, you should have the skills to
release the added stress from your life.

References:
https://www.cdc.gov/childrensmentalhealth/symptoms.html

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12367368_Mental_Health_Disorders_in_Children_and_Young_Pe
Peop_Scope_Cause_and_Prevention

https://capmh.biomedcentral.com/articles

www.mdpi.com

www.nccp.org › publications

https://www.cdc.gov/childrensmentalhealth/features/anxiety-and-depression.html

https://www.cdc.gov/childrensmentalhealth/features/school-aged-mental-health-in-communities.html

https://developingchild.harvard.edu/science/deep-dives/mental-health/

https://raisingchildren.net.au/school-age/health-daily-care/mental-health/mental-health-problems-in-
children-3-8-years-signs-and-support

https://www.aacap.org/AACAP/Families_and_Youth/Facts_for_Families/FFF-Guide/Talking-To-Kids-
About-Mental-Illnesses-084.aspx

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/obsessive-compulsive-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-
20354438

https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/what-are-treatments-for-posttraumatic-stress-disorder

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tourette-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350470

Prepared by:

JEFFREY B. VILLANGCA
MAEd- AS Student

Submitted to:

JULIUS C. CRUZ, MA, RGC

Professor- Edupsy 204
Meycauayan Colleges
Calvario, Meycauayan, Bulacan

March 25, 2021

Mr. Julius C. Cruz, MA, RGC

Professor
Edupsy 204- Abnormal Psychology

Sir:

My apology for the late submission of my Mid-Term examination in your subject. This was happened
because had a conflict in the schedule of activities in my school. I focused on my school works because we
had our monitoring and evaluation in each subjects. I had to accomplished all of the Means of Verification
(MOVs) and activities. I also attended webinars and INSET Training.

I hope for your kind consideration. Thank you very much and God bless you!

Very truly yours,

JEFFREY B. VILLANGCA
MAEd- AS Student

NOTED:

JULIUS C. CRUZ, MA, RGC

Professor- Edupsy 204