Lecture7 Resistivity Logs

The Resistivity Logs
Objective:
In most runs of a resistivity tool, the major purpose is to obtain
measurements of Rt, the true resistivity of the formation. Its
main use is to identify permeable zones. It’s also useful to
discriminate HC vs. water saturated zone and determine Sw.
Log Presentation:
Resistivity logs are presented in Track 2 or in Tracks 2 and 3
combined on a log scale of the standard API log presentation on
a Logarithmic scale. The scale is in , and usually spans 0.2 to
2000 , as this is the most common range used .A
combination of deep, medium and shallow logs are usually
available in the same track on the same scales so that a direct
comparison can be made. It is possible to have data from both
resistivity-type and induction-type tools shown together, and in
this case it is usual to convert the conductivity readings from
the induction devices to resistivity for display (although the
opposite is also possible (converting resistivity to conductivities
for display) it is rarely seen). If the conductivity from induction-
type logs is displayed, the units are millimho per meter
(mmho/m) and the scale is usually 0– 2000 mmho/m. Figure .1
shows some typical log presentations for electrical logs.
Fig. 1 The presentation of electrical logs
Typical Responses of an Electrical Tool

Figure .2 shows the typical response of an electrical tool in a sand/shale
sequence. Note the lower resistivity in shales, which is due to the
presence of bound water in clays that undergo surface conduction. The
degree to which the sandstones have higher resistivities depends upon
(i) their porosity, (ii) their pore geometries, (iii) the resistivity of the
formation water, (iv) the water, oil and gas saturations (oil and gas are
taken to have infinite resistivity).
Fig. 2 Typical resistivity log responses.
Uses of Resistivity (Electrical) Logs:

1- Discrimination of Hydrocarbon & water
Zones and identification of permeable zones
➢ Recognition of oil and gas in reservoir rocks is carried out by:

· Oil shows in the mud log.
· Noting a difference in the shallow, medium and deep
resistivity tool responses.
Fig. 3 The response of resistivity logs in formations with various
fluids (recognition of hydrocarbon zones).
➢ If all three curves are low resistivity, and overlie each other, the
formation is impermeable shale, or rarely, the formation is permeable
and water-bearing but the mud filtrate has the same resistivity as the
formation water.
➢ If all three curves are higher resistivity than the surrounding shale, and
overlie each other, the formation is an impermeable cleaner formation
(sandstone, limestone).
➢ If the shallow curve has low resistivity, but the medium and deep
penetrating tools have a higher resistivity that is the same (they
overlie each other), the formation is permeable and contains only
formation water.
➢ If the shallow curve has low resistivity, the medium as a higher

resistivity, and the deep one has an even higher resistivity (i.e., there
is separation of the medium and deep tool responses), the formation
is permeable and contains hydrocarbons.
Fig. 4 below. An example of a DLL log. This shows good separation of the LLs and
LLd from each other and from the MSFL, indicating the presence of a permeable
formation with hydrocarbons (gas).
Fig. 5 below. An example of resistivity log. This shows good separation of the LLs
and LLd from each other and from the MSFL, indicating the presence of a
permeable formation with hydrocarbons .
Note 1: If the mud filtrate resistivity is constant, the effect is greater for
formations with fresh formation waters than those for saline formation
waters (Fig. 6), and in the case of extremely saline formation waters the
deep resistivity in the formation can be smaller than that of the adjacent
shale beds.
Fig. 6 The behavior of the resistivity log responses for different formation water
salinities.
Fig. 7 shows the resistivity log curves for identifying permeable and non
permeable zone.
2- Calculation of Water Saturation
In summary, the resistivity log values for the deep tools Rt in reservoir
intervals can be used with a reliable porosity f, the formation water
resistivity Rw, and m and n values that are derived from laboratory
measurements on core, to calculate the water saturation in the zone.
This is combined with information about the reservoir thickness, its
area and porosity, and fluid compression factors in (STOOIP)
calculations to calculate the amount of oil in the reservoir.
Where:
F= is (resistivity) formation factor.
Rt= is true resistivity.
a= is tortuosity coefficient.
m= is cementation exponent & n= is saturation exponent (a≈1, m≈n≈2).
THANK YOU.

Lecture7 Resistivity Logs

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The Resistivity Logs

Typical Responses of an Electrical Tool

Uses of Resistivity (Electrical) Logs:

➢ Recognition of oil and gas in reservoir rocks is carried out by:

➢ If the shallow curve has low resistivity, the medium as a higher

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