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    DFD Tutorial Slides

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    RAHUL KUMAR
    Data flow diagrams (DFDs) are used to represent the flow of data through a system. They show what data is input and output from the system, what processes transform the data, and where data is stored. DFDs have different levels that break the system down into more detail. Level 0 shows a single process, level 1 adds data stores and more processes, and level 2 breaks processes down further. DFDs use standard symbols like circles for processes and rectangles for data stores. They are a useful tool for analyzing existing and proposed systems and communicating requirements between users, analysts, and designers.

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    DFD Tutorial Slides

    Uploaded by

    RAHUL KUMAR
    45 views36 pages
    Data flow diagrams (DFDs) are used to represent the flow of data through a system. They show what data is input and output from the system, what processes transform the data, and where data is stored. DFDs have different levels that break the system down into more detail. Level 0 shows a single process, level 1 adds data stores and more processes, and level 2 breaks processes down further. DFDs use standard symbols like circles for processes and rectangles for data stores. They are a useful tool for analyzing existing and proposed systems and communicating requirements between users, analysts, and designers.

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    DFD tutorial slides

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    Data flow diagrams (DFDs) are used to represent the flow of data through a system. They show what data is input and output from the system, what processes transform the data, and where data is stored. DFDs have different levels that break the system down into more detail. Level 0 shows a single process, level 1 adds data stores and more processes, and level 2 breaks processes down further. DFDs use standard symbols like circles for processes and rectangles for data stores. They are a useful tool for analyzing existing and proposed systems and communicating requirements between users, analysts, and designers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    45 views36 pages

    DFD Tutorial Slides

    Uploaded by

    RAHUL KUMAR
    Data flow diagrams (DFDs) are used to represent the flow of data through a system. They show what data is input and output from the system, what processes transform the data, and where data is stored. DFDs have different levels that break the system down into more detail. Level 0 shows a single process, level 1 adds data stores and more processes, and level 2 breaks processes down further. DFDs use standard symbols like circles for processes and rectangles for data stores. They are a useful tool for analyzing existing and proposed systems and communicating requirements between users, analysts, and designers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 36

    Data Flow Diagrams

    (DFD)
    ​DATA FLOW DIAGRAM

    ● A data-flow diagram is a way of representing a flow of data


    through a process or a system.
    ● Used to perform structured analysis to determine logical
    requirements.​
    ● Useful for analyzing existing as well as proposed
    systems.​
    ● Focus on the movement of data between external entities
    and processes, and between processes and data stores.​
    Why DFD ?​
    ● Provides an overview of-​
    ● What data a system processes​
    ● What transformations are performed​
    ● What data are stored​
    ● What results are produced and where they flow​
    ● Graphical nature makes it a good communication tool
    between-​
    ● User and analyst​
    ● Analyst and System designer​
    DFD elements
    ● Source/Sinks (External entity)​
    ● Processes​
    ● Data Stores​
    ● Data flows​
    Symbols Used:​
    Symbol​ Gane & Sarson DeMarco &
    Symbol​ Yourdan Symbol​
    External Entity
    NAME NAME

    Process NAME NAME

    Data Store D1 NAME D1 NAME

    Data flow Name Name


    Descriptions :​
    External Entity - people or organisations that send data​
    into the system or receive data from the system.​
    ​Process - models what happens to the data​
    i.e. transforms incoming data into outgoing data.​
    ​Data Store - represents permanent data that is used by the
    system.​
    ​Data Flow - models the actual flow of the data between​
    the other elements.​
    Source: slideshare
    External Entities​
    They either supply or receive data​
    ● Source – Entity that supplies data to the system.​
    ● Sink – Entity that receives data from the system.​

    They do not process data​

    Source: slideshare
    Processes
    ● Work or actions performed on data
    ● Straight line with incoming arrows are input data flows
    ● Straight lines with outgoing arrows are output data flows
    ● Labels are assigned to Data flow.

    Source: slideshare
    Contd..

    Grade Report
    Produce Grade Report
    Grade Detail

    Source:slideshare
    Contd..
    ● Can have more than one outgoing data flow or more
    than one incoming data flow.

    Source:slideshare
    Contd..
    Can connect to any other symbol (including another
    process symbol)

    Source:slideshare
    Data Stores
    ● A Data Store is a repository of data
    ● Data can be written into the data store. An incoming
    arrow represents writing data
    ● Data can be read from a data store. An outgoing arrow
    represents reading of data

    Source: slideshare
    Data Flows
    ● Data in motion
    ● Marks movements of data through the system pipeline
    to carry data.
    ● Connects the processes, external entities and data
    stores.
    Data FLow

    Source: slideshare
    Data Flow
    ● Generally unidirectional, if same data flows in both
    directions, double-headed arrow can be used.
    ● Can represent flow between process and data store by
    two separate arrows.

    Source: slideshare
    Decomposition Of DFD
    Levels Description Explanation

    Level 0 Context diagram Contains only


    one process
    Level 1 Overview Utilizes all four
    diagram elements
    Level 2 Detailed diagram A breakdown of
    a level 1 process
    Source: slideshare
    Level 0 Diagram
    ● One process represents the entire system.
    ● Data arrows show input and output.
    ● Data Stores NOT shown.
    ● Data stores are implicitly contained within the system.

    Source: slideshare
    Contd..

    Source: slideshare
    Level 1 Diagram
    ● Level 1 DFD, must balance with the context diagram it
    describes.
    ● Input going into a process are different from outputs
    leaving the process.
    ● Data stores are first shown at this level.

    Source: slideshare
    Level 2 Diagram
    ● Level 2 DFD must balance with the Level 1 describes.
    ● Input going into a process are different from outputs
    leaving the process.
    ● Continue to show data stores.

    Source: slideshare
    Layers of DFD Abstraction

    Source: slideshare
    Rules of Data Flow

    Data can flow from Data can not flow from


    ➔ External entity to process ➔ External entity to external entity
    ➔ Process to external entity ➔ External entity to store
    ➔ Process to store and back ➔ Store to external entity
    ➔ Process to process ➔ Store to store

    Source: slideshare
    Three INCORRECT Data Flow

    ● Miracle

    ● Black Hole

    ● Gray Hole

    Source: slideshare
    Good Style in Drawing DFD

    ● Use meaningful names for data flows, processes and data stores.
    ● Use top down development starting from context diagram and
    successively levelling DFD
    ● Only previously stored data can be read
    ● A process can only transfer input to output. It cannot create new data
    ● Data stores cannot create new data

    Source: slideshare
    Creating the Level 0 Diagram

    ● Draw one process representing the entire system


    (process 0)
    ● Find all inputs and outputs that come from or go to
    external entities; draw as data flows.

    Source: slideshare
    Creating Level 1 Diagram

    ● Draw the data-flows between the external entities


    and processes
    ● Identify data stores by finding where the data needs
    to be held within the system.
    ● Add data-flows flowing between processes and
    data stores within the system

    Source: slideshare
    Creating Level 2 Diagram

    ● Each process in level 1 DFD is broken down into


    multiple processes.
    ● Level 2 DFD is be used to project or record the
    necessary details about the system's functioning.
    ● Include sources and destinations of data flows to
    processes and stores within the DFD.

    Source: slideshare
    When to stop decomposing DFDs?

    ● Ideally, a DFD has at least three levels.


    ● When the system becomes primitive i.e. lowest level is reached
    and further decomposition is useless.

    Source: slideshare
    Validating DFD

    ● Do all data stores have flows both in and out? A


    one-way data store is of little use.
    ● Are symbols correctly labelled and uniquely
    referenced?
    ● Can the flows be reduced? If a process is too busy,
    it can be broken down into two or more processes.

    Source: slideshare
    DFD for University Admission
    System
    Level 0

    Source: slideshare
    Level 1

    Source: slideshare
    Level 2 Process 1, Perform Intake Procedure

    Source: slideshare
    Level 2 Process 2, Maintain Student Information

    Source: slideshare
    Logical and Physical DFD

    ● DFDs considered so far are called logical DFDs


    ● A physical DFD specifies who does the operations
    specified by the logical DFD
    ● Physical DFD may depict physical movements of
    the goods

    Source: slideshare
    References
    ● https://www.lucidchart.com/pages/data-flow-diagram/data-
    flow-diagram-symbols
    ● https://www.lucidchart.com/blog/data-flow-diagram-tutorial
    ● https://www.slideshare.net/RiteshGupta113/data-flow-
    diagrams-86591972
    ● https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/what-is-dfddata-flow-diagram/
    ● https://www.visual-paradigm.com/guide/data-flow-
    diagram/what-is-data-flow-diagram/
    ● https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data-flow_diagram
    Thank You!

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