Satistical Quality Control 5FB3552FC2AD6

Satistical Quality Control
5FB3552FC2AD6
off-line and online

quality control techniques
• To maintain quality, a manufacturer
conducts offline quality control tests in the
product design phase to reduce the deviation
of the target product.
• Online quality control is conducted during
the production process phase in which issues
are anticipated and corrected to avoid any
out-of-control manufacturing process
Taguchi loss function
• Through his concept of the quality loss

function, Taguchi explained that from the
customer's point of view this drop of quality
is not sudden.
• The customer experiences a loss of quality
the moment product specification deviates
from the 'target value'.
• This 'loss' is depicted by a quality loss

function and it follows a parabolic curve
mathematically given by
L = k(y–m)2
Where
m is the theoretical 'target value' or 'mean
value'
y is the actual size of the product
k is a constant
L is the loss.
•This equation is true for a single product but
for multiple products the loss function is given
by
L = k [S2 + ( x – m)2]
Where
S2 is the 'variance of product size‘
x is the average product size.
Example :
A medical company produces a part that has a hole measuring 0.5" +
0.050". The tooling used to make the hole is worn and needs replacing,
but management doesn't feel it necessary since it still makes "good parts".
All parts pass QC, but several parts have been rejected by assembly.
Failure costs per part is $45.00 Using the loss function, explain why it may
be to the benefit of the company and customer to replace or sharpen the
tool more frequently. Use the data below:
Measured Value
0.459 | 0.478 | 0.495 | 0.501 | 0.511 | 0.527 |
0.462 | 0.483 | 0.495 | 0.501 | 0.516 | 0.532 |
0.467 | 0.489 | 0.495 | 0.502 | 0.521 | 0.532 |
0.474 | 0.491 | 0.498 | 0.505 | 0.524 | 0.533 |
0.476 | 0.492 | 0.500 | 0.509 | 0.527 | 0.536 |
Solution:
The average of the points
is the standard deviation is
K=?
L(x) = k * (x-t)2
L=k * (s2 + (x - t)2)
Six Sigma (6σ)
• It is a set of techniques and tools for process
improvement. It was introduced by American
engineer Bill smith while working at Motorola in
1986.
• Jack Welch made it central to his business
strategy at General Electric in 1995.
• A six sigma process is one in which 99.99966% of
all opportunities to produce some feature of a
part are statistically expected to be free of
defects.
• Six Sigma strategies seek to improve the quality of the

output of a process by identifying and removing the
causes of defects and minimizing impact variability in
manufacturing and business processes.
• It uses a set of quality management methods, mainly
empirical, statistical methods, and creates a special
infrastructure of people within the organization who
are experts in these methods.
• Each Six Sigma project carried out within an
organization follows a defined sequence of steps and
has specific value targets,
• Example: reduce process cycle time, reduce pollution,
reduce costs, increase customer satisfaction, and
increase profits.
Difference from lean management
• Lean management and Six Sigma are two concepts
which share similar methodologies and tools. Both
programs are Japanese-influenced, but they are two
different programs.
• Lean management is focused on eliminating waste
using a set of proven standardized tools and
methodologies that target organizational efficiencies
while integrating a performance improvement system
utilized by everyone, while Six Sigma's focus is on
eliminating defects and reducing variation.
• Both systems are driven by data, though Six Sigma is
much more dependent on accurate data.
Methodologies
• DMAIC
The DMAIC project methodology has five phases:
a) Define the system, the voice of the customer and their requirements,
and the project goals, specifically.
b) Measure key aspects of the current process and collect relevant data;
calculate the 'as-is' Process Capability.
c) Analyze the data to investigate and verify cause-and-effect
relationships. Determine what the relationships are, and attempt to
ensure that all factors have been considered. Seek out root cause of the
defect under investigation.
d) Improve or optimize the current process based upon data analysis
using techniques such as design of experiments, poka yoke or mistake
proofing, and standard work to create a new, future state process. Set
up pilot runs to establish process capability.
e) Control the future state process to ensure that any deviations from
the target are corrected before they result in defects. Implement control
systems such as statistical process control, production boards, visual
workplaces, and continuously monitor the process. This process is
repeated until the desired quality level is obtained.
• DMADV
a) he DMADV project methodology, known as
DFSS ("Design For Six Sigma"),[7] features five
phases:
b) Define design goals that are consistent with
customer demands and the enterprise
strategy.
c) Measure and identify CTQs (characteristics that
are Critical To Quality), measure product capabilities,
production process capability, and measure risks.
d) Analyze to develop and design alternatives
e) Design an improved alternative, best suited
per analysis in the previous step
f) Verify the design, set up pilot runs, implement
the production process and hand it over to the
process owner(s).
• Some examples of situations where a Six Sigma program can
be applied to reduce variability, eliminate defects, and
improve business performance include:
■ Meeting delivery schedule and delivery accuracy targets
■ Eliminating rework in preparing budgets and other
financial documents
■ Proportion of repeat visitors to an e-commerce Website,
or proportion of visitors that
make a purchase
■ Minimizing cycle time or reducing customer waiting time in
any service system
■ Reducing average and variability in days outstanding of
accounts receivable
■ Optimizing payment of outstanding accounts
■ Minimizing stock-out or lost sales in supply chain management
■ Minimizing costs of public accountants, legal services, and
other consultants
■ Inventory management (both finished goods and work-in-process)
■ Improving forecasting accuracy and timing
■ Improving audit processes
■ Closing financial books, improving accuracy
of journal entry and posting (a 3% to 4%
error rate is fairly typical)
■ Reducing variability in cash flow
■ Improving payroll accuracy
■ Improving purchase order accuracy
and reducing rework of purchase
orders

Satistical Quality Control 5FB3552FC2AD6

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Satistical Quality Control 5FB3552FC2AD6

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Satistical Quality Control 5FB3552FC2AD6

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Satistical Quality Control

off-line and online

• Through his concept of the quality loss

• This 'loss' is depicted by a quality loss

• Six Sigma strategies seek to improve the quality of the

You might also like