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    ch1 v1

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    ch1 v1

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    ch1 v1

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    of 22

    Chapter 1

    Introduction

    1.1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
    1-1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS
    The term telecommunication means communication at
    a distance. The word data refers to information
    presented in whatever form is agreed upon by the
    parties creating and using the data. Data
    communications are the exchange of data between two
    devices via some form of transmission medium such as
    a wire cable.

    Topics discussed in this section:


    ▪ Components of a data communications system
    ▪ Data Flow

    1.2
    Figure 1.1 Components of a data communication system

    1.3
    Figure 1.2 Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)

    1.4
    1-2 NETWORKS

    A network is a set of devices (often referred to as


    nodes) connected by communication links. A node can
    be a computer, printer, or any other device capable of
    sending and/or receiving data generated by other nodes
    on the network. A link can be a cable, air, optical fiber,
    or any medium which can transport a signal carrying
    information.
    Topics discussed in this section:
    ▪ Network Criteria
    ▪ Physical Structures
    ▪ Categories of Networks

    1.5
    Network Criteria

    ◼ Performance
    ◼ Depends on Network Elements
    ◼ Measured in terms of Delay and Throughput
    ◼ Reliability
    ◼ Failure rate of network components
    ◼ Measured in terms of availability/robustness
    ◼ Security
    ◼ Data protection against corruption/loss of data due to:
    ◼ Errors
    ◼ Malicious users

    1.6
    Physical Structures

    ◼ Type of Connection
    ◼ Point to Point - single transmitter and receiver
    ◼ Multipoint - multiple recipients of single transmission
    ◼ Physical Topology
    ◼ Connection of devices
    ◼ Type of transmission - unicast, mulitcast, broadcast

    1.7
    Figure 1.3 Types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint

    1.8
    Figure 1.4 Categories of topology

    1.9
    Figure 1.5 A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)

    1.10
    Figure 1.6 A star topology connecting four stations

    1.11
    Figure 1.7 A bus topology connecting three stations

    1.12
    Figure 1.8 A ring topology connecting six stations

    1.13
    Figure 1.9 A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks

    1.14
    Categories of Networks

    ◼ Local Area Networks (LANs)


    ◼ Short distances
    ◼ Designed to provide local interconnectivity
    ◼ Wide Area Networks (WANs)
    ◼ Long distances
    ◼ Provide connectivity over large areas
    ◼ Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)
    ◼ Provide connectivity over areas such as a city, a campus

    1.15
    Figure 1.10 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

    1.16
    Figure 1.11 WANs: a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

    1.17
    Figure 1.12 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

    1.18
    1-3 THE INTERNET
    The Internet has revolutionized many aspects of our
    daily lives. It has affected the way we do business as
    well as the way we spend our leisure time. The Internet
    is a communication system that has brought a wealth of
    information to our fingertips and organized it for our
    use.

    Topics discussed in this section:


    Organization of the Internet
    Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

    1.19
    Figure 1.13 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

    1.20
    1-4 PROTOCOLS

    A protocol is synonymous with rule. It consists of a set


    of rules that govern data communications. It
    determines what is communicated, how it is
    communicated and when it is communicated. The key
    elements of a protocol are syntax, semantics and timing

    Topics discussed in this section:


    ▪ Syntax
    ▪ Semantics
    ▪ Timing

    1.21
    Elements of a Protocol

    ◼ Syntax
    ◼ Structure or format of the data
    ◼ Indicates how to read the bits - field delineation
    ◼ Semantics
    ◼ Interprets the meaning of the bits
    ◼ Knows which fields define what action
    ◼ Timing
    ◼ When data should be sent and what
    ◼ Speed at which data should be sent or speed at which it is being
    received.

    1.22

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