Histology of The Eyeball, Eyelid and Lacrimal Gland: Endre Dobó
Histology of The Eyeball, Eyelid and Lacrimal Gland: Endre Dobó
Histology of The Eyeball, Eyelid and Lacrimal Gland: Endre Dobó
retina
choroid
sclera
extra-ocular muscle
Layers of the eyeball (2)
layer of the afferent fibers (9th)
choroid
sclera
Cornea
> anterior one-sixth of the main layer
> transparent
> its junction with the sclera covered by conjunctiva: limbus
> sensory innervation by long ciliary nerves [n. V/1]
> lacks vasculature (!)
> layers:
> corneal epithelium (epithelium corneae / epithelium anterius corneae)
> stratified squamous epithelium
> underneath, there are no connective tissue papillae
> free nerve endings from ophthalmic nerve [n. V/1.]
> Bowman's membrane (lamina limitans anterior / membrana limitans anterior)
> acidophil, cell-free membrane
> if injured, it loses its transparency (weak regeneration capacity)
> substantia propria corneae
> stroma
> keratocytes
> highly regular form of dense collagenous tissue
> Descemet's membrane (lamina limitans posterior)
> acidophil basement membrane
> corneal endothelium / corneal mesothelium (endothelium camerae anterioris)
> simple squamous epithelium
Sclera
> posterior five-sixths of the main layer
> opaque
> contains few blood vessels
> provides insertion for the extra-ocular muscles
> layers:
> suprachoroid lamina (lamina fusca sclerae)
> thin layer with occasional melanocytes
> may be considered arteficial layer on the inner surface of sclera
> scleral stroma (substantia propria sclerae)
> densely collagenous, hypocellular tissue with elastic fibers
> episcleral layer
> connected to the Tenon's capsule by fine delicate collagenous fibers
> important anatomical part:
> lamina cribrosa
> perforated layer of the sclera for the passage of optic nerve fibers
Boundary of cornea and sclera
> from external view:
> conjunctival ring (anulus conjunctivae)
> beginning of the conjunctiva of the eyeball
> scleral sulcus (sulcus sclerae)
> „in the middle":
> limbus corneae (corneoscleral junction)
> from internal view:
> Descemet’s membrane terminates, and trabecular meshwork begins
> iridocorneal angle (angulus iridocornealis)
> trabecular meshwork (spongiosa sclerae)
> drainage of aqueous humor (humor aquosus)
> parts:
> trabecules / pectinate ligaments (ligg. pectinata)
> spaces of Fontana (spatia anguli iridocornealis)
> there is NO endothelial lining
> are NOT continuous with the canal of Schlemm
> canal of Schlemm (sinus venosus sclerae / canalis Schlemmi)
> single circular vessel, lined by endothelium
> minute channels (venae aquosae) through the sclera lead to the episcleral venous
system
Corneoscleral junction
corneal epithelium
conjunctival ring
Descemet’s membrane
iridocorneal angle
trabecular meshwork
canal of Schlemm
ciliary epithelium
Choroid
> layers:
> suprachoroidal lamina (lamina suprachoroidea)
> contains only a few vessels and pigment
> houses the ciliary nerves, posterior ciliary arteries and the vorticose veins
> perichoroidal space (spatium perichoroideale)
> spatial system, part of which forms lymph pathways
> vascular lamina (lamina vasculosa / lamina vascularis)
> precapillary arterioles and postcapillary venules
> choriocapillary layer (lamina choroidocapillaris / lamina choriocapillaris)
> network of fenestrated capillaries
> Bruch's membrane (lamina vitrea / lamina basalis)
> double layer of basement membranes
> blood-retina barrier
Ciliary body
> anatomical structure:
> orbiculus ciliaris (pars plana)
> ciliary m. (m. ciliaris)
> meridional fibers / longitudinal fibers (fibrae meridionales)
> radial fibers (fibrae radiales)
> circular fibers (fibrae circulares)
> corona ciliaris (pars plicata)
> ciliary folds (plicae ciliares)
> ciliary processes (processus ciliares)
> aqueous humor (humor aquosus) is secreted here
> ciliary zonule (zonula ciliaris)
> suspensory ligament of Zinn (zonular fibers)
> attached to the coronal equator of the lens
> histological structure:
> stroma (stroma corporis ciliaris)
> loose connective tissue, with capillary network and ciliary muscles
> ciliary epithelium of the non-visual retina (pars ciliaris retinae)
> outer layer is pigmented (closer to the stroma)
> inner layer is NOT pigmented (abutting on the vitreous body)
Ciliary body
stroma corporis ciliaris
epithelium ciliare
ciliary processes
Iris
> anatomical structure:
> pupillary margin (margo pupillaris)
> lesser arterial circle of iris (circulus arteriosus iridis minor)
> ciliary margin (margo ciliaris)
> greater arterial circle of iris (circulus arteriosus iridis major)
> pectinate ligaments (ligamenta pectinata)
> among them: spaces of Fontana (spatia anguli iridocornealis)
> histological structure:
> anterior surface (endothelium camerae anterioris)
> discontinuous epithelium, intermingled with melanocytes and fibrocytes
> stroma iridis
> constrictor m. of the pupil (m. sphincter pupillae)
> innervated by parasympathetic fibers from the oculomotor n.
> pigmented cells (melanocytes)
> dilator pupillae m. (m. dilatator pupillae)
> smooth muscle cells (neuroectodermal by origin) or
> pigmented (!) myoepithelial cells
> innervated by sympathetic fibers from the carotid plexus)
> (membrana limitans iridis)
> membrana basalis
> iridial epithelium / pigmented epithelium (str. pigmenti iridis / pars iridica retinae)
> bilayered epithelium of the non-visual retina
Iris
endothelium camerae anterioris
stroma iridis
melanocytes
sphincter pupillae m.
dilatator pupillae m.
pigmented epithelium
Sensory tunic / inner layer
> parts - as to the development:
> neural retina (str. nervosum / str. cerebrale retinae)
> 9 inner histological layers
> pigment epithelium (str. pigmentosum retinae)
> 1 layer – simple epithelium, which is pigmented
> parts - as to the anatomy:
> light-INsensitive part (pars coeca retinae)
> contains NO photoreceptors
> ciliary part of retina
> iridial part of retina
> (ora serrata)
> here reduce the 10 layers into 2 cell layers of pars coeca
> light-sensitive part (pars optica retinae)
> contains photoreceptors (rods and cones)
Optic part of inner layer
> (1) str. pigmentosum / str. pigmenti retinae (pigment epithelium)
> pigmented epithelium
> (2) str. neuroepitheliale / str. bacilli et coni (rod and cone processes)
> processes of light-sensitive cells: rods (bacilli) and cones (coni)
> (3) str. limitans externum / membrana limitans externa (outer limiting membrane)
> formed by Müller cells (glial cells)
> (4) str. granulosum externum / str. nucleare externum (outer nuclear layer)
> somata of the photoreceptor cells
> (5) str. plexiforme externum (outer plexiform layer)
> between the receptor cells and bipolar cells
> between the horizontal cells and receptor cells
> (6) str. granulosum internum / str. nucleare internum (inner nuclear layer)
> neurons: bipolar and horizontal neurons, amacrine cells
> cell bodies of Müller cells
> (7) str. plexiforme internum (inner plexiform layer)
> between the bipolar neurons and ganglion cells
> (8) str. ganglionare (ganglion cell layer)
> ganglion cells
> (9) str. neurofibrarum (layer of the afferent fibers)
> unmyelinated optic nerve fibers
> here branch the retinal central blood vessels
> (10) str. limitans internum / mebrana limitans internum (inner limiting membrane)
> formed by Müller glial cells; demarcates the innermost aspect of the retina from the
vitreous body
Layers of the eyeball (2)
inner limiting membrane (10th)
layer of the afferent fibers (9th)
ganglion cell layer (8th)
inner plexiform layer (7th)
inner nuclear layer (6th)
outer plexiform layer (5th)
outer nuclear layer (4th)
inner limiting membrane (3rd)
rod and cone processes (2nd)
choroid
sclera
Media of light transmission
in the eyeball
orbicularis oculi m.
tarsal plate
Meibomian gland
excretory duct
conjunctival epithelium
gland of Zeiss
eyelash
Eyelid (2)
pars cutanea
hair follicle
orbicularis oculi m.
tarsal plate
orbicularis oculi m.
hair follcicle
gland of Zeiss
eyelash
Lacrimal gland
tubulo-alveolar gland
> serous secretory portions (acini)
> lumens are wide
> secration of tears
> watery fluid containing lysozyme
> electrolites of similar concentration to the plasma
> moistens and lubricates the eyeball and eyelids
> myoepithelial cells around
> excretory duct
> dozen or more small ducts into the superior fornix
> tears drain into the nasal cavity via the nasolacrimal duct
plasma cell
lymphocytes